feat: add async timer primitives based on libuv (#6219)

This PR adds support for `Timer` and a event loop thread that gets
requests from another threads and executes it.

---------

Co-authored-by: Markus Himmel <markus@himmel-villmar.de>
Co-authored-by: Henrik Böving <hargonix@gmail.com>

Author: 3 people

src/Std/Internal/UV.lean

@@ -42,6 +42,78 @@ opaque alive : BaseIO Bool
 
 end Loop
 
+private opaque TimerImpl : NonemptyType.{0}
+
+/--
+`Timer`s are used to generate `IO.Promise`s that resolve after some time.
+
+A `Timer` can be in one of 3 states:
+- Right after construction it's initial.
+- While it is ticking it's running.
+- If it has stopped for some reason it's finished.
+
+This together with whether it was set up as `repeating` with `Timer.new` determines the behavior
+of all functions on `Timer`s.
+-/
+def Timer : Type := TimerImpl.type
+
+instance : Nonempty Timer := TimerImpl.property
+
+namespace Timer
+
+/--
+This creates a `Timer` in the initial state and doesn't run it yet.
+- If `repeating` is `false` this constructs a timer that resolves once after `durationMs`
+  milliseconds, counting from when it's run.
+- If `repeating` is `true` this constructs a timer that resolves after multiples of `durationMs`
+  milliseconds, counting from when it's run. Note that this includes the 0th multiple right after
+  starting the timer. Furthermore a repeating timer will only be freed after `Timer.stop` is called.
+-/
+@[extern "lean_uv_timer_mk"]
+opaque mk (timeout : UInt64) (repeating : Bool) : IO Timer
+
+/--
+This function has different behavior depending on the state and configuration of the `Timer`:
+- if `repeating` is `false` and:
+  - it is initial, run it and return a new `IO.Promise` that is set to resolve once `durationMs`
+    milliseconds have elapsed. After this `IO.Promise` is resolved the `Timer` is finished.
+  - it is running or finished, return the same `IO.Promise` that the first call to `next` returned.
+- if `repeating` is `true` and:
+  - it is initial, run it and return a new `IO.Promise` that resolves right away
+    (as it is the 0th multiple of `durationMs`).
+  - it is running, check whether the last returned `IO.Promise` is already resolved:
+     - If it is, return a new `IO.Promise` that resolves upon finishing the next cycle
+     - If it is not, return the last `IO.Promise`
+     This ensures that the returned `IO.Promise` resolves at the next repetition of the timer.
+  - if it is finished, return the last `IO.Promise` created by `next`. Notably this could be one
+    that never resolves if the timer was stopped before fulfilling the last one.
+-/
+@[extern "lean_uv_timer_next"]
+opaque next (timer : @& Timer) : IO (IO.Promise Unit)
+
+/--
+This function has different behavior depending on the state and configuration of the `Timer`:
+- If it is initial or finished this is a no-op.
+- If it is running and `repeating` is `false` this will delay the resolution of the timer until
+  `durationMs` milliseconds after the call of this function.
+- Delay the resolution of the next tick of the timer until `durationMs` milliseconds after the
+  call of this function, then continue normal ticking behavior from there.
+-/
+@[extern "lean_uv_timer_reset"]
+opaque reset (timer : @& Timer) : IO Unit
+
+/--
+This function has different behavior depending on the state of the `Timer`:
+- If it is initial or finished this is a no-op.
+- If it is running the execution of the timer is stopped and it is put into the finished state.
+  Note that if the last `IO.Promise` generated by `next` is unresolved and being waited
+  on this creates a memory leak and the waiting task is not going to be awoken anymore.
+-/
+@[extern "lean_uv_timer_stop"]
+opaque stop (timer : @& Timer) : IO Unit
+
+end Timer
+
 end UV
 end Internal
 end Std

src/runtime/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ set(RUNTIME_OBJS debug.cpp thread.cpp mpz.cpp utf8.cpp
 object.cpp apply.cpp exception.cpp interrupt.cpp memory.cpp
 stackinfo.cpp compact.cpp init_module.cpp load_dynlib.cpp io.cpp hash.cpp
 platform.cpp alloc.cpp allocprof.cpp sharecommon.cpp stack_overflow.cpp
-process.cpp object_ref.cpp mpn.cpp mutex.cpp libuv.cpp uv/net_addr.cpp uv/event_loop.cpp)
+process.cpp object_ref.cpp mpn.cpp mutex.cpp libuv.cpp uv/net_addr.cpp uv/event_loop.cpp
+uv/timer.cpp)
 add_library(leanrt_initial-exec STATIC ${RUNTIME_OBJS})
 set_target_properties(leanrt_initial-exec PROPERTIES
   ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})

src/runtime/libuv.cpp

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ namespace lean {
 #include <uv.h>
 
 extern "C" void initialize_libuv() {
+    initialize_libuv_timer();
     initialize_libuv_loop();
 
     lthread([]() { event_loop_run_loop(&global_ev); });
@@ -33,4 +34,4 @@ extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_libuv_version(lean_obj_arg o) {
 }
 
 #endif
-}
+}

src/runtime/libuv.h

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Author: Markus Himmel, Sofia Rodrigues
 #pragma once
 #include <lean/lean.h>
 #include "runtime/uv/event_loop.h"
+ #include "runtime/uv/timer.h"
 #include "runtime/alloc.h"
 #include "runtime/io.h"
 #include "runtime/utf8.h"
@@ -26,4 +27,4 @@ extern "C" void initialize_libuv();
 // General LibUV functions.
 extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_libuv_version(lean_obj_arg);
 
-}
+}

src/runtime/object.h

@@ -467,6 +467,11 @@ inline obj_res st_ref_set(b_obj_arg r, obj_arg v, obj_arg w) { return lean_st_re
 inline obj_res st_ref_reset(b_obj_arg r, obj_arg w) { return lean_st_ref_reset(r, w); }
 inline obj_res st_ref_swap(b_obj_arg r, obj_arg v, obj_arg w) { return lean_st_ref_swap(r, v, w); }
 
+
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT obj_res lean_io_promise_new(obj_arg);
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT obj_res lean_io_promise_resolve(obj_arg value, b_obj_arg promise, obj_arg);
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT obj_res lean_io_promise_result(obj_arg promise);
+
 // =======================================
 // Module initialization/finalization
 void initialize_object();

src/runtime/uv/event_loop.cpp

@@ -140,4 +140,4 @@ extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_uv_event_loop_alive(obj_arg /* w */ ) {
 
 #endif
 
-}
+}

src/runtime/uv/timer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2024 Lean FRO, LLC. All rights reserved.
+Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
+
+Author: Sofia Rodrigues, Henrik Böving
+*/
+#include "runtime/uv/timer.h"
+
+namespace lean {
+#ifndef LEAN_EMSCRIPTEN
+
+using namespace std;
+
+// The finalizer of the `Timer`.
+void lean_uv_timer_finalizer(void* ptr) {
+    lean_uv_timer_object * timer = (lean_uv_timer_object*) ptr;
+
+    if (timer->m_promise != NULL) {
+        lean_dec(timer->m_promise);
+    }
+
+    event_loop_lock(&global_ev);
+
+    uv_close((uv_handle_t*)timer->m_uv_timer, [](uv_handle_t* handle) {
+        free(handle);
+    });
+
+    event_loop_unlock(&global_ev);
+
+    free(timer);
+}
+
+void initialize_libuv_timer() {
+    g_uv_timer_external_class = lean_register_external_class(lean_uv_timer_finalizer, [](void* obj, lean_object* f) {
+        if (((lean_uv_timer_object*)obj)->m_promise != NULL) {
+            lean_inc(f);
+            lean_apply_1(f, ((lean_uv_timer_object*)obj)->m_promise);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+void handle_timer_event(uv_timer_t* handle) {
+    lean_object * obj = (lean_object*)handle->data;
+    lean_uv_timer_object * timer = lean_to_uv_timer(obj);
+    // handle_timer_event may only be called while the timer is running, this means the promise must
+    // not be NULL.
+    lean_assert(timer->m_state == TIMER_STATE_RUNNING);
+    lean_assert(timer->m_promise != NULL);
+
+    if (timer->m_repeating) {
+        if (lean_io_get_task_state_core(timer->m_promise) != 2) {
+            lean_object* res = lean_io_promise_resolve(lean_box(0), timer->m_promise, lean_io_mk_world());
+            lean_dec(res);
+        }
+    } else {
+        lean_assert(lean_io_get_task_state_core(timer->m_promise) != 2);
+        uv_timer_stop(timer->m_uv_timer);
+        timer->m_state = TIMER_STATE_FINISHED;
+
+        lean_object* res = lean_io_promise_resolve(lean_box(0), timer->m_promise, lean_io_mk_world());
+        lean_dec(res);
+
+        // The loop does not need to keep the timer alive anymore.
+        lean_dec(obj);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Std.Internal.UV.Timer.mk (timeout : UInt64) (repeating : Bool) : IO Timer */
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_uv_timer_mk(uint64_t timeout, uint8_t repeating, obj_arg /* w */) {
+    lean_uv_timer_object * timer = (lean_uv_timer_object*)malloc(sizeof(lean_uv_timer_object));
+    timer->m_timeout = timeout;
+    timer->m_repeating = repeating;
+    timer->m_state = TIMER_STATE_INITIAL;
+    timer->m_promise = NULL;
+
+    uv_timer_t * uv_timer = (uv_timer_t*)malloc(sizeof(uv_timer_t));
+
+    event_loop_lock(&global_ev);
+    int result = uv_timer_init(global_ev.loop, uv_timer);
+    event_loop_unlock(&global_ev);
+
+    if (result != 0) {
+        free(uv_timer);
+        free(timer);
+        std::string err = std::string("failed to initialize timer: ") + uv_strerror(result);
+        return io_result_mk_error(err.c_str());
+    }
+
+    timer->m_uv_timer = uv_timer;
+
+    lean_object * obj = lean_uv_timer_new(timer);
+    lean_mark_mt(obj);
+    timer->m_uv_timer->data = obj;
+
+    return lean_io_result_mk_ok(obj);
+}
+
+/* Std.Internal.UV.Timer.next (timer : @& Timer) : IO (IO.Promise Unit) */
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_uv_timer_next(b_obj_arg obj, obj_arg /* w */ ) {
+    lean_uv_timer_object * timer = lean_to_uv_timer(obj);
+
+    auto create_promise = []() {
+        lean_object * prom_res = lean_io_promise_new(lean_io_mk_world());
+        lean_object * promise = lean_ctor_get(prom_res, 0);
+        lean_inc(promise);
+        lean_dec(prom_res);
+
+        return promise;
+    };
+
+    auto setup_timer = [create_promise, obj, timer]() {
+        lean_assert(timer->m_promise == NULL);
+        timer->m_promise = create_promise();
+        timer->m_state = TIMER_STATE_RUNNING;
+
+        // The event loop must keep the timer alive for the duration of the run time.
+        lean_inc(obj);
+
+        event_loop_lock(&global_ev);
+
+        int result = uv_timer_start(
+            timer->m_uv_timer,
+            handle_timer_event,
+            timer->m_repeating ? 0 : timer->m_timeout,
+            timer->m_repeating ? timer->m_timeout : 0
+        );
+
+        event_loop_unlock(&global_ev);
+
+        if (result != 0) {
+            lean_dec(obj);
+            std::string err = std::string("failed to initialize timer: ") + uv_strerror(result);
+            return io_result_mk_error(err.c_str());
+        } else {
+            lean_inc(timer->m_promise);
+            return lean_io_result_mk_ok(timer->m_promise);
+        }
+    };
+
+    if (timer->m_repeating) {
+        switch (timer->m_state) {
+            case TIMER_STATE_INITIAL:
+                {
+                    return setup_timer();
+                }
+            case TIMER_STATE_RUNNING:
+                {
+                    lean_assert(timer->m_promise != NULL);
+                    // 2 indicates finished
+                    if (lean_io_get_task_state_core(timer->m_promise) == 2) {
+                        lean_dec(timer->m_promise);
+                        timer->m_promise = create_promise();
+                        lean_inc(timer->m_promise);
+                        return lean_io_result_mk_ok(timer->m_promise);
+                    } else {
+                        lean_inc(timer->m_promise);
+                        return lean_io_result_mk_ok(timer->m_promise);
+                    }
+                }
+            case TIMER_STATE_FINISHED:
+                {
+                    lean_assert(timer->m_promise != NULL);
+                    lean_inc(timer->m_promise);
+                    return lean_io_result_mk_ok(timer->m_promise);
+                }
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (timer->m_state == TIMER_STATE_INITIAL) {
+            return setup_timer();
+        } else {
+            lean_assert(timer->m_promise != NULL);
+
+            lean_inc(timer->m_promise);
+            return lean_io_result_mk_ok(timer->m_promise);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* Std.Internal.UV.Timer.reset (timer : @& Timer) : IO Unit */
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_uv_timer_reset(b_obj_arg obj, obj_arg /* w */ ) {
+    lean_uv_timer_object * timer = lean_to_uv_timer(obj);
+
+    if (timer->m_state == TIMER_STATE_RUNNING) {
+        lean_assert(timer->m_promise != NULL);
+
+        event_loop_lock(&global_ev);
+
+        uv_timer_stop(timer->m_uv_timer);
+
+        int result = uv_timer_start(
+            timer->m_uv_timer,
+            handle_timer_event,
+            timer->m_timeout,
+            timer->m_repeating ? timer->m_timeout : 0
+        );
+
+        event_loop_unlock(&global_ev);
+
+        if (result != 0) {
+            return io_result_mk_error("failed to restart uv_timer");
+        } else {
+            return lean_io_result_mk_ok(lean_box(0));
+        }
+    } else {
+        return lean_io_result_mk_ok(lean_box(0));
+    }
+}
+
+/* Std.Internal.UV.Timer.stop (timer : @& Timer) : IO Unit */
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_uv_timer_stop(b_obj_arg obj, obj_arg /* w */) {
+    lean_uv_timer_object * timer = lean_to_uv_timer(obj);
+
+    if (timer->m_state == TIMER_STATE_RUNNING) {
+        lean_assert(timer->m_promise != NULL);
+
+        event_loop_lock(&global_ev);
+
+        uv_timer_stop(timer->m_uv_timer);
+
+        event_loop_unlock(&global_ev);
+
+        timer->m_state = TIMER_STATE_FINISHED;
+
+        // The loop does not need to keep the timer alive anymore.
+        lean_dec(obj);
+
+        return lean_io_result_mk_ok(lean_box(0));
+    } else {
+        return lean_io_result_mk_ok(lean_box(0));
+    }
+}
+
+#else
+
+void lean_uv_timer_finalizer(void* ptr);
+
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_uv_timer_mk(uint64_t timeout, uint8_t repeating, obj_arg /* w */) {
+    return io_result_mk_error("lean_uv_timer_mk is not supported");
+}
+
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_uv_timer_next(b_obj_arg timer, obj_arg /* w */ ) {
+    return io_result_mk_error("lean_uv_timer_next is not supported");
+}
+
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_uv_timer_reset(b_obj_arg timer, obj_arg /* w */ ) {
+    return io_result_mk_error("lean_uv_timer_reset is not supported");
+}
+
+extern "C" LEAN_EXPORT lean_obj_res lean_uv_timer_stop(b_obj_arg timer, obj_arg /* w */ ) {
+    return io_result_mk_error("lean_uv_timer_stop is not supported");
+}
+
+#endif
+}