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Merge pull request #45 from ldeo-glaciology/edit_apres_theory
Edit apres theory
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src/_config.yml

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use_multitoc_numbering : true # Continuous numbering across parts/chapters
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extra_navbar : Powered by <a href="https://jupyterbook.org">Jupyter Book</a> # Will be displayed underneath the left navbar.
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extra_footer : "" # Will be displayed underneath the footer.
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google_analytics_id : "" # A GA id that can be used to track book views.
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google_analytics_id : "G-4GXWLSDF9Y" # A GA id that can be used to track book views.
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home_page_in_navbar : true # Whether to include your home page in the left Navigation Bar
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baseurl : "" # The base URL where your book will be hosted. Used for creating image previews and social links. e.g.: https://mypage.com/mybook/
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comments:

src/_toc.yml

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- file: sections/radar/apres/apres-intro
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sections:
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- file: sections/radar/apres/theory_1.ipynb
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- file: sections/radar/apres/beat-frequency
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- file: sections/radar/apres/apres_data_1.ipynb
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- caption: Appendix

src/references.bib

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pages = {776--786},
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file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/jkingslake/Zotero/storage/7YHSEPTX/Brennan et al. - 2014 - Phase-sensitive FMCW radar system for high-precisi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/jkingslake/Zotero/storage/NDCHEJ9K/iet-rsn.2013.html:text/html},
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}
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@article{Nicholls_Corr_Stewart_Lok_Brennan_Vaughan_2015,
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title={A ground-based radar for measuring vertical strain rates and time-varying basal melt rates in ice sheets and shelves},
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volume={61},
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DOI={10.3189/2015JoG15J073},
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number={230},
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journal={Journal of Glaciology},
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author={Nicholls, Keith W. and Corr, Hugh F.J. and Stewart, Craig L. and Lok, Lai Bun and Brennan, Paul V. and Vaughan, David G.},
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year={2015},
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pages={1079–-1087}} <div></div>
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@article{kingslake2014full,
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title={Full-depth englacial vertical ice sheet velocities measured using phase-sensitive radar},
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author={Kingslake, Jonathan and Hindmarsh, Richard CA and A{\dh}algeirsd{\'o}ttir, Gu{\dh}finna and Conway, Howard and Corr, Hugh FJ and Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien and Mart{\'\i}n, Carlos and King, Edward C and Mulvaney, Robert and Pritchard, Hamish D},
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journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface},
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volume={119},
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number={12},
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pages={2604--2618},
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year={2014},
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publisher={Wiley Online Library}
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}
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@article{brisbourne2019constraining,
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title={Constraining recent ice flow history at Korff Ice Rise, West Antarctica, using radar and seismic measurements of ice fabric},
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author={Baird, AF and Kendall, JM and Kingslake, J},
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journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface},
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volume={124},
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number={1},
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pages={175--194},
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year={2019},
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publisher={Wiley Online Library}
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}
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@article{young2021rapid,
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title={Rapid and accurate polarimetric radar measurements of ice crystal fabric orientation at the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core site},
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author={Young, Tun Jan and Mart{\'\i}n, Carlos and Christoffersen, Poul and Schroeder, Dustin M and Tulaczyk, Slawek M and Dawson, Eliza J},
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journal={The Cryosphere},
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volume={15},
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number={8},
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pages={4117--4133},
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year={2021},
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publisher={Copernicus Publications G{\"o}ttingen, Germany}
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}
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@article{vavnkova2022ocean,
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title={Ocean variability beneath the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf inferred from basal melt rate time series},
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author={Va{\v{n}}kov{\'a}, Irena and Nicholls, Keith W},
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journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
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volume={127},
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number={10},
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pages={e2022JC018879},
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year={2022},
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publisher={Wiley Online Library}
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}
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(page:apres-intro)=
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# Autonomous phase-sensitive Radio Echo Sounder
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The Autonomous phase-sensitive Radio-Echo Sounder (ApRES) is a frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar. Like all ground-penetrating radar, it emits radio waves and records radio waves which have travelled into the subsurface and been reflected back towards the radar. Reflection typically occurs at discrete locations in the subsurface, which are interpreted as interfaces between materials with different dielectric properties. We refer to these as reflectors.
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The Autonomous phase-sensitive Radio-Echo Sounder (ApRES) is a frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar. Like all ground-penetrating radar systems, it emits radio waves in to the subsurface and records what is reflected back towards the radar. Reflection typically occurs at discrete locations in the subsurface, which are interpreted as interfaces between materials with different dielectric properties. We refer to these as reflectors.
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ApRES is primarily designed to measure changes over time in the separation of sub-surface reflectors. When ApRES is used on an ice sheet, these reflectors can be internal to the ice ('englacial') reflectors or the ice base. Englacial reflections originate from contrasts in the density or chemistry of the ice, while basal reflections originate from the strong contrast between the ice and the underlying sediment, bedrock, or water.
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ApRES has most commonly been used to estimate melt rates at the base of ice shelves (the floating extensions of ice sheets), by tracking the separation between the ice-water interface and the englacial reflectors (REF). ApRES, along with it predecessor, pRES, have also been used to measure englacial deformation on grounded ice (REF) and constrain ice crystal fabric (REF).
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ApRES has most commonly been used to estimate melt rates at the base of ice shelves (the floating extensions of ice sheets), by tracking the separation between the ice-water interface and the englacial reflectors {cite:p}`brennan_phase-sensitive_2014, Nicholls_Corr_Stewart_Lok_Brennan_Vaughan_2015, vavnkova2022ocean`. ApRES, along with it predecessor, pRES, have also been used to measure englacial deformation on grounded ice {cite:p}`kingslake2014full`) and constrain ice-crystal fabric {cite:p}`brisbourne2019constraining, young2021rapid`.
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In the following pages we describe some the theory behind ApRES.
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```{figure} figures/apres_at_JIRP.png
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---
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name: fig:apres_on_JIRP
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---
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ApRES being deployed on the Juneau Icefield as part of the Juneau Icefield Research Program (JIRP). Photo credit: Elizabeth Case.
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```
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The following page describes the theory behind one aspect of the ApRES system: how the so-called 'coarse' range is computed using fourier transform of the signal recorded by ApRES. The following page applies this theory to real data collected in Antarctica.

src/sections/radar/apres/apres-range-frequency.ipynb

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src/sections/radar/apres/apres_data_1.ipynb

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src/sections/radar/apres/beat-frequency.ipynb

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