cldf

Wordlist CLDF dataset derived from Haspelmath and Tadmor's "World Loanword Database" from 2009

CLDF Metadata: cldf-metadata.json

Sources: sources.bib

property	value
dc:bibliographicCitation	Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) 2009. World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wold.clld.org)
dc:conformsTo	CLDF Wordlist
dc:format	http://concepticon.clld.org/contributions/Haspelmath-2009-1460
dc:identifier	http://wold.clld.org
dc:license	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dcat:accessURL	https://github.com/lexibank/wold/
prov:wasDerivedFrom	lexibank/wold/ v4.0-6-g42ee8ec Glottolog v5.0 Concepticon v3.2.0 CLTS v2.3.0
prov:wasGeneratedBy	lingpy-rcParams: lingpy-rcParams.json python: 3.12.6 python-packages: requirements.txt
rdf:ID	wold
rdf:type	http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#Distribution

Table forms.csv

Word forms are listed as 'counterparts', i.e. as words with a specific meaning. Thus, words with multiple meanings may appear more than once in this table.

property	value
dc:conformsTo	CLDF FormTable
dc:extent	64289

Columns

Name/Property	Datatype	Description
ID	string	Primary key
Local_ID	string
Language_ID	string	References languages.csv::ID
Parameter_ID	string	References parameters.csv::ID
Value	string
Form	string
Segments	list of string (separated by )
Comment	string	For more specific comments see 'comment_on_borrowed' and 'comment_on_word_form'
Source	list of string (separated by ;)	References sources.bib::BibTeX-key
Loan	boolean
Graphemes	string
Profile	string
Word_ID	string	ID of the corresponding word in the WOLD database.
original_script	string	If the language has no conventional orthography, the contributor's own transcription is given as Value. In such cases, the word in the language's usual writing system is provided in this field.
comment_on_word_form	string
Borrowed	string	The likelihood of borrowing of a word was categorized as follows: 1. clearly borrowed. 2. probably borrowed. 3. perhaps borrowed. 4. very little evidence for borrowing. 5. no evidence for borrowing.
Borrowed_score	decimal ≤ 1.0	The following borrowed scores are assigned to words depending on the degree of likelihood of borrowing: 1. clearly borrowed: 1.00 2. probably borrowed: 0.75 3. perhaps borrowed: 0.50 4. very little evidence for borrowing: 0.25 5. no evidence for borrowing: 0.00
comment_on_borrowed	string
borrowed_base	string	Indicates whether an analyzable word was derived from a loanword.
loan_history	string
Analyzability	string Regex: `analyzable compound	analyzable derived
gloss	string	Morpheme-by-morpheme gloss for analyzable words.
Simplicity_score	decimal ≥ 0.5 ≤ 1.0	The following simplicity scores are assigned to words depending on their analyzability: 1. unanalyzable: 1.00 2. semi-analyzable: 0.75 3. analyzable: 0.50
reference	string	Bibliographic references. For details refer to the vocabulary descriptions.
relative_frequency	string Regex: `1. Very common	2. Fairly common
numeric_frequency	float	Occurrences per million words - if significant representative corpora exist.
Age	string	Short description of the age of the word. For details refer to the vocabulary descriptions.
Age_score	decimal ≥ 0.5 ≤ 1.0	The following age scores are assigned to words depending on the estimated age of their age class: 1. first attested or reconstructed earlier than 1000: 1.00 2. earlier than 1500: 0.90 3. earlier than 1800: 0.80 4. earlier than 1900: 0.70 5. earlier than 1950: 0.60 6. earlier than 2007: 0.50
integration	string	1. Highly integrated: no structural properties that betray the foreign origin 2. Intermediate: some synchronic properties of the foreign language 3. Unintegrated: significant phonological and/or morphological properties of the donor language
salience	string	Environmental salience of borrowed meanings no information. not applicable. not present: Snow did not exist in Thailand either before or after introduction of the Sanskrit loanword for snow, which nevertheless is known and understood by speakers of Thai. present in pre-contact environment: There were mountains in England even before the word "mountain" was borrowed from French. present only since contact: Many South American languages borrowed the word for "horse" from the Spaniards, who introduced it to their environment.
effect	string	Effect of a loanword on the lexical stock of a recipient language. Coexistence: the word may coexist with a native word with the same meaning. Insertion: the word is inserted into the vocabulary as a completely new item. Replacement: the word may replace an earlier word with the same meaning that falls out of use or changes its meaning.
register	string	Textual description of the register a word is used in.
contact_situation	string	Short description of the contact situation that resulted in the loan. Detailed descriptions are given in the vocabulary description.
calqued	string	0. No evidence for calquing 1. Very little evidence for calquing 2. Perhaps calqued 3. Probably calqued 4. Clearly calqued
grammatical_info	string
colonial_word	string	Only given for words in the Zinacantán Tzotzil vocabulary.
etymological_note	string	Only given for words in the Selice Romani vocabulary.
lexical_stratum	string	Only given for words in the Japanese vocabulary.
word_source	string	Only given for words in the Q'eqchi' vocabulary.

Table languages.csv

property	value
dc:conformsTo	CLDF LanguageTable
dc:extent	41

Columns

Name/Property	Datatype	Description
ID	string	Primary key
Name	string
Glottocode	string
Glottolog_Name	string
ISO639P3code	string
Macroarea	string
Latitude	decimal ≥ -90 ≤ 90
Longitude	decimal ≥ -180 ≤ 180
Family	string
WOLD_ID	string

Table parameters.csv

property	value
dc:conformsTo	CLDF ParameterTable
dc:extent	1814

Columns

Name/Property	Datatype	Description
ID	string	Primary key
Name	string
Concepticon_ID	string
Concepticon_Gloss	string
Core_list	boolean Valid choices: yes no	Indicates whether the concept is one of the 1460 core LWT meanings
Semantic_category	string	Meanings were assigned to semantic categories with word-class-like labels: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, function words. No claim is made about the grammatical behavior of words corresponding to these meanings. The categories are intended to be purely semantic.
Semantic_field	string	The first 22 fields are the fields of the Intercontinental Dictionary Series meaning list, proposed by Mary Ritchie Key, and ultimately based on Carl Darling Buck's (1949) Dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages. The other two fields were added for the Loanword Typology project.
Borrowed_score	float	The average borrowed score of all words corresponding to this meaning.
Age_score	float	The average age score of all words corresponding to this meaning.
Simplicity_score	float	The average simplicity score of all words corresponding to this meaning.

Table contributions.csv

WOLD contributions are vocabularies (mini-dictionaries of about 1000-2000 entries) with comprehensive information about the loanword status of each word. Descriptions of how these vocabularies coded the data can be found in the descriptions directory.

property	value
dc:conformsTo	CLDF ContributionTable
dc:extent	41

Columns

Name/Property	Datatype	Description
ID	string Regex: [a-zA-Z0-9_\-]+	The vocabulary ID number corresponds to the ordering to the chapters on the book Loanwords in the World's Languages. Languages are listed in rough geographical order from west to east, from Africa via Europe to Asia and the Americas, so that geographically adjacent languages are next to each other. Primary key
Name	string
Description	string
Contributor	string	The authors are experts of the language and its history. They also contributed a prose chapter on the borrowing situation in their language that was published in the book Loanwords in the World's Languages.
Citation	string	Each vocabulary of WOLD is a separate electronic publication with a separate author or team of authors and should be cited as specified here.
Number_of_words	integer	There would be 1814 words in each vocabulary, corresponding to the 1814 Loanword Typology meanings, if each meaning had exactly one counterpart, and if all the counterparts were different words. But many ("polysomous") words are counterparts of several meanings, many meanings have several word counterparts ("synonyms", or "subcounterparts"), and many meanings have no counterparts at all, so the number of words in each database varies considerably.
Language_ID	string	References the language for which this contribution provides a vocabulary. References languages.csv::ID

Table borrowings.csv

While a lot of information about the borrowing status is attached to the borrowed forms, the BorrowingTable lists information about (potential) source words. Note that we list loan events per meaning; i.e. one loanword may result in multiple borrowings if the word has multiple meanings.

property	value
dc:conformsTo	CLDF BorrowingTable
dc:extent	21624

Columns

Name/Property	Datatype	Description
ID	string Regex: [a-zA-Z0-9_\-]+	Primary key
Target_Form_ID	string	References the loanword, i.e. the form as borrowed into the target language References forms.csv::ID
Source_Form_ID	string	References the source word of a borrowing References forms.csv::ID
Comment	string
Source	list of string (separated by ;)	References sources.bib::BibTeX-key
Source_relation	string Valid choices: immediate earlier	Whether a word was contributed directly (immediate) or indirectly (earlier), i.e. via another, intermediate donor languoid, to the recipient language.
Source_word	string
Source_meaning	string
Source_certain	boolean Valid choices: yes no	Certainty of the source identification
Source_languoid	string	Donor languoid, specified as name of a language or language subgroup or family
Source_languoid_glottocode	string	Glottocode of the source languid