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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="favicon.png">
<link href="css/reset.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="css/darkstrap.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all">
<link href="css/style.css?body=1" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all">
<link href="css/twilight.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all">
<link href="css/lfetheme.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all">
<link href="css/pygments.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="css/overrides.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all">
<title>LFE Hyperpolyglot: LFE, Erlang, Common Lisp, & Clojure</title>
<link href="css/hyperpolyglot.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en">
</head>
<body class="overview">
<div id="header-wrapper">
<div id="header">
<div>
<a class="logo" href="/">LFE Blog</a>
<ul class="nav">
<li><a href="http://docs.lfe.io/">docs.lfe.io</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.lfe.io/">blog.lfe.io</a></li>
<li><a href="http://lfe.io/">lfe.io</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><!-- #header -->
</div><!-- #header-wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper feature">
<h1>
LFE Hyperpolyglot
</h1>
<p class="intro">A syntactical comparison of <br/>
LFE, Erlang, Common Lisp, & Clojure</p>
</div>
<div class="full-width-divider">
<ul class="wrapper highlights">
<div id="toc-wrapper">
<div id="toc-content">
<div id="toc-left">
<ul>
<li><a href="#grammar-execution">grammar and execution</a></li>
<li><a href="#var-expr">variables and expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#arithmetic-logic">arithmetic and logic</a></li>
<li><a href="#strings">strings</a></li>
<li><a href="#regexes">regular expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#dates-time">dates and time</a></li>
<li><a href="#lists">lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#fixed-length-arrays">fixed-length arrays</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="toc-main">
<ul>
<li><a href="#dictionaries">dictionaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#user-defined-types">user-defined types</a></li>
<li><a href="#functions">functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#execution-control">execution control</a></li>
<li><a href="#exceptions">exceptions</a></li>
<li><a href="#streams">streams</a></li>
<li><a href="#emacs-buffers">emacs buffers</a></li>
<li><a href="#files">files</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="toc-right">
<ul>
<li><a href="#directories">directories</a></li>
<li><a href="#processes-environment">processes and environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#libraries-namespaces">libraries and namespaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#objects">objects</a></li>
<li><a href="#lisp-macros">lisp macros</a></li>
<li><a href="#reflection">reflection</a></li>
<li><a href="#java-interop">java interop</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="full-width-divider page">
<table class="wiki-content-table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"><a name="grammar-execution" id="grammar-execution"></a><a href="#grammar-execution-note">basics</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><br>
</th>
<th>LFE</th>
<th>Erlang</th>
<th>common lisp</th>
<th>clojure</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="version-used" id="version-used"></a><a href="#version-used-note">version used</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>LFE 0.1.0</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>Erlang 18.0</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>SBCL 1.2</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>Clojure 1.6</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="show-version" id="show-version"></a><a href="#show-version-note">show version</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: gray;"><em>displayed by repl on startup</em></span><br>
(lutil:get-lfe-version)
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: gray;"><em>displayed by repl on startup</em></span><br>
erlang:system_info(otp_release).
</td>
<td>$ sbcl <span style="">--</span>version</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>displayed by repl on startup</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"><a name="grammar-execution" id="grammar-execution"></a><a href="#grammar-execution-note">grammar and execution</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><br>
</th>
<th>LFE</th>
<th>Erlang</th>
<th>common lisp</th>
<th>clojure</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="compiler" id="compiler"></a><a href="#compiler-note">compiler</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
$ lfec module-name.lfe<br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
$ erlc module_name.erl<br>
</td>
<td><br>
</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="standalone-executable" id="standalone-executable"></a><a href="#standalone-executable-note">standalone executable</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: grey;"><em>Use escript</em></span><br />
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: grey;"><em>Use escript</em></span><br>
</td>
<td>(sb-ext:save-lisp-and-die<br>
<span style=""> </span>"<span style="color: gray;"><em>executable</em></span>"<br>
<span style=""> </span>:executable t<br>
<span style=""> </span>:toplevel '<span style="color: gray;"><em>function</em></span>)</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="interpreter" id="interpreter"></a><a href="#interpreter-note">interpreter</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
$ lfe [flags] filename.lfe [args]
<br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>$ sbcl <span style="">--</span>script foo.lisp</td>
<td><span style="color: grey;"><em>specify full path to clojure
jar:</em></span><br>
<br>
java -cp clojure.jar clojure.main foo.clj</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="shebang" id="shebang"></a><a href="#shebang-note">shebang</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">#!/usr/bin/env lfe<br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>#!/usr/bin/env sbcl <span style="">--</span>script</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>specify full path to clojure
jar:</em></span><br>
<br>
#!/usr/bin/env java -jar clojure.jar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="repl" id="repl"></a><a href="#repl-note">repl</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">$ lfe<br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: grey;"><em>Erlang doesn't have a true REPL; it has a shell</em></span><br />
$ erl<br>
</td>
<td>$ sbcl</td>
<td>$ java -jar /PATH/TO/clojure.jar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="cmd-line-program" id="cmd-line-program"></a><a href="#cmd-line-program-note">command line program</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
$ lfe -eval \<br/>
'(lfe_io:format "~p" (list (+ 1 2 3)))'<br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
$ erl -eval \<br/>
'io:format("~p", [1 + 2 + 3])' \<br/>
-noshell -run init stop<br>
</td>
<td><br>
</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="word-separator" id="word-separator"></a><a href="#word-separator-note">word separator</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>whitespace</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>whitespace</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>whitespace</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>whitespace and commas</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="eol-comment" id="eol-comment"></a><a href="#eol-comment-note">end-of-line comment</a></td>
<td>(+ 1 1) <span style="color: gray;">; adding</span></td>
<td>1 + 1. <span style="color: gray;">% adding</span></td>
<td>(+ 1 1) <span style="color: gray;">; adding</span></td>
<td>(+ 1 1) <span style="color: gray;">; adding</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="multiple-line-comment" id="multiple-line-comment"></a><a href="#multiple-line-comment-note">multiple line comment</a></td>
<td>
<span style="color: grey;"><em>Only in source code; not in REPL</em></span><br />
(+ 1 #| adding<br>
stuff |#<br>
1)</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>(+ 1 #| adding<br>
stuff |#<br>
1)</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"><a name="var-expr" id="var-expr"></a><a href="#var-expr-note">variables and expressions</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><br>
</th>
<th>LFE</th>
<th>Erlang</th>
<th>common lisp</th>
<th>clojure</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="id" id="id"></a><a href="#id-note">identifier</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: grey;"><em>Cannot start with:</em></span><br />
|, \', ', ,, or #<br/><br/>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>permitted characters:</em></span><br>
!, #, $, %, &, ', *, +, ,, -, ., /,
0-9, <, =, >, ?, @, A-Z, a-z, \, ^, _,
|, ~, \% , ¡, ¢, £, ¤, ¥, ¦, §, ¨,
©, ª, «, ¬, \, ®, ¯, °, ±, ², ³, ´,
µ, ¶, ·, ¸, ¹, º, », ¼, ½, ¾, ¿, À,
Á, Â, Ã, Ä, Å, Æ, Ç, È, É, Ê, Ë, Ì, Í, Î, Ï,
Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Õ, Ö, ×, Ø, Ù, Ú, Û, Ü,
Ý, Þ, ß, à, á, â, ã, ä, å, æ, ç, è, é, ê, ë,
ì, í, î, ï, ð, ñ, ò, ó, ô, õ, ö, ÷, ø,
ù, ú, û, ü, ý, þ, ÿ <br /><br />
<span style="color: gray;"><em>This has special meaning and is reserved:</em></span><br>
:
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>case insensitive, cannot start
with digit</em></span><br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>excluded characters:</em></span><br>
SP ( ) " , ' <span style="">`</span> : ; # | \<br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>reserved for user macros:</em></span><br>
? ! [ ] { }</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>case sensitive, cannot start
with digit</em></span><br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>permitted characters:</em></span><br>
A-Z a-z 0-9 * + ! - _ ?<br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>these have special meaning or are
reserved:</em></span><br>
/ . :</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="quoted-id" id="quoted-id"></a><a href="#quoted-id-note">quoted identifier</a><br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>and escaped identifier</em></span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(set |white space symbol| 3)<br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>(setq |white space symbol| 3)<br>
<br>
(setq white\ space\ symbol 3)</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span><br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="local-var" id="local-var"></a><a href="#local-var-note">local variable</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;">; parallel assignment:</span><br>
(let ((x 3) (y 4))<br>
<span style=""> </span>(+ x y))<br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;">; sequential assignment:</span><br>
(let* ((x 3) (y (* x x)))<br>
<span style=""> </span>(+ x y))</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;">; parallel assignment:</span><br>
(let ((x 3) (y 4))<br>
<span style=""> </span>(+ x y))<br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;">; sequential assignment:</span><br>
(let* ((x 3) (y (* x x)))<br>
<span style=""> </span>(+ x y))</td>
<td>(let [x 3 y 4]<br>
<span style=""> </span>(+ x y))<br>
<br>
(let [[x y] [3 4]]<br>
<span style=""> </span>(+ x y))<br>
<br>
(let [x 3 y (* x x)]<br>
<span style=""> </span>(+ x y))</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="global-var" id="global-var"></a><a href="#global-var-note">global variable</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">none</span><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">none</span><br>
</td>
<td>(defparameter *x* 3)<br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;">; doesn't change x if already set:</span><br>
(defvar *x* 3)</td>
<td>(def x 3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="rm-var" id="rm-var"></a><a href="#rm-var-note">remove
variable</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">none</span><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">Only in the shell:</span><br>
f(Var).
</td>
<td>(makunbound 'x)</td>
<td>(ns-unmap *ns* 'x)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="null" id="null"></a><a href="#null-note">null</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">none</span><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">none</span><br>
</td>
<td>nil '()</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;">; same value as null in Java:</span><br>
nil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="null-test" id="null-test"></a><a href="#null-test-note">null test</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">none</span><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">none</span><br>
</td>
<td>(null x)</td>
<td>(nil? x)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="id-as-val" id="id-as-val"></a><a href="#id-as-val-note">identifier as value</a></td>
<td>'x<br>
(quote x)</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>'x<br>
(quote x)</td>
<td>'x<br>
(quote x)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="id-test" id="id-test"></a><a href="#id-test-note">identifier
test</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
(is_atom x)
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
is_atom(X).
</td>
<td>(symbolp 'x)</td>
<td>(symbol? 'x)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>identifier equality test</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
(== 'x 'x)<br/>
(=:= 'x 'x)
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>(eq 'x 'x)</td>
<td>(= 'x 'x)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="non-referential-id" id="non-referential-id"></a><a href="#non-referential-id-note">non-referential identifier</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td>'foo</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>:foo</td>
<td>:foo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="id-attr" id="id-attr"></a><a href="#id-attr-note">identifier
attributes</a><br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>set, get, remove</em></span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">none</span><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
<span style="color: gray;">none</span><br>
</td>
<td>(set 'x 13)<br>
<br>
(setf (get 'x :desc) "unlucky")<br>
(get 'x :desc)<br>
(remprop 'x :desc)</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;">; value must be instance of
clojure.lang.IObj:</span><br>
<br>
(def x (with-meta [13] {:desc "unlucky"}))<br>
(get (meta x) :desc)<br>
<span style="color: gray;">; none</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"><a name="arithmetic-logic" id="arithmetic-logic"></a><a href="#arithmetic-logic-note">arithmetic and logic</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><br>
</th>
<th>LFE</th>
<th>Erlang</th>
<th>common lisp</th>
<th>clojure</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="true-false" id="true-false"></a><a href="#true-false-note">true and false</a></td>
<td>'true 'false</td>
<td>true false</td>
<td>t nil</td>
<td>true false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="falsehoods" id="falsehoods"></a><a href="#falsehoods-note">falsehoods</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td>'false</td>
<td>false</td>
<td>nil ()</td>
<td>false nil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="logical-op" id="logical-op"></a><a href="#logical-op-note">logical operators</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td>(or (not 'true) (and 'true 'false))</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(not true) or (true and false).
</td>
<td>(or (not t) (and t nil))</td>
<td>(or (not true) (and true false))</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="relational-op" id="relational-op"></a><a href="#relational-op-note">relational operators</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td>== =:= /= =/= < > =< >=</td>
<td>== =:= /= =/= < > =< >=</td>
<td><span style="">=</span> /= < > <= >=</td>
<td><span style="">=</span> not= < > <= >=</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="min-max" id="min-max"></a><a href="#min-max-note">min
and max</a></td>
<td>(lists:min 1 2 3)<br>
(lists:max 1 2 3)</td>
<td>lists:min(1 2 3)<br>
lists:max(1 2 3)</td>
<td>(min 1 2 3)<br>
(max 1 2 3)</td>
<td>(min 1 2 3)<br>
(max 1 2 3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="num-predicates" id="num-predicates"></a><a href="#num-predicates-note">numeric predicates</a></td>
<td>is_number is_integer is_float</td>
<td>is_number is_integer is_float</td>
<td>numberp integerp<br>
rationalp floatp<br>
realp complexp</td>
<td>number? integer?<br>
rational? float?<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span> <span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="arith-op" id="arith-op"></a><a href="#arith-op-note">arithmetic
operators</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td>+ - * / </td>
<td>+ - * / </td>
<td>+ - * / mod</td>
<td>+ - * / mod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="int-div" id="int-div"></a><a href="#int-div-note">integer
division</a><br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>and remainder</em></span></td>
<td>(div 7 3)<br>
(rem 7 3)</td>
<td>div(7 3).<br>
rem(7 3).</td>
<td>(truncate 7 3)<br>
(rem 7 3)</td>
<td>(quot 7 3)<br>
(rem 7 3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="int-div-zero" id="int-div-zero"></a><a href="#int-div-zero-note">integer division by zero</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
exception error: badarith
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
exception error: an error occurred when evaluating an arithmetic expression
</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;">division-by-zero <em>error</em></span></td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="float-div" id="float-div"></a><a href="#float-div-note">float division</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>float:</em></span><br>
(/ 7 (* 3 1.0))<br/>(/ 7 (* 3 1))</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>float:</em></span><br>
7 / 3 * 1.0.<br/>7 / 3 * 1.</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>rational:</em></span><br>
(/ 7 3)<br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>float:</em></span><br>
(/ 7 (* 3 1.0))</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>rational:</em></span><br>
(/ 7 3)<br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>float:</em></span><br>
(/ 7 (* 3 1.0))</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="float-div-zero" id="float-div-zero"></a><a href="#float-div-zero-note">float division by zero</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
exception error: badarith
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
exception error: an error occurred when evaluating an arithmetic expression
</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;">division-by-zero <em>error</em></span></td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="power" id="power"></a><a href="#power-note">power</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(math:pow 2 32)
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
math:pow(2, 32).
</td>
<td>(expt 2 32)</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>returns float:</em></span><br>
(Math/pow 2 32)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="sqrt" id="sqrt"></a><a href="#sqrt-note">sqrt</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(math:sqrt 2)
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
math:sqrt(2).
</td>
<td>(sqrt 2)</td>
<td>(Math/sqrt 2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="sqrt-negative-one" id="sqrt-negative-one"></a><a href="#sqrt-negative-one">sqrt -1</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td>#c(0.0 1.0)</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>(Math/sqrt -1):</em></span> NaN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="transcendental-func" id="transcendental-func"></a><a href="#transcendental-func-note">transcendental functions</a></td>
<td>math:exp math:log math:sin math:cos math:tan math:asin
math:acos math:atan math:atan2</td>
<td>math:exp math:log math:sin math:cos math:tan math:asin
math:acos math:atan math:atan2</td>
<td>exp log sin cos tan asin acos atan atan</td>
<td>Math/exp Math/log Math/sin Math/cos Math/tan Math/asin
Math/acos Math/atan Math/atan2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="float-truncation" id="float-truncation"></a><a href="#float-truncation-note">float truncation</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
trunc
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
trunc
</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>return two values, first is
integer:</em></span><br>
truncate round ceiling floor</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>return integers:</em></span><br>
int Math/round<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>return floats:</em></span><br>
Math/ceil Math/floor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="abs-val" id="abs-val"></a><a href="#abs-val-note">absolute
value</a><br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>and signum</em></span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">abs
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">abs
</td>
<td>abs signum</td>
<td>Math/abs Math/signum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="int-overflow" id="int-overflow"></a><a href="#int-overflow-note">integer overflow</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none; arbitrary-precision
integers</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;">clojure.lang.Numbers.throwIntOverflow
<em>exception</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="float-overflow" id="float-overflow"></a><a href="#float-overflow-note">float overflow</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;">floating-point-overflow <em>error</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>not literals:</em></span><br>
-Infity NaN Infinity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="rational-construction" id="rational-construction"></a><a href="#rational-construction-note">rational construction</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td>(/ 3 7)<br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;">; literal:</span><br>
3/7</td>
<td>(/ 3 7)<br>
<br>
<span style="color: gray;">; literal:</span><br>
3/7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="rational-decomposition" id="rational-decomposition"></a><a href="#rational-decomposition-note">rational decomposition</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td>(numerator 3/7)<br>
(denominator 3/7)</td>
<td>(numerator 3/7)<br>
(denominator 3/7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="complex-construction" id="complex-construction"></a><a href="#complex-construction-note">complex construction</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td>#c(1 2)</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="complex-decomposition" id="complex-decomposition"></a><a href="#complex-decomposition-note">complex decomposition</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td>(realpart #c(1 2))<br>
(imagpart #c(1 2))<br>
(phase #c(1 2))<br>
(abs #c(1 2))<br>
(conjugate #c(1 2))</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span><br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="random-num" id="random-num"></a><a href="#random-num-note">random number</a><br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>uniform integer, uniform float,
normal float</em></span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(random:uniform 100)<br/>
(random:uniform 1.0)
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
random:uniform(100).<br/>
random:uniform(1.0).
</td>
<td>(random 100)<br>
(random 1.0)<br>
<span style="color: gray;"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td>(def rnd (java.util.Random.))<br>
(.nextInt rnd 100)<br>
(.nextFloat rnd)<br>
(.nextGaussian rnd)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="random-seed" id="random-seed"></a><a href="#random-seed-note">random seed</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(random:seed)</br>
(random:seed 4 2 0)
</td>
<td>
random:seed().</br>
random:seed(4 2 0).
</td>
<td>(setq *random-state*<br>
<span style=""> </span>(sb-ext:seed-random-state 17))</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="bit-op" id="bit-op"></a><a href="#bit-op-note">bit
operators</a></td>
<td>bsl bsr band bor bxor bnot</td>
<td>bsl bsr band bor bxor bnot</td>
<td>ash <span style="color: gray;"><em>left shift when 2nd
argument positive</em></span> logand logior logxor lognot</td>
<td>bit-shift-left bit-shift-right bit-and bit-or bit-xor bit-not</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="binary-octal-hex-literals" id="binary-octal-hex-literals"></a><a href="#binary-octal-hex-literals-note">binary, octal, and hex literals</a></td>
<td>#b101010<br>
#o52<br>
#x2a</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2#101010<br>
8#52<br>
16#2a</td>
<td>#b101010<br>
#o52<br>
#x2a</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="radix" id="radix"></a><a href="#radix-note">radix</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
#7r60
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7#60.
</td>
<td>(format nil "~7r" 42)</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"><a name="strings" id="strings"></a><a href="#strings-note">strings</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><br>
</th>
<th>LFE</th>
<th>Erlang</th>
<th>common lisp</th>
<th>clojure</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="str-test" id="str-test"></a><a href="#str-test-note">string
test</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(io_lib:printable_latin1_list "foo")
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
io_lib:printable_latin1_list("foo").
</td>
<td>(stringp "foo")</td>
<td>(string? "foo")</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="str-literal" id="str-literal"></a><a href="#str-litera-notel">string literal</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td>"foo bar"</td>
<td>"foo bar"</td>
<td>"foo bar"</td>
<td>"foo bar"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="str-test" id="str-test"></a><a href="#str-test-note">unicode
test</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(io_lib:printable_unicode_list "foo")
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
io_lib:printable_unicode_list("foo").
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="str-literal" id="str-literal"></a><a href="#str-litera-notel">unicode literal</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
#"foo bar" <br />
(binary ("foo bar" utf8))
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="newline-in-str-literal" id="newline-in-str-literal"></a><a href="#newline-in-str-literal-note">newline in literal</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>yes</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>yes</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>yes</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray;"><em>yes</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="str-literal-esc" id="str-literal-esc"></a><a href="#str-literal-esc-note">literal escapes</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
\b \t \n \v \f \r \e \s \d
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>\" \\</td>
<td>\b \t \n \f \r \" \\ \<span style="color: gray;"><em>ooo</em></span>
\u<span style="color: gray;"><em>hhhh</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="str-ctor" id="str-ctor"></a><a href="#str-ctor-note">constructor</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(list #\f #\o #\o)
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td><br>
</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="fmt-str" id="fmt-str"></a><a href="#fmt-str-note">format
string</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(lfe_io:format "~p: ~p ~.2f~n" '("Foo" 7 13.457))
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
io:format("~p: ~p ~.2f~n", ["Foo", 7, 13.457]).
</td>
<td>(format nil "~a: ~a ~,2f" "Foo" 7 13.457)</td>
<td>(String/format "%s: %d %.2f"<br>
<span style=""> </span>(to-array ["Foo" 7 13.457]))</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="fmt-specifiers" id="fmt-specifiers"></a><a href="#fmt-specifiers-note">format specifiers</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; color: gray;">
The following are for lfe_io:format<br/>
~~ literal ~<br>
~c ASCII character code<br>
~f scientific notation<br>
~g float for small numbers, scientific for large<br>
Each of the previous three may take additional precision formatting options<br/>
~s string<br>
~w standard LFE syntax<br>
~p pretty-printed LFE syntax<br>
~W same as ~w, but takes maximum depth argument<br>
~P same as ~p, but takes maximum depth argument<br/>
~B formats integer to given base<br>
~X like ~B, but takes a prefix argument<br>
~# like ~B, but uses #-separated Erlang prefix<br>
~b like ~B, but prints lowercase<br>
~x like ~X, but prints lowercase<br>
~+ like ~#, but prints lowercase<br>
~n newline<br>
~i ignores next term<br>
</span>
</td>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; color: gray;">
The following are for io:format<br/>
~~ literal ~<br>
~c ASCII character code<br>
~f scientific notation<br>
~g float for small numbers, scientific for large<br>
Each of the previous three may take additional precision formatting options<br/>
~s string<br>
~w standard Erlang syntax<br>
~p pretty-printed Erlang syntax<br>
~W same as ~w, but takes maximum depth argument<br>
~P same as ~p, but takes maximum depth argument<br/>
~B formats integer to given base<br>
~X like ~B, but takes a prefix argument<br>
~# like ~B, but uses #-separated Erlang prefix<br>
~b like ~B, but prints lowercase<br>
~x like ~X, but prints lowercase<br>
~+ like ~#, but prints lowercase<br>
~n newline<br>
~i ignores next term<br>
</span>
</td>
<td><span style="color: gray;">
~a any type, human readable<br>
~s any time, read parseable<br>
~% newline<br>
~~ tilde<br>
~c character<br>
~,5f 5 digits right of decimal mark<br>
~d decimal<br>
~x hex<br>
~o octal<br>
~b binary</span></td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="compare-str" id="compare-str"></a><a href="#compare-str-note">compare strings</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(string:equal "foo" "bar")<br/>
<span style="color: gray;">Also the comparison operators work, e.g:</span>
(== "foo" "bar")<br/>
(< "foo" "bar")<br/>
(=< "foo" "bar")<br/>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>(string= "foo" "bar")<br>
(string< "foo" "bar")</td>
<td>(.equals "foo" "bar")<br>
(.compareTo "foo" "bar")</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="str-concat" id="str-concat"></a><a href="#str-concat-note">concatenate</a><br>
<span style=""> </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(string:concat "foo" "bar")<br/>
(++ "foo" "bar")
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>(concatenate 'string "foo " "bar " "bar")</td>
<td>(str "foo " "bar " "baz")</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="str-replicate" id="str-replicate"></a><a href="#str-replicate-note">replicate</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
(string:copies "foo" 3)<br/>
(string:chars #\f 3)<br/>
(lists:duplicate 3 #\f)
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td>(make-string 3 :initial-element #\f)</td>
<td>(String. (into-array<br>
<span style=""> </span>(. Character TYPE)<br>
<span style=""> </span>(repeat 3 \f)))</td>
</tr>