From f14d554b33843f92f1b87f69f2b540eab592be4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Apr 2025 14:39:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/64] eth/backend: Enable gasless transactions by default in
 txpool and miner

---
 eth/backend.go | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 7465ad772b..4be58f6e09 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -330,6 +330,21 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 	eth.miner.SetExtra(makeExtraData(config.Miner.ExtraData))
 	eth.miner.SetPrioAddresses(config.TxPool.Locals)
 
+	// Note: Gasless txns will be pre-validated to mitigate spam.
+	// These values can not be set to 0 in CLI due to validation checks on backend.New()
+	// The miner rpc api can be used to adjust these values either via SetGasPrice method
+	// We opted to set them here so gasless txns are accepted by default on startup
+
+	// Accept into txpool:
+	// 0 gasPrice legacy txs
+	// 0 gasTipCap/maxPriorityFeePerGas for EIP-1559 txs
+	eth.txPool.SetGasTip(big.NewInt(0))
+
+	// // Accept into miner:
+	// // 0 gasPrice legacy txs
+	// // 0 gasTipCap/maxPriorityFeePerGas for EIP-1559 txs
+	eth.miner.SetGasTip(big.NewInt(0))
+
 	eth.APIBackend = &EthAPIBackend{stack.Config().ExtRPCEnabled(), stack.Config().AllowUnprotectedTxs, config.RollupDisableTxPoolAdmission, eth, nil}
 	if eth.APIBackend.allowUnprotectedTxs {
 		log.Info("Unprotected transactions allowed")

From 60393ae62b51ac62ae610298c0d2676d44384e6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Apr 2025 14:47:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/64] core/state_transition: Implement gasless transaction
 support and enhance gas fee checks

- Provide EVM with gas to process gasless txns
- Update preCheck to ignore 1559 fee check logic for gasless txns
---
 core/state_transition.go | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index cfa818a4ac..1b90d479ad 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -270,6 +270,14 @@ func (st *stateTransition) to() common.Address {
 func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 	mgval := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.msg.GasLimit)
 	mgval.Mul(mgval, st.msg.GasPrice)
+
+	// Give EVM gas for free if gasPrice is 0
+	if st.msg.GasPrice.Cmp(big.NewInt(0)) == 0 {
+		st.gasRemaining = st.msg.GasLimit
+		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	var l1Cost *big.Int
 	var operatorCost *uint256.Int
 	if !st.msg.SkipNonceChecks && !st.msg.SkipFromEOACheck {
@@ -372,7 +380,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 		}
 	}
 	// Make sure that transaction gasFeeCap is greater than the baseFee (post london)
-	if st.evm.ChainConfig().IsLondon(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+	if st.evm.ChainConfig().IsLondon(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber) && st.msg.GasFeeCap.Cmp(big.NewInt(0)) != 0 {
 		// Skip the checks if gas fields are zero and baseFee was explicitly disabled (eth_call)
 		skipCheck := st.evm.Config.NoBaseFee && msg.GasFeeCap.BitLen() == 0 && msg.GasTipCap.BitLen() == 0
 		if !skipCheck {

From 62d5c34eeaa1870b37b8f767bfcd8380425334c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Apr 2025 14:49:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/64] miner: Enhance transaction filtering to support
 zero-fee transactions

- Implement logic to retrieve and merge transactions that satisfy the base fee filter with those having a GasFeeCap of 0.
- Prioritize transactions from the base fee set while ensuring zero-fee transactions are included.
---
 miner/worker.go | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index 3336f2c021..6a26836425 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -637,9 +637,27 @@ func (miner *Miner) fillTransactions(interrupt *atomic.Int32, env *environment)
 	if env.header.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
 		filter.BlobFee = uint256.MustFromBig(eip4844.CalcBlobFee(miner.chainConfig, env.header))
 	}
+	// We need to get two sets of transactions:
+	// 1. Transactions that satisfy baseFee filter
+	// 2. Transactions with GasFeeCap = 0
+
+	// First get transactions that satisfy baseFee
 	filter.OnlyPlainTxs, filter.OnlyBlobTxs = true, false
 	pendingPlainTxs := miner.txpool.Pending(filter)
 
+	// Now get zero-fee transactions by setting BaseFee to 0
+	zeroFilter := filter
+	zeroFilter.BaseFee = uint256.NewInt(0)
+	filter.OnlyPlainTxs, filter.OnlyBlobTxs = true, false
+	zeroFeePlainTxs := miner.txpool.Pending(zeroFilter)
+
+	// Merge the two transaction sets, prioritizing any duplicates from the first set
+	for addr, txs := range zeroFeePlainTxs {
+		if _, exists := pendingPlainTxs[addr]; !exists {
+			pendingPlainTxs[addr] = txs
+		}
+	}
+
 	filter.OnlyPlainTxs, filter.OnlyBlobTxs = false, true
 	pendingBlobTxs := miner.txpool.Pending(filter)
 

From e02a2b20eab13b5eeb6ea6a48f6e3f38edcbd2e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Apr 2025 14:49:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/64] miner: Update transaction ordering logic to handle
 zero-fee transactions

- Modify the newTxWithMinerFee function to allow zero-fee transactions by setting baseFee to nil when GasFeeCap is zero.
- Ensure that the ordering of pending transactions in the txpool accounts for both fee-paying and zero-fee transactions.
---
 miner/ordering.go | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/miner/ordering.go b/miner/ordering.go
index bcf7af46e8..36122010b9 100644
--- a/miner/ordering.go
+++ b/miner/ordering.go
@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ type txWithMinerFee struct {
 // Returns error in case of a negative effective miner gasTipCap.
 func newTxWithMinerFee(tx *txpool.LazyTransaction, from common.Address, baseFee *uint256.Int) (*txWithMinerFee, error) {
 	tip := new(uint256.Int).Set(tx.GasTipCap)
+	// This func is called on all pending txns in the txpool to set the order by fees
+	// Miner should not enforce baseFee for zero-fee transactions
+	if tx.GasFeeCap.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0)) == 0 {
+		baseFee = nil
+	}
 	if baseFee != nil {
 		if tx.GasFeeCap.Cmp(baseFee) < 0 {
 			return nil, types.ErrGasFeeCapTooLow

From 5bd11e9602715363a41623428cef8294a8bda90e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Apr 2025 14:49:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 05/64] core/txpool: Add TODO for gasless transaction
 validation enhancements

- Introduce a TODO comment in ValidateTransactionWithState to handle cases where tx.GasTipCap() is zero.
- Outline the need to call the gasStation precompile to validate gasless transactions, ensuring proper checks for the transaction's recipient and data.
---
 core/txpool/validation.go | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 9015685633..1011c8a7fc 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -276,6 +276,14 @@ func ValidateTransactionWithState(tx *types.Transaction, signer types.Signer, op
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: tx nonce %v, gapped nonce %v", core.ErrNonceTooHigh, tx.Nonce(), gap)
 		}
 	}
+
+	// TODO:
+	// - If tx.GasTipCap() == 0
+	// - Call gasStation precompile to ensure the tx is valid gassless tx i.e:
+	//   - tx.To() == valid gasless contract etc.
+	//   - tx.Data() == valid gasless function call etc.
+	// Skip balance check below
+
 	// Ensure the transactor has enough funds to cover the transaction costs
 	var (
 		balance           = opts.State.GetBalance(from).ToBig()

From 421f0681ecf3bef18a27aa8691330e13a08d7884 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Apr 2025 14:52:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 06/64] core/state_transition: Add TODO for gasless transaction
 gas tip handling

- Introduce a TODO comment in preCheck to address scenarios where tx.GasTipCap() is zero.
- Highlight the need to call the gasStation precompile to potentially reduce quota for gasless transactions.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 1b90d479ad..7762b6e889 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -445,6 +445,11 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w (sender %v)", ErrEmptyAuthList, msg.From)
 		}
 	}
+
+	// TODO:
+	// - If tx.GasTipCap() == 0
+	// - Call gasStation precompile to attempt to reduce quota
+
 	return st.buyGas()
 }
 

From eaccbf6d15ea5111b8396ffff402fa77060632f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2025 02:41:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 07/64] core/types: Add isGaslessTx method to transaction types

- Implement isGaslessTx method across various transaction types (DepositTx, AccessListTx, BlobTx, DynamicFeeTx, LegacyTx, SetCodeTx) to determine if a transaction is gasless.
- Enhance transaction interfaces to include gasless transaction checks, facilitating better handling of zero-fee transactions.
---
 core/types/deposit_tx.go     | 1 +
 core/types/transaction.go    | 6 ++++++
 core/types/tx_access_list.go | 1 +
 core/types/tx_blob.go        | 1 +
 core/types/tx_dynamic_fee.go | 3 +++
 core/types/tx_legacy.go      | 1 +
 core/types/tx_setcode.go     | 1 +
 7 files changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/types/deposit_tx.go b/core/types/deposit_tx.go
index 4131ee7af0..f4fce504de 100644
--- a/core/types/deposit_tx.go
+++ b/core/types/deposit_tx.go
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ func (tx *DepositTx) value() *big.Int        { return tx.Value }
 func (tx *DepositTx) nonce() uint64          { return 0 }
 func (tx *DepositTx) to() *common.Address    { return tx.To }
 func (tx *DepositTx) isSystemTx() bool       { return tx.IsSystemTransaction }
+func (tx *DepositTx) isGaslessTx() bool      { return false }
 
 func (tx *DepositTx) effectiveGasPrice(dst *big.Int, baseFee *big.Int) *big.Int {
 	return dst.Set(new(big.Int))
diff --git a/core/types/transaction.go b/core/types/transaction.go
index bca2cc03a9..b95cc064f2 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction.go
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ type TxData interface {
 	nonce() uint64
 	to() *common.Address
 	isSystemTx() bool
+	isGaslessTx() bool
 
 	rawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *big.Int)
 	setSignatureValues(chainID, v, r, s *big.Int)
@@ -374,6 +375,11 @@ func (tx *Transaction) IsSystemTx() bool {
 	return tx.inner.isSystemTx()
 }
 
+// IsGasless returns true if the transaction is a gasless transaction.
+func (tx *Transaction) IsGaslessTx() bool {
+	return tx.inner.isGaslessTx()
+}
+
 // Cost returns (gas * gasPrice) + (blobGas * blobGasPrice) + value.
 func (tx *Transaction) Cost() *big.Int {
 	total := new(big.Int).Mul(tx.GasPrice(), new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
diff --git a/core/types/tx_access_list.go b/core/types/tx_access_list.go
index 59880b0eab..172e29d967 100644
--- a/core/types/tx_access_list.go
+++ b/core/types/tx_access_list.go
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ func (tx *AccessListTx) value() *big.Int        { return tx.Value }
 func (tx *AccessListTx) nonce() uint64          { return tx.Nonce }
 func (tx *AccessListTx) to() *common.Address    { return tx.To }
 func (tx *AccessListTx) isSystemTx() bool       { return false }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) isGaslessTx() bool      { return false }
 
 func (tx *AccessListTx) effectiveGasPrice(dst *big.Int, baseFee *big.Int) *big.Int {
 	return dst.Set(tx.GasPrice)
diff --git a/core/types/tx_blob.go b/core/types/tx_blob.go
index 7ab2d68cbd..fa46302ef0 100644
--- a/core/types/tx_blob.go
+++ b/core/types/tx_blob.go
@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ func (tx *BlobTx) nonce() uint64          { return tx.Nonce }
 func (tx *BlobTx) to() *common.Address    { tmp := tx.To; return &tmp }
 func (tx *BlobTx) blobGas() uint64        { return params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob * uint64(len(tx.BlobHashes)) }
 func (tx *BlobTx) isSystemTx() bool       { return false }
+func (tx *BlobTx) isGaslessTx() bool      { return false }
 
 func (tx *BlobTx) effectiveGasPrice(dst *big.Int, baseFee *big.Int) *big.Int {
 	if baseFee == nil {
diff --git a/core/types/tx_dynamic_fee.go b/core/types/tx_dynamic_fee.go
index 273d9452ba..5b9bbd8444 100644
--- a/core/types/tx_dynamic_fee.go
+++ b/core/types/tx_dynamic_fee.go
@@ -97,6 +97,9 @@ func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) value() *big.Int        { return tx.Value }
 func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) nonce() uint64          { return tx.Nonce }
 func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) to() *common.Address    { return tx.To }
 func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) isSystemTx() bool       { return false }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) isGaslessTx() bool {
+	return tx.GasTipCap.Cmp(big.NewInt(0)) == 0 && tx.GasFeeCap.Cmp(big.NewInt(0)) == 0
+}
 
 func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) effectiveGasPrice(dst *big.Int, baseFee *big.Int) *big.Int {
 	if baseFee == nil {
diff --git a/core/types/tx_legacy.go b/core/types/tx_legacy.go
index bcb65c3934..ed5f76f231 100644
--- a/core/types/tx_legacy.go
+++ b/core/types/tx_legacy.go
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ func (tx *LegacyTx) value() *big.Int        { return tx.Value }
 func (tx *LegacyTx) nonce() uint64          { return tx.Nonce }
 func (tx *LegacyTx) to() *common.Address    { return tx.To }
 func (tx *LegacyTx) isSystemTx() bool       { return false }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) isGaslessTx() bool      { return tx.GasPrice.Cmp(big.NewInt(0)) == 0 }
 
 func (tx *LegacyTx) effectiveGasPrice(dst *big.Int, baseFee *big.Int) *big.Int {
 	return dst.Set(tx.GasPrice)
diff --git a/core/types/tx_setcode.go b/core/types/tx_setcode.go
index a4a626fdf4..f5fe041c71 100644
--- a/core/types/tx_setcode.go
+++ b/core/types/tx_setcode.go
@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@ func (tx *SetCodeTx) value() *big.Int        { return tx.Value.ToBig() }
 func (tx *SetCodeTx) nonce() uint64          { return tx.Nonce }
 func (tx *SetCodeTx) to() *common.Address    { tmp := tx.To; return &tmp }
 func (tx *SetCodeTx) isSystemTx() bool       { return false }
+func (tx *SetCodeTx) isGaslessTx() bool      { return false }
 
 func (tx *SetCodeTx) effectiveGasPrice(dst *big.Int, baseFee *big.Int) *big.Int {
 	if baseFee == nil {

From 33c16894c9e6dc77122d6292479f8b429171ed21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2025 02:43:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/64] core/txpool: Enhance gasless transaction validation and
 gas price checks

- Update ValidateTransaction to enforce minimum gas price requirements for non-gasless transactions while allowing gasless transactions to bypass this check.
- Modify ValidateTransactionWithState to skip balance checks for gasless transactions, with a TODO to implement validation against the gasStation precompile for gasless transaction legitimacy.
---
 core/txpool/validation.go | 19 +++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 1011c8a7fc..9ef13eeebf 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -160,8 +160,10 @@ func ValidateTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, signer types
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas %v, minimum needed %v", core.ErrFloorDataGas, tx.Gas(), floorDataGas)
 		}
 	}
-	// Ensure the gasprice is high enough to cover the requirement of the calling pool
-	if tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(opts.MinTip) < 0 {
+	// Ensure the gasprice is high enough to cover the requirement of the calling pool (except for gasless txns)
+	// This means we can contiune to enfore the minimum tip required for the miner for all non-gasless txns
+	// i.e. txns must either: 1. have a valid minimum tip/gasPrice or be a gasless txn
+	if tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(opts.MinTip) < 0 && !tx.IsGaslessTx() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas tip cap %v, minimum needed %v", ErrUnderpriced, tx.GasTipCap(), opts.MinTip)
 	}
 	if tx.Type() == types.BlobTxType {
@@ -277,12 +279,13 @@ func ValidateTransactionWithState(tx *types.Transaction, signer types.Signer, op
 		}
 	}
 
-	// TODO:
-	// - If tx.GasTipCap() == 0
-	// - Call gasStation precompile to ensure the tx is valid gassless tx i.e:
-	//   - tx.To() == valid gasless contract etc.
-	//   - tx.Data() == valid gasless function call etc.
-	// Skip balance check below
+	// If gasless txn, skip balance check below
+	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
+		// TODO:
+		// - Call gasStation precompile to ensure the tx is valid gassless tx i.e:
+		//   - tx.To() == valid gasless contract etc.
+		return nil
+	}
 
 	// Ensure the transactor has enough funds to cover the transaction costs
 	var (

From cdfcc5863fcd03bff26eade2f0e9964dd0d640e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2025 02:46:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 09/64] core/txpool: Skip gasless transactions in pending list
 filtering & enforce min tips unless gasless

- This allows us to enfore minTip/gasPrice for the miner while only allowing gaslessTx
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go |  3 +++
 eth/backend.go                       | 15 ---------------
 miner/worker.go                      | 17 -----------------
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index c9309580e9..bb9fcca73f 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -564,6 +564,9 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Pending(filter txpool.PendingFilter) map[common.Address]
 		// If the miner requests tip enforcement, cap the lists now
 		if minTipBig != nil {
 			for i, tx := range txs {
+				if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
+					continue // skip gasless txns
+				}
 				if tx.EffectiveGasTipIntCmp(minTipBig, baseFeeBig) < 0 {
 					txs = txs[:i]
 					break
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 4be58f6e09..7465ad772b 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -330,21 +330,6 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 	eth.miner.SetExtra(makeExtraData(config.Miner.ExtraData))
 	eth.miner.SetPrioAddresses(config.TxPool.Locals)
 
-	// Note: Gasless txns will be pre-validated to mitigate spam.
-	// These values can not be set to 0 in CLI due to validation checks on backend.New()
-	// The miner rpc api can be used to adjust these values either via SetGasPrice method
-	// We opted to set them here so gasless txns are accepted by default on startup
-
-	// Accept into txpool:
-	// 0 gasPrice legacy txs
-	// 0 gasTipCap/maxPriorityFeePerGas for EIP-1559 txs
-	eth.txPool.SetGasTip(big.NewInt(0))
-
-	// // Accept into miner:
-	// // 0 gasPrice legacy txs
-	// // 0 gasTipCap/maxPriorityFeePerGas for EIP-1559 txs
-	eth.miner.SetGasTip(big.NewInt(0))
-
 	eth.APIBackend = &EthAPIBackend{stack.Config().ExtRPCEnabled(), stack.Config().AllowUnprotectedTxs, config.RollupDisableTxPoolAdmission, eth, nil}
 	if eth.APIBackend.allowUnprotectedTxs {
 		log.Info("Unprotected transactions allowed")
diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index 6a26836425..d22b9a1c02 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -637,27 +637,10 @@ func (miner *Miner) fillTransactions(interrupt *atomic.Int32, env *environment)
 	if env.header.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
 		filter.BlobFee = uint256.MustFromBig(eip4844.CalcBlobFee(miner.chainConfig, env.header))
 	}
-	// We need to get two sets of transactions:
-	// 1. Transactions that satisfy baseFee filter
-	// 2. Transactions with GasFeeCap = 0
 
-	// First get transactions that satisfy baseFee
 	filter.OnlyPlainTxs, filter.OnlyBlobTxs = true, false
 	pendingPlainTxs := miner.txpool.Pending(filter)
 
-	// Now get zero-fee transactions by setting BaseFee to 0
-	zeroFilter := filter
-	zeroFilter.BaseFee = uint256.NewInt(0)
-	filter.OnlyPlainTxs, filter.OnlyBlobTxs = true, false
-	zeroFeePlainTxs := miner.txpool.Pending(zeroFilter)
-
-	// Merge the two transaction sets, prioritizing any duplicates from the first set
-	for addr, txs := range zeroFeePlainTxs {
-		if _, exists := pendingPlainTxs[addr]; !exists {
-			pendingPlainTxs[addr] = txs
-		}
-	}
-
 	filter.OnlyPlainTxs, filter.OnlyBlobTxs = false, true
 	pendingBlobTxs := miner.txpool.Pending(filter)
 

From f60d3546f4b59c5811115b7042fe3dd496c24dba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2025 02:50:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 10/64] core/state_transition: Add IsGaslessTx field to Message
 struct and update transaction handling

- Introduce IsGaslessTx field in the Message struct to indicate gasless transactions.
- Update TransactionToMessage function to include the new IsGaslessTx field.
- Modify preCheck function to skip gas fee checks for gasless transactions, enhancing transaction validation logic.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 7762b6e889..d419eb4df5 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@ type Message struct {
 	IsDepositTx    bool                 // IsDepositTx indicates the message is force-included and can persist a mint.
 	Mint           *big.Int             // Mint is the amount to mint before EVM processing, or nil if there is no minting.
 	RollupCostData types.RollupCostData // RollupCostData caches data to compute the fee we charge for data availability
+	IsGaslessTx    bool                 // IsGaslessTx indicates the message is a gasless transaction.
 }
 
 // TransactionToMessage converts a transaction into a Message.
@@ -193,6 +194,7 @@ func TransactionToMessage(tx *types.Transaction, s types.Signer, baseFee *big.In
 		IsDepositTx:    tx.IsDepositTx(),
 		Mint:           tx.Mint(),
 		RollupCostData: tx.RollupCostData(),
+		IsGaslessTx:    tx.IsGaslessTx(),
 	}
 	// If baseFee provided, set gasPrice to effectiveGasPrice.
 	if baseFee != nil {
@@ -380,7 +382,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 		}
 	}
 	// Make sure that transaction gasFeeCap is greater than the baseFee (post london)
-	if st.evm.ChainConfig().IsLondon(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber) && st.msg.GasFeeCap.Cmp(big.NewInt(0)) != 0 {
+	if st.evm.ChainConfig().IsLondon(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber) && !st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
 		// Skip the checks if gas fields are zero and baseFee was explicitly disabled (eth_call)
 		skipCheck := st.evm.Config.NoBaseFee && msg.GasFeeCap.BitLen() == 0 && msg.GasTipCap.BitLen() == 0
 		if !skipCheck {

From 7590f0db5a22bdf52a3b549485886ac0de5bc034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2025 02:51:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 11/64] miner: Remove unnecessary blank line in
 fillTransactions function

- Clean up code by removing an extraneous blank line in the fillTransactions function, improving readability.
---
 miner/worker.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index d22b9a1c02..3336f2c021 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -637,7 +637,6 @@ func (miner *Miner) fillTransactions(interrupt *atomic.Int32, env *environment)
 	if env.header.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
 		filter.BlobFee = uint256.MustFromBig(eip4844.CalcBlobFee(miner.chainConfig, env.header))
 	}
-
 	filter.OnlyPlainTxs, filter.OnlyBlobTxs = true, false
 	pendingPlainTxs := miner.txpool.Pending(filter)
 

From 9595d342a1dff6d752f85df8c5f8bd27a615e63e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2025 02:53:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 12/64] miner: Update transaction ordering logic to use
 IsGaslessTx for gasless transactions

---
 miner/ordering.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/miner/ordering.go b/miner/ordering.go
index 36122010b9..38cca58f87 100644
--- a/miner/ordering.go
+++ b/miner/ordering.go
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ type txWithMinerFee struct {
 func newTxWithMinerFee(tx *txpool.LazyTransaction, from common.Address, baseFee *uint256.Int) (*txWithMinerFee, error) {
 	tip := new(uint256.Int).Set(tx.GasTipCap)
 	// This func is called on all pending txns in the txpool to set the order by fees
-	// Miner should not enforce baseFee for zero-fee transactions
-	if tx.GasFeeCap.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0)) == 0 {
+	// Miner should not enforce baseFee for gasless txns
+	if tx.Tx.IsGaslessTx() {
 		baseFee = nil
 	}
 	if baseFee != nil {

From 233909fbf19adcad3dec78ac9700816f14adece3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2025 02:55:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 13/64] core/state_transition: Update to use IsGaslessTx

---
 core/state_transition.go | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index d419eb4df5..85de3ba601 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -273,8 +273,8 @@ func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 	mgval := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.msg.GasLimit)
 	mgval.Mul(mgval, st.msg.GasPrice)
 
-	// Give EVM gas for free if gasPrice is 0
-	if st.msg.GasPrice.Cmp(big.NewInt(0)) == 0 {
+	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
+	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
 		st.gasRemaining = st.msg.GasLimit
 		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
 		return nil
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 	}
 
 	// TODO:
-	// - If tx.GasTipCap() == 0
+	// - If msg.IsGaslessTx
 	// - Call gasStation precompile to attempt to reduce quota
 
 	return st.buyGas()

From e48fb61adeff3d93479992e51912e4b0f19612ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Apr 2025 15:16:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 14/64] Update .gitignore to include devdata, password.txt, and
 plain_key.txt

---
 .gitignore | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 7000fedd25..33e87f2db6 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -43,3 +43,6 @@ profile.cov
 .vscode
 
 tests/spec-tests/
+devdata/
+password.txt
+plain_key.txt

From 8cc4298552f1b0fdc06a2a4ddec9e63200184c9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2025 02:09:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 15/64] core/genesis: Initialize GaslessRegistry in
 DeveloperGenesisBlock

- Added initialization for GaslessRegistryAddress in the DeveloperGenesisBlock function, setting its Nonce, Code, and an empty Storage map. This enhances the genesis block setup for gasless transactions.
---
 core/genesis.go           | 2 ++
 params/protocol_params.go | 4 ++++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 37b3e0b203..4a5a732274 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -815,6 +815,8 @@ func DeveloperGenesisBlock(gasLimit uint64, faucet *common.Address) *Genesis {
 			params.HistoryStorageAddress:     {Nonce: 1, Code: params.HistoryStorageCode, Balance: common.Big0},
 			params.WithdrawalQueueAddress:    {Nonce: 1, Code: params.WithdrawalQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
 			params.ConsolidationQueueAddress: {Nonce: 1, Code: params.ConsolidationQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
+			// Initialize GaslessRegistry: Set Nonce and Code, storage init empty (nil map)
+			params.GaslessRegistryAddress: {Nonce: 1, Code: params.GaslessRegistryCode, Balance: common.Big0, Storage: nil},
 		},
 	}
 	if faucet != nil {
diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
index 00a83375ac..914addde06 100644
--- a/params/protocol_params.go
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@@ -230,4 +230,8 @@ var (
 	// EIP-7251 - Increase the MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE
 	ConsolidationQueueAddress = common.HexToAddress("0x0000BBdDc7CE488642fb579F8B00f3a590007251")
 	ConsolidationQueueCode    = common.FromHex("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")
+
+	// LLIP-2 - Gasless transactions
+	GaslessRegistryAddress = common.HexToAddress("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000099")
+	GaslessRegistryCode    = common.FromHex("6080604052600436106100c1575f3560e01c8063b6b352721161007e578063d7e5fbf311610058578063d7e5fbf3146102a9578063e6f35204146102c5578063f6e4b62b14610301578063f8d3277d14610329576100c1565b8063b6b3527214610209578063c375c2ef14610245578063c3c5a5471461026d576100c1565b80633b66e9f6146100c55780635751824314610101578063679ce6811461012957806369dc9ff314610165578063871ff405146101a55780639f8a13d7146101cd575b5f80fd5b3480156100d0575f80fd5b506100eb60048036038101906100e69190610cb8565b610351565b6040516100f89190610cfb565b60405180910390f35b34801561010c575f80fd5b5061012760048036038101906101229190610d14565b610399565b005b348015610134575f80fd5b5061014f600480360381019061014a9190610d14565b61042f565b60405161015c9190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b348015610170575f80fd5b5061018b60048036038101906101869190610cb8565b6105d3565b60405161019c959493929190610d94565b60405180910390f35b3480156101b0575f80fd5b506101cb60048036038101906101c69190610e0f565b610647565b005b3480156101d8575f80fd5b506101f360048036038101906101ee9190610cb8565b6106a0565b6040516102009190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b348015610214575f80fd5b5061022f600480360381019061022a9190610d14565b6106f4565b60405161023c9190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b348015610250575f80fd5b5061026b60048036038101906102669190610cb8565b6107d8565b005b348015610278575f80fd5b50610293600480360381019061028e9190610cb8565b61087f565b6040516102a09190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b6102c360048036038101906102be9190610d14565b6108d2565b005b3480156102d0575f80fd5b506102eb60048036038101906102e69190610e0f565b610aa0565b6040516102f89190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b34801561030c575f80fd5b5061032760048036038101906103229190610e77565b610b6b565b005b348015610334575f80fd5b5061034f600480360381019061034a9190610d14565b610bc5565b005b5f805f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f20600101549050919050565b60015f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055505050565b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f015f9054906101000a900460ff16610487575f90506105cd565b5f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f0160019054906101000a900460ff166104df575f90506105cd565b5f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206002015f9054906101000a900460ff1680156105bb57505f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f9054906101000a900460ff16155b156105c8575f90506105cd565b600190505b92915050565b5f602052805f5260405f205f91509050805f015f9054906101000a900460ff1690805f0160019054906101000a900460ff1690805f0160029054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690806001015490806002015f9054906101000a900460ff16905085565b805f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206001015f8282546106959190610ee2565b925050819055505050565b5f805f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f0160019054906101000a900460ff169050919050565b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206002015f9054906101000a900460ff1615806107d057505f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f9054906101000a900460ff165b905092915050565b5f808273ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f8082015f6101000a81549060ff02191690555f820160016101000a81549060ff02191690555f820160026101000a81549073ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0219169055600182015f9055600282015f6101000a81549060ff0219169055505050565b5f805f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f015f9054906101000a900460ff169050919050565b5f808373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f015f9054906101000a900460ff161561095d576040517f08c379a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000815260040161095490610f6f565b60405180910390fd5b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f2090506001815f015f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055506001815f0160016101000a81548160ff02191690831515021790555081815f0160026101000a81548173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff021916908373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff160217905550670de0b6b3a764000081600101819055505f816002015f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055508173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff167f768fb430a0d4b201cb764ab221c316dd14d8babf2e4b2348e05964c6565318b660405160405180910390a3505050565b5f805f808573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f2090508281600101541015610af5575f915050610b65565b82816001015f828254610b089190610f8d565b925050819055508373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff167f3c22f5db80c5276c536dd2c880cd698095e83b906c3ad64ffe1895eee8eb9f9f3285604051610b57929190610fc0565b60405180910390a260019150505b92915050565b805f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206002015f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055505050565b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055505050565b5f80fd5b5f73ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff82169050919050565b5f610c8782610c5e565b9050919050565b610c9781610c7d565b8114610ca1575f80fd5b50565b5f81359050610cb281610c8e565b92915050565b5f60208284031215610ccd57610ccc610c5a565b5b5f610cda84828501610ca4565b91505092915050565b5f819050919050565b610cf581610ce3565b82525050565b5f602082019050610d0e5f830184610cec565b92915050565b5f8060408385031215610d2a57610d29610c5a565b5b5f610d3785828601610ca4565b9250506020610d4885828601610ca4565b9150509250929050565b5f8115159050919050565b610d6681610d52565b82525050565b5f602082019050610d7f5f830184610d5d565b92915050565b610d8e81610c7d565b82525050565b5f60a082019050610da75f830188610d5d565b610db46020830187610d5d565b610dc16040830186610d85565b610dce6060830185610cec565b610ddb6080830184610d5d565b9695505050505050565b610dee81610ce3565b8114610df8575f80fd5b50565b5f81359050610e0981610de5565b92915050565b5f8060408385031215610e2557610e24610c5a565b5b5f610e3285828601610ca4565b9250506020610e4385828601610dfb565b9150509250929050565b610e5681610d52565b8114610e60575f80fd5b50565b5f81359050610e7181610e4d565b92915050565b5f8060408385031215610e8d57610e8c610c5a565b5b5f610e9a85828601610ca4565b9250506020610eab85828601610e63565b9150509250929050565b7f4e487b71000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005f52601160045260245ffd5b5f610eec82610ce3565b9150610ef783610ce3565b9250828201905080821115610f0f57610f0e610eb5565b5b92915050565b5f82825260208201905092915050565b7f616c7265616479207265676973746572656400000000000000000000000000005f82015250565b5f610f59601283610f15565b9150610f6482610f25565b602082019050919050565b5f6020820190508181035f830152610f8681610f4d565b9050919050565b5f610f9782610ce3565b9150610fa283610ce3565b9250828203905081811115610fba57610fb9610eb5565b5b92915050565b5f604082019050610fd35f830185610d85565b610fe06020830184610cec565b939250505056fea2646970667358221220a6934ae3a4fa48184868b0c2583329f45f74b948c5a9e2a570bb57963de1451564736f6c634300081a0033")
 )

From aaf52a1c43022f44015b816ecb27c7887c630d43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2025 02:09:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 16/64] core/txpool: Implement gasless transaction validation
 logic

- Introduced `GasStationStorageSlots` struct to manage storage slot hashes for gasless transactions.
- Added `calculateGasStationSlots` function to compute storage slot hashes for registered contracts.
- Implemented `validateGaslessTx` function to validate gasless transactions, checking registration, activity status, credits, and whitelist status.
- Updated `ValidateTransactionWithState` to call `validateGaslessTx` for gasless transactions, enhancing overall transaction validation.
---
 core/txpool/validation.go | 113 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 9ef13eeebf..4ebd293aea 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -255,6 +256,111 @@ type ValidationOptionsWithState struct {
 	RollupCostFn RollupCostFunc
 }
 
+// GasStation struct storage slots structs
+type GasStationStorageSlots struct {
+	StructBaseSlotHash             common.Hash
+	CreditSlotHash                 common.Hash
+	WhitelistEnabledSlotHash       common.Hash
+	NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash common.Hash
+}
+
+// calculateGasStationSlots computes the storage slot hashes for a specific
+// registered contract within the GasStation's `contracts` mapping.
+// It returns the base slot for the struct (holding packed fields), the slot for credits,
+// the slot for whitelistEnabled, and the base slot for the nested whitelist mapping.
+func calculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStationStorageSlots {
+	gasStationStorageSlots := GasStationStorageSlots{}
+	// The 'contracts' mapping is the first state variable, so its base slot is 0.
+	mapSlot := big.NewInt(0)
+
+	// Calculate the base slot for the struct entry in the mapping
+	keyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(registeredContractAddress.Bytes(), 32)
+	mapSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(mapSlot.Bytes(), 32)
+	combined := append(keyPadded, mapSlotPadded...)
+	gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(combined)
+
+	// Calculate subsequent slots by adding offsets to the base slot hash
+	structBaseSlotBig := gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash.Big()
+
+	// Slot for 'credits' (offset 1 from base)
+	creditsSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(1))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash = common.BigToHash(creditsSlotBig)
+
+	// Slot for 'whitelistEnabled' (offset 2 from base)
+	whitelistEnabledSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(2))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash = common.BigToHash(whitelistEnabledSlotBig)
+
+	// Base slot for the nested 'whitelist' mapping (offset 3 from base)
+	nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(3))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash = common.BigToHash(nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig)
+
+	return gasStationStorageSlots
+}
+
+func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *ValidationOptionsWithState) error {
+	if tx.To() == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gasless txn must have a valid to address")
+	}
+
+	// Calculate GasStation storage slots
+	gasStationStorageSlots := calculateGasStationSlots(*tx.To())
+
+	// Get the storage for the GaslessContract struct for the given address
+	storageBaseSlot := opts.State.GetState(params.GaslessRegistryAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash)
+
+	// Extract the registered and active bytes from the storage slot
+	isRegistered := storageBaseSlot[31] == 0x01
+	isActive := storageBaseSlot[30] == 0x01
+
+	if !isRegistered {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to unregistered address")
+	}
+
+	if !isActive {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to inactive address")
+	}
+
+	// Get the credits from the credits slot
+	credits := opts.State.GetState(params.GaslessRegistryAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
+
+	// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
+	creditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(credits.Bytes())
+	txGasBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas())
+
+	// Check if credits < tx gasLimitbyte
+	// TODO: IMPLEMENT FULL QUOTA/CREDIT SYSTEM
+	if creditsBig.Cmp(txGasBig) < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction has insufficient credits: have %v, need %v", creditsBig, txGasBig)
+	}
+
+	// Get the whitelist enabled slot
+	whitelistEnabled := opts.State.GetState(params.GaslessRegistryAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash)
+
+	// Get the whitelist enabled byte from the whitelist enabled slot
+	isWhitelistEnabled := whitelistEnabled[31] == 0x01
+
+	if isWhitelistEnabled {
+		// Calculate slot for the specific user in the nested whitelist map
+		userKeyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(from.Bytes(), 32)
+		mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash.Bytes(), 32)
+		userCombined := append(userKeyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
+		userWhitelistSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
+
+		// Get the whitelist status for the specific user
+		userWhitelist := opts.State.GetState(params.GaslessRegistryAddress, userWhitelistSlotHash)
+
+		// Check if the user is whitelisted
+		userWhitelistByte := userWhitelist[31]
+		isUserWhitelistStorage := userWhitelistByte == 0x01
+
+		if !isUserWhitelistStorage {
+			return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to non-whitelisted address")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ValidateTransactionWithState is a helper method to check whether a transaction
 // is valid according to the pool's internal state checks (balance, nonce, gaps).
 //
@@ -279,12 +385,9 @@ func ValidateTransactionWithState(tx *types.Transaction, signer types.Signer, op
 		}
 	}
 
-	// If gasless txn, skip balance check below
+	// If gasless txn, validate and skip balance check below
 	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
-		// TODO:
-		// - Call gasStation precompile to ensure the tx is valid gassless tx i.e:
-		//   - tx.To() == valid gasless contract etc.
-		return nil
+		return validateGaslessTx(tx, from, opts)
 	}
 
 	// Ensure the transactor has enough funds to cover the transaction costs

From 7187a5faa7a402b6ea461f555ed26542969f31de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2025 23:05:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 17/64] core/genesis, core/txpool, params: Rename
 GaslessRegistry to GasStation

---
 core/genesis.go           | 4 ++--
 core/txpool/validation.go | 8 ++++----
 params/protocol_params.go | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 4a5a732274..64b5dc1569 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -815,8 +815,8 @@ func DeveloperGenesisBlock(gasLimit uint64, faucet *common.Address) *Genesis {
 			params.HistoryStorageAddress:     {Nonce: 1, Code: params.HistoryStorageCode, Balance: common.Big0},
 			params.WithdrawalQueueAddress:    {Nonce: 1, Code: params.WithdrawalQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
 			params.ConsolidationQueueAddress: {Nonce: 1, Code: params.ConsolidationQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
-			// Initialize GaslessRegistry: Set Nonce and Code, storage init empty (nil map)
-			params.GaslessRegistryAddress: {Nonce: 1, Code: params.GaslessRegistryCode, Balance: common.Big0, Storage: nil},
+			// Initialize GasStation: Set Nonce and Code, storage init empty (nil map)
+			params.GasStationAddress: {Nonce: 1, Code: params.GasStationCode, Balance: common.Big0, Storage: nil},
 		},
 	}
 	if faucet != nil {
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 4ebd293aea..079c247f96 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *Validat
 	gasStationStorageSlots := calculateGasStationSlots(*tx.To())
 
 	// Get the storage for the GaslessContract struct for the given address
-	storageBaseSlot := opts.State.GetState(params.GaslessRegistryAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash)
+	storageBaseSlot := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash)
 
 	// Extract the registered and active bytes from the storage slot
 	isRegistered := storageBaseSlot[31] == 0x01
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *Validat
 	}
 
 	// Get the credits from the credits slot
-	credits := opts.State.GetState(params.GaslessRegistryAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
+	credits := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
 
 	// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
 	creditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(credits.Bytes())
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *Validat
 	}
 
 	// Get the whitelist enabled slot
-	whitelistEnabled := opts.State.GetState(params.GaslessRegistryAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash)
+	whitelistEnabled := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash)
 
 	// Get the whitelist enabled byte from the whitelist enabled slot
 	isWhitelistEnabled := whitelistEnabled[31] == 0x01
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *Validat
 		userWhitelistSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
 
 		// Get the whitelist status for the specific user
-		userWhitelist := opts.State.GetState(params.GaslessRegistryAddress, userWhitelistSlotHash)
+		userWhitelist := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, userWhitelistSlotHash)
 
 		// Check if the user is whitelisted
 		userWhitelistByte := userWhitelist[31]
diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
index 914addde06..c26cdf907d 100644
--- a/params/protocol_params.go
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@@ -232,6 +232,6 @@ var (
 	ConsolidationQueueCode    = common.FromHex("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")
 
 	// LLIP-2 - Gasless transactions
-	GaslessRegistryAddress = common.HexToAddress("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000099")
-	GaslessRegistryCode    = common.FromHex("6080604052600436106100c1575f3560e01c8063b6b352721161007e578063d7e5fbf311610058578063d7e5fbf3146102a9578063e6f35204146102c5578063f6e4b62b14610301578063f8d3277d14610329576100c1565b8063b6b3527214610209578063c375c2ef14610245578063c3c5a5471461026d576100c1565b80633b66e9f6146100c55780635751824314610101578063679ce6811461012957806369dc9ff314610165578063871ff405146101a55780639f8a13d7146101cd575b5f80fd5b3480156100d0575f80fd5b506100eb60048036038101906100e69190610cb8565b610351565b6040516100f89190610cfb565b60405180910390f35b34801561010c575f80fd5b5061012760048036038101906101229190610d14565b610399565b005b348015610134575f80fd5b5061014f600480360381019061014a9190610d14565b61042f565b60405161015c9190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b348015610170575f80fd5b5061018b60048036038101906101869190610cb8565b6105d3565b60405161019c959493929190610d94565b60405180910390f35b3480156101b0575f80fd5b506101cb60048036038101906101c69190610e0f565b610647565b005b3480156101d8575f80fd5b506101f360048036038101906101ee9190610cb8565b6106a0565b6040516102009190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b348015610214575f80fd5b5061022f600480360381019061022a9190610d14565b6106f4565b60405161023c9190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b348015610250575f80fd5b5061026b60048036038101906102669190610cb8565b6107d8565b005b348015610278575f80fd5b50610293600480360381019061028e9190610cb8565b61087f565b6040516102a09190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b6102c360048036038101906102be9190610d14565b6108d2565b005b3480156102d0575f80fd5b506102eb60048036038101906102e69190610e0f565b610aa0565b6040516102f89190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b34801561030c575f80fd5b5061032760048036038101906103229190610e77565b610b6b565b005b348015610334575f80fd5b5061034f600480360381019061034a9190610d14565b610bc5565b005b5f805f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f20600101549050919050565b60015f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055505050565b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f015f9054906101000a900460ff16610487575f90506105cd565b5f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f0160019054906101000a900460ff166104df575f90506105cd565b5f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206002015f9054906101000a900460ff1680156105bb57505f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f9054906101000a900460ff16155b156105c8575f90506105cd565b600190505b92915050565b5f602052805f5260405f205f91509050805f015f9054906101000a900460ff1690805f0160019054906101000a900460ff1690805f0160029054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690806001015490806002015f9054906101000a900460ff16905085565b805f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206001015f8282546106959190610ee2565b925050819055505050565b5f805f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f0160019054906101000a900460ff169050919050565b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206002015f9054906101000a900460ff1615806107d057505f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f9054906101000a900460ff165b905092915050565b5f808273ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f8082015f6101000a81549060ff02191690555f820160016101000a81549060ff02191690555f820160026101000a81549073ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0219169055600182015f9055600282015f6101000a81549060ff0219169055505050565b5f805f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f015f9054906101000a900460ff169050919050565b5f808373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f015f9054906101000a900460ff161561095d576040517f08c379a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000815260040161095490610f6f565b60405180910390fd5b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f2090506001815f015f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055506001815f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+	GasStationAddress = common.HexToAddress("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000099")
+	GasStationCode    = common.FromHex("6080604052600436106100c1575f3560e01c8063b6b352721161007e578063d7e5fbf311610058578063d7e5fbf3146102a9578063e6f35204146102c5578063f6e4b62b14610301578063f8d3277d14610329576100c1565b8063b6b3527214610209578063c375c2ef14610245578063c3c5a5471461026d576100c1565b80633b66e9f6146100c55780635751824314610101578063679ce6811461012957806369dc9ff314610165578063871ff405146101a55780639f8a13d7146101cd575b5f80fd5b3480156100d0575f80fd5b506100eb60048036038101906100e69190610cb8565b610351565b6040516100f89190610cfb565b60405180910390f35b34801561010c575f80fd5b5061012760048036038101906101229190610d14565b610399565b005b348015610134575f80fd5b5061014f600480360381019061014a9190610d14565b61042f565b60405161015c9190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b348015610170575f80fd5b5061018b60048036038101906101869190610cb8565b6105d3565b60405161019c959493929190610d94565b60405180910390f35b3480156101b0575f80fd5b506101cb60048036038101906101c69190610e0f565b610647565b005b3480156101d8575f80fd5b506101f360048036038101906101ee9190610cb8565b6106a0565b6040516102009190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b348015610214575f80fd5b5061022f600480360381019061022a9190610d14565b6106f4565b60405161023c9190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b348015610250575f80fd5b5061026b60048036038101906102669190610cb8565b6107d8565b005b348015610278575f80fd5b50610293600480360381019061028e9190610cb8565b61087f565b6040516102a09190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b6102c360048036038101906102be9190610d14565b6108d2565b005b3480156102d0575f80fd5b506102eb60048036038101906102e69190610e0f565b610aa0565b6040516102f89190610d6c565b60405180910390f35b34801561030c575f80fd5b5061032760048036038101906103229190610e77565b610b6b565b005b348015610334575f80fd5b5061034f600480360381019061034a9190610d14565b610bc5565b005b5f805f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f20600101549050919050565b60015f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055505050565b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f015f9054906101000a900460ff16610487575f90506105cd565b5f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f0160019054906101000a900460ff166104df575f90506105cd565b5f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206002015f9054906101000a900460ff1680156105bb57505f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f9054906101000a900460ff16155b156105c8575f90506105cd565b600190505b92915050565b5f602052805f5260405f205f91509050805f015f9054906101000a900460ff1690805f0160019054906101000a900460ff1690805f0160029054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690806001015490806002015f9054906101000a900460ff16905085565b805f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206001015f8282546106959190610ee2565b925050819055505050565b5f805f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f0160019054906101000a900460ff169050919050565b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206002015f9054906101000a900460ff1615806107d057505f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f9054906101000a900460ff165b905092915050565b5f808273ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f8082015f6101000a81549060ff02191690555f820160016101000a81549060ff02191690555f820160026101000a81549073ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0219169055600182015f9055600282015f6101000a81549060ff0219169055505050565b5f805f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f015f9054906101000a900460ff169050919050565b5f808373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f015f9054906101000a900460ff161561095d576040517f08c379a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000815260040161095490610f6f565b60405180910390fd5b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f2090506001815f015f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055506001815f0160016101000a81548160ff02191690831515021790555081815f0160026101000a81548173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff021916908373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff160217905550670de0b6b3a764000081600101819055505f816002015f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055508173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff167f768fb430a0d4b201cb764ab221c316dd14d8babf2e4b2348e05964c6565318b660405160405180910390a3505050565b5f805f808573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f2090508281600101541015610af5575f915050610b65565b82816001015f828254610b089190610f8d565b925050819055508373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff167f3c22f5db80c5276c536dd2c880cd698095e83b906c3ad64ffe1895eee8eb9f9f3285604051610b57929190610fc0565b60405180910390a260019150505b92915050565b805f808473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206002015f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055505050565b5f805f8473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f206003015f8373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020015f205f6101000a81548160ff0219169083151502179055505050565b5f80fd5b5f73ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff82169050919050565b5f610c8782610c5e565b9050919050565b610c9781610c7d565b8114610ca1575f80fd5b50565b5f81359050610cb281610c8e565b92915050565b5f60208284031215610ccd57610ccc610c5a565b5b5f610cda84828501610ca4565b91505092915050565b5f819050919050565b610cf581610ce3565b82525050565b5f602082019050610d0e5f830184610cec565b92915050565b5f8060408385031215610d2a57610d29610c5a565b5b5f610d3785828601610ca4565b9250506020610d4885828601610ca4565b9150509250929050565b5f8115159050919050565b610d6681610d52565b82525050565b5f602082019050610d7f5f830184610d5d565b92915050565b610d8e81610c7d565b82525050565b5f60a082019050610da75f830188610d5d565b610db46020830187610d5d565b610dc16040830186610d85565b610dce6060830185610cec565b610ddb6080830184610d5d565b9695505050505050565b610dee81610ce3565b8114610df8575f80fd5b50565b5f81359050610e0981610de5565b92915050565b5f8060408385031215610e2557610e24610c5a565b5b5f610e3285828601610ca4565b9250506020610e4385828601610dfb565b9150509250929050565b610e5681610d52565b8114610e60575f80fd5b50565b5f81359050610e7181610e4d565b92915050565b5f8060408385031215610e8d57610e8c610c5a565b5b5f610e9a85828601610ca4565b9250506020610eab85828601610e63565b9150509250929050565b7f4e487b71000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005f52601160045260245ffd5b5f610eec82610ce3565b9150610ef783610ce3565b9250828201905080821115610f0f57610f0e610eb5565b5b92915050565b5f82825260208201905092915050565b7f616c7265616479207265676973746572656400000000000000000000000000005f82015250565b5f610f59601283610f15565b9150610f6482610f25565b602082019050919050565b5f6020820190508181035f830152610f8681610f4d565b9050919050565b5f610f9782610ce3565b9150610fa283610ce3565b9250828203905081811115610fba57610fb9610eb5565b5b92915050565b5f604082019050610fd35f830185610d85565b610fe06020830184610cec565b939250505056fea2646970667358221220a6934ae3a4fa48184868b0c2583329f45f74b948c5a9e2a570bb57963de1451564736f6c634300081a0033")
 )

From 0d41faa9f8e4f1dc1f9de33db5abd942c20d2345 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2025 23:52:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 18/64] core/state_transition: Implement gas station credit
 charging for gasless transactions

- Added logic to call the gas station's chargeCredits method when processing gasless transactions.
- Updated innerExecute function to handle gasless transaction credit charges, enhancing transaction execution flow.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 85de3ba601..4f3c0d5c83 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
@@ -448,10 +449,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// TODO:
-	// - If msg.IsGaslessTx
-	// - Call gasStation precompile to attempt to reduce quota
-
 	return st.buyGas()
 }
 
@@ -608,6 +605,27 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 			st.state.AddAddressToAccessList(addr)
 		}
 
+		if msg.IsGaslessTx {
+			// Call gasStation.chargeCredits(address contractAddress, uint256 creditCharge)
+			method := crypto.Keccak256([]byte("chargeCredits(address,uint256)"))[:4]
+			contractAddress := st.to()
+			creditCharge := new(big.Int).SetUint64(msg.GasLimit)
+
+			var callData []byte
+			callData = append(callData, method...)
+			callData = append(callData, common.LeftPadBytes(contractAddress.Bytes(), 32)...)
+			callData = append(callData, common.LeftPadBytes(creditCharge.Bytes(), 32)...)
+
+			ret, _, vmerr = st.evm.Call(params.GasStationAddress, params.GasStationAddress, callData, st.gasRemaining, uint256.NewInt(0))
+			if vmerr != nil {
+				return &ExecutionResult{
+					UsedGas:    st.gasUsed(),
+					Err:        vmerr,
+					ReturnData: ret,
+				}, nil
+			}
+		}
+
 		// Execute the transaction's call.
 		ret, st.gasRemaining, vmerr = st.evm.Call(msg.From, st.to(), msg.Data, st.gasRemaining, value)
 	}

From 0aeb0baade38e07cda6a332d5d9b7ac5e3a9f12e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Tue, 13 May 2025 20:38:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 19/64] remove whitespace

---
 core/state_transition.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 4f3c0d5c83..792218b61e 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -448,7 +448,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w (sender %v)", ErrEmptyAuthList, msg.From)
 		}
 	}
-
 	return st.buyGas()
 }
 

From b9651dad54edabc05460ad80177cc0640d9eac15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Mon, 19 May 2025 23:28:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 20/64] core/txpool: Enhance gasless transaction validation
 with pending credit usage tracking

- Added `PendingCreditUsage` callback to `ValidationOptionsWithState` for tracking credits used by pending transactions.
- Updated `validateGaslessTx` to consider pending credit usage when validating available credits for gasless transactions.
- Implemented methods in `LegacyPool` to manage pending credit usage, including incrementing and decrementing usage as transactions are added or removed.
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/txpool/validation.go            | 32 +++++++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index bb9fcca73f..77715efc56 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -261,6 +261,8 @@ type LegacyPool struct {
 	changesSinceReorg int // A counter for how many drops we've performed in-between reorg.
 
 	rollupCostFn txpool.RollupCostFunc // Additional rollup cost function, optional field, may be nil.
+
+	pendingCreditUsage map[common.Address]*big.Int // Track total pending credits to be used per gasless contract
 }
 
 type txpoolResetRequest struct {
@@ -656,6 +658,9 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) validateTx(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 			return nil
 		},
 		RollupCostFn: pool.rollupCostFn,
+		PendingCreditUsage: func(contractAddr common.Address) *big.Int {
+			return pool.GetPendingCreditUsage(contractAddr)
+		},
 	}
 	if err := txpool.ValidateTransactionWithState(tx, pool.signer, opts); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -723,6 +728,12 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) add(tx *types.Transaction) (replaced bool, err error) {
 	// already validated by this point
 	from, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx)
 
+	// Increment the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the
+	// amount specified.
+	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
+		pool.IncrementPendingCreditUsage(from, new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
+	}
+
 	// If the address is not yet known, request exclusivity to track the account
 	// only by this subpool until all transactions are evicted
 	var (
@@ -1097,6 +1108,10 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bo
 	}
 	addr, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx) // already validated during insertion
 
+	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
+		pool.DecrementPendingCreditUsage(addr, new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
+	}
+
 	// If after deletion there are no more transactions belonging to this account,
 	// relinquish the address reservation. It's a bit convoluted do this, via a
 	// defer, but it's safer vs. the many return pathways.
@@ -1702,6 +1717,30 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) demoteUnexecutables() {
 	}
 }
 
+// Returns the sum of total credits to be used on execution of all pending
+// transactions in the pool to the given contract address.
+func (pool *LegacyPool) GetPendingCreditUsage(addr common.Address) *big.Int {
+	pool.mu.RLock()
+	defer pool.mu.RUnlock()
+	return pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr]
+}
+
+// Increments the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the
+// amount specified.
+func (pool *LegacyPool) IncrementPendingCreditUsage(addr common.Address, usage *big.Int) {
+	pool.mu.Lock()
+	defer pool.mu.Unlock()
+	pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] = new(big.Int).Add(pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr], usage)
+}
+
+// Decrements the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the
+// amount specified.
+func (pool *LegacyPool) DecrementPendingCreditUsage(addr common.Address, usage *big.Int) {
+	pool.mu.Lock()
+	defer pool.mu.Unlock()
+	pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] = new(big.Int).Sub(pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr], usage)
+}
+
 // addressByHeartbeat is an account address tagged with its last activity timestamp.
 type addressByHeartbeat struct {
 	address   common.Address
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 079c247f96..0ea632822f 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -254,6 +254,10 @@ type ValidationOptionsWithState struct {
 
 	// RollupCostFn is an optional extension, to validate total rollup costs of a tx
 	RollupCostFn RollupCostFunc
+
+	// PendingCreditUsage is an optional callback to retrieve the total credits used for a specific contract
+	// i.e. the amount of credits that will be used when all pending transactions for a specific contract are processed
+	PendingCreditUsage func(contractAddr common.Address) *big.Int
 }
 
 // GasStation struct storage slots structs
@@ -320,17 +324,29 @@ func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *Validat
 		return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to inactive address")
 	}
 
-	// Get the credits from the credits slot
-	credits := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
+	// Get the available credits from the credits storage slot in the GasStation contract for the given address
+	availableCredits := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
 
 	// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
-	creditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(credits.Bytes())
-	txGasBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas())
+	availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
+	txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas())
+
+	// Check if contract has enough available credits to cover the cost of the tx
+	if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(txRequiredCreditsBig) < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction has insufficient credits: have %v, need %v", availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)
+	}
 
-	// Check if credits < tx gasLimitbyte
-	// TODO: IMPLEMENT FULL QUOTA/CREDIT SYSTEM
-	if creditsBig.Cmp(txGasBig) < 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction has insufficient credits: have %v, need %v", creditsBig, txGasBig)
+	// Check if the contract has enough available credits to cover the cost of the tx
+	// including any pending credit usage from queued mempool transactions
+	pendingCreditUsage := opts.PendingCreditUsage(*tx.To())
+
+	// If there's positive pending credit usage, an additional check is needed
+	if pendingCreditUsage.Sign() > 0 {
+		// Calculate total credits needed only if there's positive pending usage.
+		totalRequiredCreditsWithPending := new(big.Int).Add(txRequiredCreditsBig, pendingCreditUsage)
+		if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(totalRequiredCreditsWithPending) < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("gasless contract has insufficient credits (including pending): pendingCreditUsage %v, txCreditsRequired %v, availableCredits %v", pendingCreditUsage, txRequiredCreditsBig, availableCreditsBig)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Get the whitelist enabled slot

From bb18aba6193bee3309ab93aa3adfe0051dcf8465 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Mon, 19 May 2025 23:49:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 21/64] add build steps

---
 core/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 89 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 core/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml

diff --git a/core/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml b/core/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24a032bca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+name: Test, Build Image & Push to ECR
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main # Trigger the workflow on pushes to the main branch
+    tags:
+      - "**" # Trigger the workflow on tags including hierarchical tags like v1.0/beta
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, synchronize] # Trigger the workflow when a PR is opened or updated
+
+env:
+  RELEASE_REVISION: ${{ github.sha }}
+  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
+  AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
+  AWS_REGION: ${{ secrets.AWS_REGION }}
+  ECR_REPOSITORY: ll-geth
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    name: Run Go Tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: 1.21.5
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: go test -v ./...
+
+  release:
+    needs: test
+    name: Build Image & Push to ECR
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.sha }}
+
+      - name: Configure AWS credentials
+        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
+        with:
+          aws-access-key-id: ${{ env.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
+          aws-secret-access-key: ${{ env.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
+          aws-region: ${{ env.AWS_REGION }}
+
+      - name: Login to Amazon ECR
+        id: login-ecr
+        uses: aws-actions/amazon-ecr-login@v2
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        id: buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Docker cache layers
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: /tmp/.buildx-cache
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-single-buildx-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-single-buildx
+
+      - name: Get the version tag or short SHA
+        id: get-tag
+        run: |
+          if [[ "${{ github.ref }}" == refs/tags/* ]]; then
+            echo "::set-output name=version::${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}"
+          else
+            echo "::set-output name=version::${GITHUB_SHA::7}"
+          fi
+
+      - name: Push Image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        with:
+          context: .
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ steps.login-ecr.outputs.registry }}/${{ env.ECR_REPOSITORY }}:${{ steps.get-tag.outputs.version }}
+          cache-from: type=local,src=/tmp/.buildx-cache
+          cache-to: type=local,dest=/tmp/.buildx-cache-new
+          build-args: VERSION=${{ steps.get-tag.outputs.version }}
+
+      - name: Move cache
+        run: |
+          rm -rf /tmp/.buildx-cache
+          mv /tmp/.buildx-cache-new /tmp/.buildx-cache

From cce28e8718daa1d1b0f804fbcd625e28772f3b9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 May 2025 12:41:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 22/64] Update GasStationAddress to retrieve value from
 environment variable for testing

---
 params/protocol_params.go | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
index c26cdf907d..b4edfcb994 100644
--- a/params/protocol_params.go
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package params
 
 import (
 	"math/big"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 )
@@ -232,6 +233,7 @@ var (
 	ConsolidationQueueCode    = common.FromHex("3373fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe1460d35760115f54807fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1461019a57600182026001905f5b5f82111560685781019083028483029004916001019190604d565b9093900492505050366060146088573661019a573461019a575f5260205ff35b341061019a57600154600101600155600354806004026004013381556001015f358155600101602035815560010160403590553360601b5f5260605f60143760745fa0600101600355005b6003546002548082038060021160e7575060025b5f5b8181146101295782810160040260040181607402815460601b815260140181600101548152602001816002015481526020019060030154905260010160e9565b910180921461013b5790600255610146565b90505f6002555f6003555b5f54807fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff141561017357505f5b6001546001828201116101885750505f61018e565b01600190035b5f555f6001556074025ff35b5f5ffd")
 
 	// LLIP-2 - Gasless transactions
-	GasStationAddress = common.HexToAddress("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000099")
+	// Temp get from env var for testing
+	GasStationAddress = common.HexToAddress(os.Getenv("GAS_STATION"))
 	GasStationCode    = common.FromHex("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")
 )

From ea50c87adf8fceb7f6c159efb0f340149f2fb69a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 May 2025 12:45:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 23/64] move github workflow to correct location

---
 {core/.github => .github}/workflows/build_and_publish.yml | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename {core/.github => .github}/workflows/build_and_publish.yml (100%)

diff --git a/core/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml b/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from core/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
rename to .github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml

From 33c70317f17fd2f3af87928ecdc8d2842ee0380f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 May 2025 21:26:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 24/64] temp remove testing on build

---
 .github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml b/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
index 24a032bca9..e02015622f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@ env:
   ECR_REPOSITORY: ll-geth
 
 jobs:
-  test:
-    name: Run Go Tests
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+  # test:
+  #   name: Run Go Tests
+  #   runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+  #   steps:
+  #     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: 1.21.5
+  #     - name: Set up Go
+  #       uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+  #       with:
+  #         go-version: 1.21.5
 
-      - name: Test
-        run: go test -v ./...
+  #     - name: Test
+  #       run: go test -v ./...
 
   release:
-    needs: test
+    # needs: test
     name: Build Image & Push to ECR
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:

From f7b2e7469ee381ebc4e491f393226c1c284dd7bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 02:08:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 25/64] remove mutex as pool is already locked

---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 43 ++++++++++++++--------------
 core/txpool/validation.go            |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 77715efc56..a0d6b80521 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -277,20 +277,21 @@ func New(config Config, chain BlockChain) *LegacyPool {
 
 	// Create the transaction pool with its initial settings
 	pool := &LegacyPool{
-		config:          config,
-		chain:           chain,
-		chainconfig:     chain.Config(),
-		signer:          types.LatestSigner(chain.Config()),
-		pending:         make(map[common.Address]*list),
-		queue:           make(map[common.Address]*list),
-		beats:           make(map[common.Address]time.Time),
-		all:             newLookup(),
-		reqResetCh:      make(chan *txpoolResetRequest),
-		reqPromoteCh:    make(chan *accountSet),
-		queueTxEventCh:  make(chan *types.Transaction),
-		reorgDoneCh:     make(chan chan struct{}),
-		reorgShutdownCh: make(chan struct{}),
-		initDoneCh:      make(chan struct{}),
+		config:             config,
+		chain:              chain,
+		chainconfig:        chain.Config(),
+		signer:             types.LatestSigner(chain.Config()),
+		pending:            make(map[common.Address]*list),
+		queue:              make(map[common.Address]*list),
+		beats:              make(map[common.Address]time.Time),
+		all:                newLookup(),
+		reqResetCh:         make(chan *txpoolResetRequest),
+		reqPromoteCh:       make(chan *accountSet),
+		queueTxEventCh:     make(chan *types.Transaction),
+		reorgDoneCh:        make(chan chan struct{}),
+		reorgShutdownCh:    make(chan struct{}),
+		initDoneCh:         make(chan struct{}),
+		pendingCreditUsage: make(map[common.Address]*big.Int),
 	}
 	pool.priced = newPricedList(pool.all)
 
@@ -731,7 +732,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) add(tx *types.Transaction) (replaced bool, err error) {
 	// Increment the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the
 	// amount specified.
 	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
-		pool.IncrementPendingCreditUsage(from, new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
+		pool.IncrementPendingCreditUsage(*tx.To(), new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
 	}
 
 	// If the address is not yet known, request exclusivity to track the account
@@ -1720,24 +1721,24 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) demoteUnexecutables() {
 // Returns the sum of total credits to be used on execution of all pending
 // transactions in the pool to the given contract address.
 func (pool *LegacyPool) GetPendingCreditUsage(addr common.Address) *big.Int {
-	pool.mu.RLock()
-	defer pool.mu.RUnlock()
 	return pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr]
 }
 
 // Increments the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the
 // amount specified.
 func (pool *LegacyPool) IncrementPendingCreditUsage(addr common.Address, usage *big.Int) {
-	pool.mu.Lock()
-	defer pool.mu.Unlock()
+	if pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] == nil {
+		return
+	}
 	pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] = new(big.Int).Add(pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr], usage)
 }
 
 // Decrements the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the
 // amount specified.
 func (pool *LegacyPool) DecrementPendingCreditUsage(addr common.Address, usage *big.Int) {
-	pool.mu.Lock()
-	defer pool.mu.Unlock()
+	if pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] == nil {
+		return
+	}
 	pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] = new(big.Int).Sub(pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr], usage)
 }
 
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 0ea632822f..7fa82149fe 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *Validat
 	pendingCreditUsage := opts.PendingCreditUsage(*tx.To())
 
 	// If there's positive pending credit usage, an additional check is needed
-	if pendingCreditUsage.Sign() > 0 {
+	if pendingCreditUsage != nil && pendingCreditUsage.Sign() > 0 {
 		// Calculate total credits needed only if there's positive pending usage.
 		totalRequiredCreditsWithPending := new(big.Int).Add(txRequiredCreditsBig, pendingCreditUsage)
 		if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(totalRequiredCreditsWithPending) < 0 {

From d544e647f0473a8bd49cee7b6de325aa367e7b19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 22 May 2025 21:52:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 26/64] core/types: Add handling for gasless transactions in
 RollupCostData

- Implemented a check in the RollupCostData method to return an empty RollupCostData for gasless transactions, improving efficiency in cost calculations.
---
 core/types/transaction.go | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/types/transaction.go b/core/types/transaction.go
index b95cc064f2..c49efeba89 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction.go
@@ -392,6 +392,9 @@ func (tx *Transaction) Cost() *big.Int {
 
 // RollupCostData caches the information needed to efficiently compute the data availability fee
 func (tx *Transaction) RollupCostData() RollupCostData {
+	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
+		return RollupCostData{}
+	}
 	if tx.Type() == DepositTxType {
 		return RollupCostData{}
 	}

From 08bad5cf51d36cd01009b7e75e84ec04af2866dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 00:10:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 27/64] core/state_transition: Fix gas handling for gasless
 transactions

- Adjusted gas handling in the buyGas method to ensure that gas is correctly allocated and subtracted for gasless transactions, improving transaction processing accuracy.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 792218b61e..9585ad9249 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -276,8 +276,9 @@ func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 
 	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
 	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
-		st.gasRemaining = st.msg.GasLimit
 		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
+		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit
+		st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.GasLimit)
 		return nil
 	}
 

From 3bfd0f33d81afda9db52273d2a8e779cd030e5b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 00:32:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 28/64] core/state_transition: Adjust gas allocation for
 gasless transactions

- Increased gas remaining for gasless transactions by an additional 10,000 units in the buyGas method, ensuring more accurate gas management during transaction processing.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 9585ad9249..b1c0842200 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
 	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
 		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
-		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit
+		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit + 10000
 		st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.GasLimit)
 		return nil
 	}

From dd83eaced15f2c8dd68be81fdc8f657a5c0f25a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 14:00:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 29/64] core/types/receipt: Include gasless transaction
 handling in DeriveFields method

- Updated the DeriveFields method to account for gasless transactions alongside deposit transactions, ensuring accurate gas price assignment for gasless transactions
---
 core/types/receipt.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/types/receipt.go b/core/types/receipt.go
index a445399c03..07b68d3dc3 100644
--- a/core/types/receipt.go
+++ b/core/types/receipt.go
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ func (rs Receipts) DeriveFields(config *params.ChainConfig, hash common.Hash, nu
 			return err
 		}
 		for i := 0; i < len(rs); i++ {
-			if txs[i].IsDepositTx() {
+			if txs[i].IsDepositTx() || txs[i].IsGaslessTx() {
 				continue
 			}
 			rs[i].L1GasPrice = gasParams.l1BaseFee

From d298bf1b976fe0d25e5b67cfb87703e1e94e5328 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 23 May 2025 14:28:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 30/64] core/state_transition: Refine gas allocation for
 gasless transactions

- Adjusted initial gas allocation in the buyGas method by adding 5000 units to cover the gasStation call, while maintaining the gas remaining equal to the gas limit. This change enhances the accuracy of gas management for gasless transactions.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index b1c0842200..e32548eef9 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@ func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 
 	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
 	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
-		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
-		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit + 10000
+		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit + 5000 // add 5000 gas to the initial gas to cover the gasStation call
+		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit
 		st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.GasLimit)
 		return nil
 	}

From dd7c785d29bd441ba96ca8ac73526e0bbc2cdbf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 24 May 2025 01:18:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 31/64] core/state_transition: Implement GasStation storage
 slot calculations for gasless transactions

- Added GasStationStorageSlots struct and CalculateGasStationSlots function to compute storage slot hashes for registered contracts.
- Integrated gasless transaction credit checks and deductions into the innerExecute method, ensuring proper credit management for gasless transactions.
---
 core/state_transition.go  | 86 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 core/txpool/validation.go | 43 +-------------------
 2 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index e32548eef9..03e5e3fe70 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 
 	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
 	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
-		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit + 5000 // add 5000 gas to the initial gas to cover the gasStation call
+		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
 		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit
 		st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.GasLimit)
 		return nil
@@ -501,6 +501,47 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	return result, err
 }
 
+// GasStation struct storage slots structs
+type GasStationStorageSlots struct {
+	StructBaseSlotHash             common.Hash
+	CreditSlotHash                 common.Hash
+	WhitelistEnabledSlotHash       common.Hash
+	NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash common.Hash
+}
+
+// calculateGasStationSlots computes the storage slot hashes for a specific
+// registered contract within the GasStation's `contracts` mapping.
+// It returns the base slot for the struct (holding packed fields), the slot for credits,
+// the slot for whitelistEnabled, and the base slot for the nested whitelist mapping.
+func CalculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStationStorageSlots {
+	gasStationStorageSlots := GasStationStorageSlots{}
+	// The 'contracts' mapping is the first state variable, so its base slot is 0.
+	mapSlot := big.NewInt(0)
+
+	// Calculate the base slot for the struct entry in the mapping
+	keyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(registeredContractAddress.Bytes(), 32)
+	mapSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(mapSlot.Bytes(), 32)
+	combined := append(keyPadded, mapSlotPadded...)
+	gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(combined)
+
+	// Calculate subsequent slots by adding offsets to the base slot hash
+	structBaseSlotBig := gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash.Big()
+
+	// Slot for 'credits' (offset 1 from base)
+	creditsSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(1))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash = common.BigToHash(creditsSlotBig)
+
+	// Slot for 'whitelistEnabled' (offset 2 from base)
+	whitelistEnabledSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(2))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash = common.BigToHash(whitelistEnabledSlotBig)
+
+	// Base slot for the nested 'whitelist' mapping (offset 3 from base)
+	nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(3))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash = common.BigToHash(nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig)
+
+	return gasStationStorageSlots
+}
+
 func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	// First check this message satisfies all consensus rules before
 	// applying the message. The rules include these clauses
@@ -605,27 +646,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 			st.state.AddAddressToAccessList(addr)
 		}
 
-		if msg.IsGaslessTx {
-			// Call gasStation.chargeCredits(address contractAddress, uint256 creditCharge)
-			method := crypto.Keccak256([]byte("chargeCredits(address,uint256)"))[:4]
-			contractAddress := st.to()
-			creditCharge := new(big.Int).SetUint64(msg.GasLimit)
-
-			var callData []byte
-			callData = append(callData, method...)
-			callData = append(callData, common.LeftPadBytes(contractAddress.Bytes(), 32)...)
-			callData = append(callData, common.LeftPadBytes(creditCharge.Bytes(), 32)...)
-
-			ret, _, vmerr = st.evm.Call(params.GasStationAddress, params.GasStationAddress, callData, st.gasRemaining, uint256.NewInt(0))
-			if vmerr != nil {
-				return &ExecutionResult{
-					UsedGas:    st.gasUsed(),
-					Err:        vmerr,
-					ReturnData: ret,
-				}, nil
-			}
-		}
-
 		// Execute the transaction's call.
 		ret, st.gasRemaining, vmerr = st.evm.Call(msg.From, st.to(), msg.Data, st.gasRemaining, value)
 	}
@@ -646,6 +666,28 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		}, nil
 	}
 
+	if msg.IsGaslessTx {
+		// Calculate GasStation storage slots
+		gasStationStorageSlots := CalculateGasStationSlots(*msg.To)
+		availableCredits := st.state.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
+
+		// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
+		availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
+		txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
+
+		// Check if contract has enough available credits to cover the cost of the tx
+		if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(txRequiredCreditsBig) < 0 {
+			return &ExecutionResult{
+				UsedGas:    st.gasUsed(),
+				Err:        fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction has insufficient credits: have %v, need %v", availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig),
+				ReturnData: ret,
+			}, nil
+		}
+
+		// Deduct the credits from the contract state directly
+		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Sub(availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)))
+	}
+
 	// Compute refund counter, capped to a refund quotient.
 	gasRefund := st.calcRefund()
 	st.gasRemaining += gasRefund
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 7fa82149fe..0eb573c814 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -260,54 +260,13 @@ type ValidationOptionsWithState struct {
 	PendingCreditUsage func(contractAddr common.Address) *big.Int
 }
 
-// GasStation struct storage slots structs
-type GasStationStorageSlots struct {
-	StructBaseSlotHash             common.Hash
-	CreditSlotHash                 common.Hash
-	WhitelistEnabledSlotHash       common.Hash
-	NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash common.Hash
-}
-
-// calculateGasStationSlots computes the storage slot hashes for a specific
-// registered contract within the GasStation's `contracts` mapping.
-// It returns the base slot for the struct (holding packed fields), the slot for credits,
-// the slot for whitelistEnabled, and the base slot for the nested whitelist mapping.
-func calculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStationStorageSlots {
-	gasStationStorageSlots := GasStationStorageSlots{}
-	// The 'contracts' mapping is the first state variable, so its base slot is 0.
-	mapSlot := big.NewInt(0)
-
-	// Calculate the base slot for the struct entry in the mapping
-	keyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(registeredContractAddress.Bytes(), 32)
-	mapSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(mapSlot.Bytes(), 32)
-	combined := append(keyPadded, mapSlotPadded...)
-	gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(combined)
-
-	// Calculate subsequent slots by adding offsets to the base slot hash
-	structBaseSlotBig := gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash.Big()
-
-	// Slot for 'credits' (offset 1 from base)
-	creditsSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(1))
-	gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash = common.BigToHash(creditsSlotBig)
-
-	// Slot for 'whitelistEnabled' (offset 2 from base)
-	whitelistEnabledSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(2))
-	gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash = common.BigToHash(whitelistEnabledSlotBig)
-
-	// Base slot for the nested 'whitelist' mapping (offset 3 from base)
-	nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(3))
-	gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash = common.BigToHash(nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig)
-
-	return gasStationStorageSlots
-}
-
 func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *ValidationOptionsWithState) error {
 	if tx.To() == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("gasless txn must have a valid to address")
 	}
 
 	// Calculate GasStation storage slots
-	gasStationStorageSlots := calculateGasStationSlots(*tx.To())
+	gasStationStorageSlots := core.CalculateGasStationSlots(*tx.To())
 
 	// Get the storage for the GaslessContract struct for the given address
 	storageBaseSlot := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash)

From 92fdad2359f71562e09af34e7f43ede01f4d932f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 24 May 2025 20:52:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 32/64] core/state_transition: Emit CreditsUsed event for
 gasless transactions

- Added functionality to emit a CreditsUsed event within the innerExecute method, logging the contract address, caller, and gas used for gasless transactions. This enhances transparency and tracking of credit usage in the gas station system.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 03e5e3fe70..caa0e31c0a 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -686,6 +686,19 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 
 		// Deduct the credits from the contract state directly
 		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Sub(availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)))
+
+		// Emit CreditsUsed event: CreditsUsed(address indexed contractAddress, address caller, uint256 gasUsed)
+		st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
+			Address: params.GasStationAddress,
+			Topics: []common.Hash{
+				crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("CreditsUsed(address,address,uint256)")), // Event signature
+				common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()),                                // contractAddress (indexed)
+			},
+			Data: append(
+				common.LeftPadBytes(st.msg.From.Bytes(), 32),                        // caller (not indexed)
+				common.LeftPadBytes(big.NewInt(int64(st.gasUsed())).Bytes(), 32)..., // gasUsed (not indexed)
+			),
+		})
 	}
 
 	// Compute refund counter, capped to a refund quotient.

From c31d25fb0dcc462316bd76b8ad2864e88c29a862 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 24 May 2025 21:18:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 33/64] core/state_transition: Refactor gas handling for
 gasless transactions

- Moved gas allocation logic for gasless transactions from the buyGas method to the preCheck method, ensuring proper gas management and maintaining transaction integrity. This change enhances the clarity and efficiency of gas handling in the state transition process.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index caa0e31c0a..f8b185877d 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -274,14 +274,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 	mgval := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.msg.GasLimit)
 	mgval.Mul(mgval, st.msg.GasPrice)
 
-	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
-	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
-		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
-		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit
-		st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.GasLimit)
-		return nil
-	}
-
 	var l1Cost *big.Int
 	var operatorCost *uint256.Int
 	if !st.msg.SkipNonceChecks && !st.msg.SkipFromEOACheck {
@@ -383,8 +375,16 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, len(code): %d", ErrSenderNoEOA, msg.From.Hex(), len(code))
 		}
 	}
+
+	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
+	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
+		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
+		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit
+		return st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.GasLimit)
+	}
+
 	// Make sure that transaction gasFeeCap is greater than the baseFee (post london)
-	if st.evm.ChainConfig().IsLondon(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber) && !st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
+	if st.evm.ChainConfig().IsLondon(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
 		// Skip the checks if gas fields are zero and baseFee was explicitly disabled (eth_call)
 		skipCheck := st.evm.Config.NoBaseFee && msg.GasFeeCap.BitLen() == 0 && msg.GasTipCap.BitLen() == 0
 		if !skipCheck {

From e49ea72a417025bd5edec07b1dc4d54ad3f2259b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 24 May 2025 21:50:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 34/64] core/txpool: Refactor pending credit usage management
 for gasless transactions

- Replaced direct calls to GetPendingCreditUsage, IncrementPendingCreditUsage, and DecrementPendingCreditUsage with direct manipulations of the pendingCreditUsage map for improved performance and clarity.
- Added logic to decrement pending credit usage when a transaction is removed from the pool, ensuring accurate tracking of credits used for gasless transactions.
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 36 ++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index a0d6b80521..5a089c6748 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) validateTx(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		},
 		RollupCostFn: pool.rollupCostFn,
 		PendingCreditUsage: func(contractAddr common.Address) *big.Int {
-			return pool.GetPendingCreditUsage(contractAddr)
+			return pool.pendingCreditUsage[contractAddr]
 		},
 	}
 	if err := txpool.ValidateTransactionWithState(tx, pool.signer, opts); err != nil {
@@ -729,10 +729,9 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) add(tx *types.Transaction) (replaced bool, err error) {
 	// already validated by this point
 	from, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx)
 
-	// Increment the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the
-	// amount specified.
+	// Increment the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the amount specified.
 	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
-		pool.IncrementPendingCreditUsage(*tx.To(), new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
+		pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()] = new(big.Int).Add(pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()], new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
 	}
 
 	// If the address is not yet known, request exclusivity to track the account
@@ -1109,8 +1108,11 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bo
 	}
 	addr, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx) // already validated during insertion
 
+	// Decrement pending usage when a tx is removed from the pool
 	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
-		pool.DecrementPendingCreditUsage(addr, new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
+		if pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] != nil {
+			pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()] = new(big.Int).Sub(pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()], new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
+		}
 	}
 
 	// If after deletion there are no more transactions belonging to this account,
@@ -1718,30 +1720,6 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) demoteUnexecutables() {
 	}
 }
 
-// Returns the sum of total credits to be used on execution of all pending
-// transactions in the pool to the given contract address.
-func (pool *LegacyPool) GetPendingCreditUsage(addr common.Address) *big.Int {
-	return pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr]
-}
-
-// Increments the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the
-// amount specified.
-func (pool *LegacyPool) IncrementPendingCreditUsage(addr common.Address, usage *big.Int) {
-	if pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] = new(big.Int).Add(pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr], usage)
-}
-
-// Decrements the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the
-// amount specified.
-func (pool *LegacyPool) DecrementPendingCreditUsage(addr common.Address, usage *big.Int) {
-	if pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] = new(big.Int).Sub(pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr], usage)
-}
-
 // addressByHeartbeat is an account address tagged with its last activity timestamp.
 type addressByHeartbeat struct {
 	address   common.Address

From 710577b319b610f5b332d575637147b0923ec33a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sat, 24 May 2025 21:51:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 35/64] core/state_transition: Clean up buyGas method by
 removing unnecessary line

- Removed an empty line in the buyGas method to enhance code readability and maintain consistency in formatting.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index f8b185877d..a4ee70c4ac 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -273,7 +273,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) to() common.Address {
 func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 	mgval := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.msg.GasLimit)
 	mgval.Mul(mgval, st.msg.GasPrice)
-
 	var l1Cost *big.Int
 	var operatorCost *uint256.Int
 	if !st.msg.SkipNonceChecks && !st.msg.SkipFromEOACheck {

From e19a22477142f0ccb1aa137a0957b3f371adbd85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sun, 25 May 2025 00:51:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 36/64] core/txpool: Fix pending credit usage decrement for
 gasless transactions

- Updated the logic in the removeTx method to correctly decrement pending credit usage based on the transaction's recipient address instead of the sender's address, ensuring accurate credit tracking for gasless transactions.
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 5a089c6748..761436465c 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bo
 
 	// Decrement pending usage when a tx is removed from the pool
 	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
-		if pool.pendingCreditUsage[addr] != nil {
+		if pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()] != nil {
 			pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()] = new(big.Int).Sub(pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()], new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
 		}
 	}

From 75fb049d19e60237eb9f3246c2df67d7636ec184 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Sun, 25 May 2025 01:22:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 37/64] core/txpool: Enhance pending credit usage management
 for gasless transactions

- Improved the add and removeTx methods to handle pending credit usage more accurately for gasless transactions.
- Added checks to initialize and update credit usage only when the recipient address is valid and the gas value is greater than zero, preventing unnecessary computations and ensuring correct credit tracking.
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 761436465c..5027375667 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -730,8 +730,22 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) add(tx *types.Transaction) (replaced bool, err error) {
 	from, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx)
 
 	// Increment the pending credit usage for the given contract address by the amount specified.
-	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
-		pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()] = new(big.Int).Add(pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()], new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
+	if tx.IsGaslessTx() && tx.To() != nil {
+		currentCreditUsage, found := pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()]
+		if !found {
+			// If the address is not in the map, initialize its credit usage with txGasValue.
+			// A new big.Int is created. If txGasValue is 0, an entry for 0 is created.
+			pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()] = new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas())
+		} else {
+			// If the address exists, add txGasValue to its current credit usage.
+			// Only perform the addition if txGasValue is greater than 0 to avoid
+			// unnecessary allocation and computation for adding zero.
+			if tx.Gas() > 0 {
+				gasToAdd := new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas())
+				// Add modifies currentCreditUsage in place.
+				currentCreditUsage.Add(currentCreditUsage, gasToAdd)
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	// If the address is not yet known, request exclusivity to track the account
@@ -1109,9 +1123,21 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bo
 	addr, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx) // already validated during insertion
 
 	// Decrement pending usage when a tx is removed from the pool
-	if tx.IsGaslessTx() {
-		if pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()] != nil {
-			pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()] = new(big.Int).Sub(pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()], new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()))
+	if tx.IsGaslessTx() && tx.To() != nil {
+		currentCreditUsage, found := pool.pendingCreditUsage[*tx.To()]
+		if found {
+			// If the address exists, subtract txGasValue from its current credit usage.
+			// Only perform the subtraction if txGasValue is greater than 0 to avoid
+			// unnecessary allocation and computation for subtracting zero.
+			if tx.Gas() > 0 {
+				gasToSubtract := new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas())
+				// Subtract modifies currentCreditUsage in place.
+				currentCreditUsage.Sub(currentCreditUsage, gasToSubtract)
+				// If negative, set to 0
+				if currentCreditUsage.Sign() < 0 {
+					currentCreditUsage.SetUint64(0)
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}
 

From d8395f63c9d30dad018fd4913843f565cca858f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2025 15:11:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 38/64] core/state_transition: Update innerExecute to handle
 gasless transactions

- Modified the innerExecute method to skip coinbase payments for both deposit and gasless transactions in the Regolith environment, ensuring accurate gas usage accounting for these transaction types.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index a4ee70c4ac..c72520f92a 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	// OP-Stack: Note for deposit tx there is no ETH refunded for unused gas, but that's taken care of by the fact that gasPrice
 	// is always 0 for deposit tx. So calling refundGas will ensure the gasUsed accounting is correct without actually
 	// changing the sender's balance.
-	if st.msg.IsDepositTx && rules.IsOptimismRegolith {
+	if (st.msg.IsDepositTx && rules.IsOptimismRegolith) || st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
 		// Skip coinbase payments for deposit tx in Regolith
 		return &ExecutionResult{
 			UsedGas:     st.gasUsed(),

From 6ec926e13f5c7052d73171b39e254562c35c5e4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2025 23:53:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 39/64] core/state_transition: Refactor gas handling logic in
 innerExecute for gasless transactions

- Enhanced the innerExecute method to compute gas refunds and adjust gas remaining after refunds are applied for gasless transactions.
- Updated logic to ensure accurate credit deduction based on the final gas used amount, improving overall gas management and transaction integrity.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 32 +++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index c72520f92a..5f9111883b 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -665,12 +665,29 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		}, nil
 	}
 
+	// Compute refund counter, capped to a refund quotient.
+	gasRefund := st.calcRefund()
+	st.gasRemaining += gasRefund
+	if rules.IsPrague {
+		// After EIP-7623: Data-heavy transactions pay the floor gas.
+		if st.gasUsed() < floorDataGas {
+			prev := st.gasRemaining
+			st.gasRemaining = st.initialGas - floorDataGas
+			if t := st.evm.Config.Tracer; t != nil && t.OnGasChange != nil {
+				t.OnGasChange(prev, st.gasRemaining, tracing.GasChangeTxDataFloor)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	st.returnGas()
+
+	// Handle gasless transaction credit deduction AFTER refunds are applied
 	if msg.IsGaslessTx {
 		// Calculate GasStation storage slots
 		gasStationStorageSlots := CalculateGasStationSlots(*msg.To)
 		availableCredits := st.state.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
 
 		// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
+		// Use the final gas used amount (after refunds are applied)
 		availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
 		txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
 
@@ -700,21 +717,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		})
 	}
 
-	// Compute refund counter, capped to a refund quotient.
-	gasRefund := st.calcRefund()
-	st.gasRemaining += gasRefund
-	if rules.IsPrague {
-		// After EIP-7623: Data-heavy transactions pay the floor gas.
-		if st.gasUsed() < floorDataGas {
-			prev := st.gasRemaining
-			st.gasRemaining = st.initialGas - floorDataGas
-			if t := st.evm.Config.Tracer; t != nil && t.OnGasChange != nil {
-				t.OnGasChange(prev, st.gasRemaining, tracing.GasChangeTxDataFloor)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	st.returnGas()
-
 	// OP-Stack: Note for deposit tx there is no ETH refunded for unused gas, but that's taken care of by the fact that gasPrice
 	// is always 0 for deposit tx. So calling refundGas will ensure the gasUsed accounting is correct without actually
 	// changing the sender's balance.

From 9a0dcd7853805cc6fbcb5820d8bd87d0bfacbb93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2025 23:57:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 40/64] core/txpool: Refactor validation logic for gasless
 transactions

- Updated the validateGaslessTx function to ensure pending credit usage is checked only when it is not nil, improving the clarity and efficiency of credit validation for gasless transactions. This change enhances the accuracy of credit checks by preventing unnecessary computations.
---
 core/txpool/validation.go | 18 ++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 0eb573c814..acf5d6eccc 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -297,14 +297,16 @@ func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *Validat
 
 	// Check if the contract has enough available credits to cover the cost of the tx
 	// including any pending credit usage from queued mempool transactions
-	pendingCreditUsage := opts.PendingCreditUsage(*tx.To())
-
-	// If there's positive pending credit usage, an additional check is needed
-	if pendingCreditUsage != nil && pendingCreditUsage.Sign() > 0 {
-		// Calculate total credits needed only if there's positive pending usage.
-		totalRequiredCreditsWithPending := new(big.Int).Add(txRequiredCreditsBig, pendingCreditUsage)
-		if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(totalRequiredCreditsWithPending) < 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("gasless contract has insufficient credits (including pending): pendingCreditUsage %v, txCreditsRequired %v, availableCredits %v", pendingCreditUsage, txRequiredCreditsBig, availableCreditsBig)
+	if opts.PendingCreditUsage != nil {
+		pendingCreditUsage := opts.PendingCreditUsage(*tx.To())
+
+		// If there's positive pending credit usage, an additional check is needed
+		if pendingCreditUsage != nil && pendingCreditUsage.Sign() > 0 {
+			// Calculate total credits needed only if there's positive pending usage.
+			totalRequiredCreditsWithPending := new(big.Int).Add(txRequiredCreditsBig, pendingCreditUsage)
+			if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(totalRequiredCreditsWithPending) < 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("gasless contract has insufficient credits (including pending): pendingCreditUsage %v, txCreditsRequired %v, availableCredits %v", pendingCreditUsage, txRequiredCreditsBig, availableCreditsBig)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 

From 5e1029f8b865ecdda5f96bf09532101467377c59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2025 23:58:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 41/64] Update GitHub Actions workflow to use new output syntax
 for versioning

- Changed the method of setting output values in the build_and_publish.yml workflow to the new syntax, ensuring compatibility with GitHub Actions updates. This improves the clarity of version handling based on tags and commit SHA.
---
 .github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml b/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
index e02015622f..ed49157baf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ jobs:
         id: get-tag
         run: |
           if [[ "${{ github.ref }}" == refs/tags/* ]]; then
-            echo "::set-output name=version::${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}"
+            echo "version=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           else
-            echo "::set-output name=version::${GITHUB_SHA::7}"
+            echo "version=${GITHUB_SHA::7}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           fi
 
       - name: Push Image

From bf4b5a200b059122dc2658be9cdfd075aec8d909 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2025 00:22:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 42/64] core/state_transition: Update gas station storage slot
 calculations

- Refactored the CalculateGasStationSlots function to incorporate the ERC-7201 storage location for GasStationStorage, adjusting the mapping slot calculations accordingly. This change improves the accuracy of slot assignments for contract storage, ensuring proper handling of gas station data structures.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 16 ++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 5f9111883b..e256e89d9e 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -514,19 +514,27 @@ type GasStationStorageSlots struct {
 // the slot for whitelistEnabled, and the base slot for the nested whitelist mapping.
 func CalculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStationStorageSlots {
 	gasStationStorageSlots := GasStationStorageSlots{}
-	// The 'contracts' mapping is the first state variable, so its base slot is 0.
-	mapSlot := big.NewInt(0)
+
+	// ERC-7201 storage location for GasStationStorage
+	// bytes32 private constant GasStationStorageLocation = 0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00;
+	gasStationStorageLocation := common.HexToHash("0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00")
+
+	// The 'contracts' mapping is at offset 1 from the storage location
+	// (dao is at offset 0, contracts is at offset 1)
+	contractsMapSlot := new(big.Int).Add(gasStationStorageLocation.Big(), big.NewInt(1))
 
 	// Calculate the base slot for the struct entry in the mapping
 	keyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(registeredContractAddress.Bytes(), 32)
-	mapSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(mapSlot.Bytes(), 32)
+	mapSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(contractsMapSlot.Bytes(), 32)
 	combined := append(keyPadded, mapSlotPadded...)
 	gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(combined)
 
 	// Calculate subsequent slots by adding offsets to the base slot hash
+	// New struct layout: bool registered, bool active, address admin (all packed in slot 0)
+	// uint256 credits (slot 1), bool whitelistEnabled (slot 2), mapping whitelist (slot 3)
 	structBaseSlotBig := gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash.Big()
 
-	// Slot for 'credits' (offset 1 from base)
+	// Slot for 'credits' (offset 1 from base - after the packed bools and address)
 	creditsSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(1))
 	gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash = common.BigToHash(creditsSlotBig)
 

From 911be36dbfc2c3c4f25b46a31f5f26c1fe1e4ee5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2025 00:22:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 43/64] Update GasStationCode in protocol_params.go for gasless
 transactions

- Modified the GasStationCode variable to reflect updated bytecode for gasless transaction handling. This change ensures compatibility with the latest gas station logic and improves the overall functionality of gasless transactions within the protocol.
---
 params/protocol_params.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
index b4edfcb994..b68e9cf146 100644
--- a/params/protocol_params.go
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@@ -235,5 +235,5 @@ var (
 	// LLIP-2 - Gasless transactions
 	// Temp get from env var for testing
 	GasStationAddress = common.HexToAddress(os.Getenv("GAS_STATION"))
-	GasStationCode    = common.FromHex("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+	GasStationCode    = 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 )

From 41c9f057bcd81dfe47cfdf856641bdbf446130fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2025 00:29:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 44/64] Fix typo in validation comment for gasless transactions
 in txpool

---
 core/txpool/validation.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index acf5d6eccc..bfd4014850 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func ValidateTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, signer types
 		}
 	}
 	// Ensure the gasprice is high enough to cover the requirement of the calling pool (except for gasless txns)
-	// This means we can contiune to enfore the minimum tip required for the miner for all non-gasless txns
+	// This means we can continue to enforce the minimum tip required for the miner for all non-gasless txns
 	// i.e. txns must either: 1. have a valid minimum tip/gasPrice or be a gasless txn
 	if tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(opts.MinTip) < 0 && !tx.IsGaslessTx() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas tip cap %v, minimum needed %v", ErrUnderpriced, tx.GasTipCap(), opts.MinTip)

From a4fbb678acc1623f00d615bab1caf2d569ac4006 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2025 00:30:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 45/64] core/txpool: Initialize pending credit usage map in
 LegacyPool

- Added a new map to track pending credit usage for each address in the LegacyPool. This enhancement improves the management of credit usage, ensuring accurate tracking for transactions.
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 5027375667..3de7aef758 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -1982,4 +1982,5 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Clear() {
 	pool.pending = make(map[common.Address]*list)
 	pool.queue = make(map[common.Address]*list)
 	pool.pendingNonces = newNoncer(pool.currentState)
+	pool.pendingCreditUsage = make(map[common.Address]*big.Int)
 }

From c759aa83ab0f1409ef443b6f7a8e2c6bdd239c7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2025 02:13:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 46/64] core/gas_station: Implement GasStation logic for
 gasless transactions

- Introduced a new GasStation module that includes the calculation of storage slots and validation for gasless transactions. This implementation enhances the management of gasless transactions by ensuring proper credit checks and whitelist validations, improving overall transaction integrity and functionality.
---
 core/gas_station.go       | 123 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/state_transition.go  |  67 ++-------------------
 core/txpool/validation.go |  68 +++------------------
 3 files changed, 135 insertions(+), 123 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/gas_station.go

diff --git a/core/gas_station.go b/core/gas_station.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4accf3131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/gas_station.go
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package core
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+// GasStation struct storage slots structs
+type GasStationStorageSlots struct {
+	StructBaseSlotHash             common.Hash
+	CreditSlotHash                 common.Hash
+	WhitelistEnabledSlotHash       common.Hash
+	NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash common.Hash
+}
+
+// calculateGasStationSlots computes the storage slot hashes for a specific
+// registered contract within the GasStation's `contracts` mapping.
+// It returns the base slot for the struct (holding packed fields), the slot for credits,
+// the slot for whitelistEnabled, and the base slot for the nested whitelist mapping.
+func CalculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStationStorageSlots {
+	gasStationStorageSlots := GasStationStorageSlots{}
+
+	// ERC-7201 storage location for GasStationStorage
+	// bytes32 private constant GasStationStorageLocation = 0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00;
+	gasStationStorageLocation := common.HexToHash("0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00")
+
+	// The 'contracts' mapping is at offset 1 from the storage location
+	// (dao is at offset 0, contracts is at offset 1)
+	contractsMapSlot := new(big.Int).Add(gasStationStorageLocation.Big(), big.NewInt(1))
+
+	// Calculate the base slot for the struct entry in the mapping
+	keyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(registeredContractAddress.Bytes(), 32)
+	mapSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(contractsMapSlot.Bytes(), 32)
+	combined := append(keyPadded, mapSlotPadded...)
+	gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(combined)
+
+	// Calculate subsequent slots by adding offsets to the base slot hash
+	// New struct layout: bool registered, bool active, address admin (all packed in slot 0)
+	// uint256 credits (slot 1), bool whitelistEnabled (slot 2), mapping whitelist (slot 3)
+	structBaseSlotBig := gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash.Big()
+
+	// Slot for 'credits' (offset 1 from base - after the packed bools and address)
+	creditsSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(1))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash = common.BigToHash(creditsSlotBig)
+
+	// Slot for 'whitelistEnabled' (offset 2 from base)
+	whitelistEnabledSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(2))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash = common.BigToHash(whitelistEnabledSlotBig)
+
+	// Base slot for the nested 'whitelist' mapping (offset 3 from base)
+	nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(3))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash = common.BigToHash(nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig)
+
+	return gasStationStorageSlots
+}
+
+func ValidateGaslessTx(to *common.Address, from common.Address, gasLimit uint64, sdb *state.StateDB) (*big.Int, *big.Int, *GasStationStorageSlots, error) {
+	if to == nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gasless txn must have a valid to address")
+	}
+
+	// Calculate GasStation storage slots
+	gasStationStorageSlots := CalculateGasStationSlots(*to)
+
+	// Get the storage for the GaslessContract struct for the given address
+	storageBaseSlot := sdb.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash)
+
+	// Extract the registered and active bytes from the storage slot
+	isRegistered := storageBaseSlot[31] == 0x01
+	isActive := storageBaseSlot[30] == 0x01
+
+	if !isRegistered {
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to unregistered address")
+	}
+
+	if !isActive {
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to inactive address")
+	}
+
+	// Get the available credits from the credits storage slot in the GasStation contract for the given address
+	availableCredits := sdb.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
+
+	// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
+	availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
+	txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(gasLimit)
+
+	// Check if contract has enough available credits to cover the cost of the tx
+	if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(txRequiredCreditsBig) < 0 {
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction has insufficient credits: have %v, need %v", availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)
+	}
+
+	// Get the whitelist enabled slot
+	whitelistEnabled := sdb.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash)
+
+	// Get the whitelist enabled byte from the whitelist enabled slot
+	isWhitelistEnabled := whitelistEnabled[31] == 0x01
+
+	if isWhitelistEnabled {
+		// Calculate slot for the specific user in the nested whitelist map
+		userKeyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(from.Bytes(), 32)
+		mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash.Bytes(), 32)
+		userCombined := append(userKeyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
+		userWhitelistSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
+
+		// Get the whitelist status for the specific user
+		userWhitelist := sdb.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, userWhitelistSlotHash)
+
+		// Check if the user is whitelisted
+		userWhitelistByte := userWhitelist[31]
+		isUserWhitelistStorage := userWhitelistByte == 0x01
+
+		if !isUserWhitelistStorage {
+			return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to non-whitelisted address")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig, &gasStationStorageSlots, nil
+}
diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index e256e89d9e..fe648d2016 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -500,55 +501,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	return result, err
 }
 
-// GasStation struct storage slots structs
-type GasStationStorageSlots struct {
-	StructBaseSlotHash             common.Hash
-	CreditSlotHash                 common.Hash
-	WhitelistEnabledSlotHash       common.Hash
-	NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash common.Hash
-}
-
-// calculateGasStationSlots computes the storage slot hashes for a specific
-// registered contract within the GasStation's `contracts` mapping.
-// It returns the base slot for the struct (holding packed fields), the slot for credits,
-// the slot for whitelistEnabled, and the base slot for the nested whitelist mapping.
-func CalculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStationStorageSlots {
-	gasStationStorageSlots := GasStationStorageSlots{}
-
-	// ERC-7201 storage location for GasStationStorage
-	// bytes32 private constant GasStationStorageLocation = 0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00;
-	gasStationStorageLocation := common.HexToHash("0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00")
-
-	// The 'contracts' mapping is at offset 1 from the storage location
-	// (dao is at offset 0, contracts is at offset 1)
-	contractsMapSlot := new(big.Int).Add(gasStationStorageLocation.Big(), big.NewInt(1))
-
-	// Calculate the base slot for the struct entry in the mapping
-	keyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(registeredContractAddress.Bytes(), 32)
-	mapSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(contractsMapSlot.Bytes(), 32)
-	combined := append(keyPadded, mapSlotPadded...)
-	gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(combined)
-
-	// Calculate subsequent slots by adding offsets to the base slot hash
-	// New struct layout: bool registered, bool active, address admin (all packed in slot 0)
-	// uint256 credits (slot 1), bool whitelistEnabled (slot 2), mapping whitelist (slot 3)
-	structBaseSlotBig := gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash.Big()
-
-	// Slot for 'credits' (offset 1 from base - after the packed bools and address)
-	creditsSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(1))
-	gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash = common.BigToHash(creditsSlotBig)
-
-	// Slot for 'whitelistEnabled' (offset 2 from base)
-	whitelistEnabledSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(2))
-	gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash = common.BigToHash(whitelistEnabledSlotBig)
-
-	// Base slot for the nested 'whitelist' mapping (offset 3 from base)
-	nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(3))
-	gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash = common.BigToHash(nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig)
-
-	return gasStationStorageSlots
-}
-
 func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	// First check this message satisfies all consensus rules before
 	// applying the message. The rules include these clauses
@@ -690,26 +642,17 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 
 	// Handle gasless transaction credit deduction AFTER refunds are applied
 	if msg.IsGaslessTx {
-		// Calculate GasStation storage slots
-		gasStationStorageSlots := CalculateGasStationSlots(*msg.To)
-		availableCredits := st.state.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
-
-		// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
-		// Use the final gas used amount (after refunds are applied)
-		availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
-		txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
-
-		// Check if contract has enough available credits to cover the cost of the tx
-		if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(txRequiredCreditsBig) < 0 {
+		availableCredits, txRequiredCredits, gasStationStorageSlots, err := ValidateGaslessTx(msg.To, msg.From, msg.GasLimit, st.state.(*state.StateDB))
+		if err != nil {
 			return &ExecutionResult{
 				UsedGas:    st.gasUsed(),
-				Err:        fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction has insufficient credits: have %v, need %v", availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig),
+				Err:        err,
 				ReturnData: ret,
 			}, nil
 		}
 
 		// Deduct the credits from the contract state directly
-		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Sub(availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)))
+		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Sub(availableCredits, txRequiredCredits)))
 
 		// Emit CreditsUsed event: CreditsUsed(address indexed contractAddress, address caller, uint256 gasUsed)
 		st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index bfd4014850..99dc131a23 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -261,38 +260,10 @@ type ValidationOptionsWithState struct {
 }
 
 func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *ValidationOptionsWithState) error {
-	if tx.To() == nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("gasless txn must have a valid to address")
-	}
-
-	// Calculate GasStation storage slots
-	gasStationStorageSlots := core.CalculateGasStationSlots(*tx.To())
-
-	// Get the storage for the GaslessContract struct for the given address
-	storageBaseSlot := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash)
-
-	// Extract the registered and active bytes from the storage slot
-	isRegistered := storageBaseSlot[31] == 0x01
-	isActive := storageBaseSlot[30] == 0x01
-
-	if !isRegistered {
-		return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to unregistered address")
-	}
-
-	if !isActive {
-		return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to inactive address")
-	}
-
-	// Get the available credits from the credits storage slot in the GasStation contract for the given address
-	availableCredits := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
-
-	// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
-	availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
-	txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas())
-
-	// Check if contract has enough available credits to cover the cost of the tx
-	if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(txRequiredCreditsBig) < 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction has insufficient credits: have %v, need %v", availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)
+	// Validate the gasless transaction
+	availableCredits, txRequiredCredits, _, err := core.ValidateGaslessTx(tx.To(), from, tx.Gas(), opts.State)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	// Check if the contract has enough available credits to cover the cost of the tx
@@ -303,38 +274,13 @@ func validateGaslessTx(tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address, opts *Validat
 		// If there's positive pending credit usage, an additional check is needed
 		if pendingCreditUsage != nil && pendingCreditUsage.Sign() > 0 {
 			// Calculate total credits needed only if there's positive pending usage.
-			totalRequiredCreditsWithPending := new(big.Int).Add(txRequiredCreditsBig, pendingCreditUsage)
-			if availableCreditsBig.Cmp(totalRequiredCreditsWithPending) < 0 {
-				return fmt.Errorf("gasless contract has insufficient credits (including pending): pendingCreditUsage %v, txCreditsRequired %v, availableCredits %v", pendingCreditUsage, txRequiredCreditsBig, availableCreditsBig)
+			totalRequiredCreditsWithPending := new(big.Int).Add(txRequiredCredits, pendingCreditUsage)
+			if availableCredits.Cmp(totalRequiredCreditsWithPending) < 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("gasless contract has insufficient credits (including pending): pendingCreditUsage %v, txCreditsRequired %v, availableCredits %v", pendingCreditUsage, txRequiredCredits, availableCredits)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Get the whitelist enabled slot
-	whitelistEnabled := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash)
-
-	// Get the whitelist enabled byte from the whitelist enabled slot
-	isWhitelistEnabled := whitelistEnabled[31] == 0x01
-
-	if isWhitelistEnabled {
-		// Calculate slot for the specific user in the nested whitelist map
-		userKeyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(from.Bytes(), 32)
-		mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash.Bytes(), 32)
-		userCombined := append(userKeyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
-		userWhitelistSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
-
-		// Get the whitelist status for the specific user
-		userWhitelist := opts.State.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, userWhitelistSlotHash)
-
-		// Check if the user is whitelisted
-		userWhitelistByte := userWhitelist[31]
-		isUserWhitelistStorage := userWhitelistByte == 0x01
-
-		if !isUserWhitelistStorage {
-			return fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction to non-whitelisted address")
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 

From b32dca2f4f728b962c6ba562b74b70e9af2a4d06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2025 02:22:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 47/64] core/state_transition: Enhance gasless transaction
 handling and validation

- Added validation for gasless transaction requirements in the preCheck method to ensure proper checks before processing.
- Updated innerExecute to calculate and deduct credits based on the final gas used, improving accuracy in credit management.
- Implemented ABI encoding for event logging of gasless transactions, enhancing the clarity and integrity of transaction records.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index fe648d2016..3d55c6125b 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
@@ -378,6 +379,12 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 
 	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
 	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
+		// Validate gasless transaction requirements first
+		_, _, _, err := ValidateGaslessTx(st.msg.To, st.msg.From, st.msg.GasLimit, st.state.(*state.StateDB))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
 		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
 		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit
 		return st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.GasLimit)
@@ -642,29 +649,44 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 
 	// Handle gasless transaction credit deduction AFTER refunds are applied
 	if msg.IsGaslessTx {
-		availableCredits, txRequiredCredits, gasStationStorageSlots, err := ValidateGaslessTx(msg.To, msg.From, msg.GasLimit, st.state.(*state.StateDB))
-		if err != nil {
-			return &ExecutionResult{
-				UsedGas:    st.gasUsed(),
-				Err:        err,
-				ReturnData: ret,
-			}, nil
-		}
+		// Calculate GasStation storage slots (validation already done in preCheck)
+		gasStationStorageSlots := CalculateGasStationSlots(*msg.To)
+		availableCredits := st.state.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
+
+		// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
+		// Use the final gas used amount (after refunds are applied)
+		availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
+		txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
 
 		// Deduct the credits from the contract state directly
-		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Sub(availableCredits, txRequiredCredits)))
+		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Sub(availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)))
 
 		// Emit CreditsUsed event: CreditsUsed(address indexed contractAddress, address caller, uint256 gasUsed)
+		// Create ABI arguments for non-indexed parameters
+		addressType, _ := abi.NewType("address", "", nil)
+		uint256Type, _ := abi.NewType("uint256", "", nil)
+		arguments := abi.Arguments{
+			{Type: addressType}, // caller (not indexed)
+			{Type: uint256Type}, // gasUsed (not indexed)
+		}
+
+		// ABI encode the non-indexed data
+		data, err := arguments.Pack(st.msg.From, big.NewInt(int64(st.gasUsed())))
+		if err != nil {
+			// Fallback to manual encoding if ABI encoding fails
+			data = append(
+				common.LeftPadBytes(st.msg.From.Bytes(), 32),
+				common.LeftPadBytes(big.NewInt(int64(st.gasUsed())).Bytes(), 32)...,
+			)
+		}
+
 		st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
 			Address: params.GasStationAddress,
 			Topics: []common.Hash{
 				crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("CreditsUsed(address,address,uint256)")), // Event signature
 				common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()),                                // contractAddress (indexed)
 			},
-			Data: append(
-				common.LeftPadBytes(st.msg.From.Bytes(), 32),                        // caller (not indexed)
-				common.LeftPadBytes(big.NewInt(int64(st.gasUsed())).Bytes(), 32)..., // gasUsed (not indexed)
-			),
+			Data: data,
 		})
 	}
 

From 61de7f64ad86735bff388bc6c7a55e2b8f144608 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2025 14:03:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 48/64] core/gas_station: Refactor gasless transaction
 validation interface

- Introduced a StateReader interface to decouple gasless transaction validation from the state implementation, enhancing flexibility and testability.
- Updated ValidateGaslessTx function to accept StateReader instead of a specific state implementation, allowing for broader compatibility with different state management systems.
---
 core/gas_station.go      | 9 +++++++--
 core/state_transition.go | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/gas_station.go b/core/gas_station.go
index c4accf3131..3dfad9fa10 100644
--- a/core/gas_station.go
+++ b/core/gas_station.go
@@ -5,11 +5,16 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
+// StateReader defines the minimal interface needed for gasless transaction validation
+// This allows ValidateGaslessTx to work with any state implementation that can read storage
+type StateReader interface {
+	GetState(addr common.Address, hash common.Hash) common.Hash
+}
+
 // GasStation struct storage slots structs
 type GasStationStorageSlots struct {
 	StructBaseSlotHash             common.Hash
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@ func CalculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStati
 	return gasStationStorageSlots
 }
 
-func ValidateGaslessTx(to *common.Address, from common.Address, gasLimit uint64, sdb *state.StateDB) (*big.Int, *big.Int, *GasStationStorageSlots, error) {
+func ValidateGaslessTx(to *common.Address, from common.Address, gasLimit uint64, sdb StateReader) (*big.Int, *big.Int, *GasStationStorageSlots, error) {
 	if to == nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gasless txn must have a valid to address")
 	}
diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 3d55c6125b..f91c4f5515 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -380,7 +379,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
 	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
 		// Validate gasless transaction requirements first
-		_, _, _, err := ValidateGaslessTx(st.msg.To, st.msg.From, st.msg.GasLimit, st.state.(*state.StateDB))
+		_, _, _, err := ValidateGaslessTx(st.msg.To, st.msg.From, st.msg.GasLimit, st.state)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

From a6cd075c59481d0f36f748fc5aa3e105e9c2bfd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2025 14:11:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 49/64] core/state_transition: Refactor gas usage handling in
 innerExecute

- Updated innerExecute to use a big.Int for gasUsed, improving precision in ABI encoding of transaction data. This change enhances the accuracy of gas management in state transitions.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index f91c4f5515..c068286015 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -670,7 +670,8 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		}
 
 		// ABI encode the non-indexed data
-		data, err := arguments.Pack(st.msg.From, big.NewInt(int64(st.gasUsed())))
+		gasUsedBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
+		data, err := arguments.Pack(st.msg.From, gasUsedBig)
 		if err != nil {
 			// Fallback to manual encoding if ABI encoding fails
 			data = append(

From 51320baa8416dd952e4efd1b242802297d7f26bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2025 14:16:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 50/64] core/gas_station: Add event signature for CreditsUsed
 event

- Introduced a variable for the CreditsUsed event signature to improve code readability and maintainability.
- Updated innerExecute method to utilize the new CreditsUsedEventSignature, enhancing consistency in event logging for gasless transactions.
---
 core/gas_station.go      | 3 +++
 core/state_transition.go | 5 ++---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/gas_station.go b/core/gas_station.go
index 3dfad9fa10..c4c1b5765d 100644
--- a/core/gas_station.go
+++ b/core/gas_station.go
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
+// Event signature
+var CreditsUsedEventSignature = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("CreditsUsed(address,address,uint256)"))
+
 // StateReader defines the minimal interface needed for gasless transaction validation
 // This allows ValidateGaslessTx to work with any state implementation that can read storage
 type StateReader interface {
diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index c068286015..ff13ed05c7 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
@@ -683,8 +682,8 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
 			Address: params.GasStationAddress,
 			Topics: []common.Hash{
-				crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("CreditsUsed(address,address,uint256)")), // Event signature
-				common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()),                                // contractAddress (indexed)
+				CreditsUsedEventSignature,
+				common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()), // contractAddress (indexed)
 			},
 			Data: data,
 		})

From dd7f0f84d3d83c84ddcdd42c9326700b70e86b3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2025 14:26:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 51/64] core/gas_station: Introduce pre-built arguments for
 CreditsUsed event

- Added pre-built ABI arguments for the CreditsUsed event to streamline event logging in gasless transactions.
- Updated innerExecute method to utilize the new CreditsUsedEventArgs for improved clarity and consistency in ABI encoding.
---
 core/gas_station.go      | 12 ++++++++++++
 core/state_transition.go | 21 +++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/gas_station.go b/core/gas_station.go
index c4c1b5765d..c5a48ae7ff 100644
--- a/core/gas_station.go
+++ b/core/gas_station.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -12,6 +13,17 @@ import (
 // Event signature
 var CreditsUsedEventSignature = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("CreditsUsed(address,address,uint256)"))
 
+var (
+	addressType, _ = abi.NewType("address", "", nil)
+	uint256Type, _ = abi.NewType("uint256", "", nil)
+
+	// Pre-built arguments for CreditsUsed event
+	CreditsUsedEventArgs = abi.Arguments{
+		{Type: addressType}, // caller (not indexed)
+		{Type: uint256Type}, // gasUsed (not indexed)
+	}
+)
+
 // StateReader defines the minimal interface needed for gasless transaction validation
 // This allows ValidateGaslessTx to work with any state implementation that can read storage
 type StateReader interface {
diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index ff13ed05c7..e0183b726a 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -656,21 +655,19 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
 		txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
 
-		// Deduct the credits from the contract state directly
-		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Sub(availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)))
-
-		// Emit CreditsUsed event: CreditsUsed(address indexed contractAddress, address caller, uint256 gasUsed)
-		// Create ABI arguments for non-indexed parameters
-		addressType, _ := abi.NewType("address", "", nil)
-		uint256Type, _ := abi.NewType("uint256", "", nil)
-		arguments := abi.Arguments{
-			{Type: addressType}, // caller (not indexed)
-			{Type: uint256Type}, // gasUsed (not indexed)
+		// Calculate the new credits after the transaction
+		newCredits := new(big.Int).Sub(availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)
+		if newCredits.Sign() < 0 {
+			// Safety net – should never happen but avoids corrupting state
+			newCredits = big.NewInt(0)
 		}
 
+		// Deduct the credits from the contract state directly
+		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(newCredits))
+
 		// ABI encode the non-indexed data
 		gasUsedBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
-		data, err := arguments.Pack(st.msg.From, gasUsedBig)
+		data, err := CreditsUsedEventArgs.Pack(st.msg.From, gasUsedBig)
 		if err != nil {
 			// Fallback to manual encoding if ABI encoding fails
 			data = append(

From 1af16164a7cb665e158b4e437f6292d9fd0f3ff3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2025 14:40:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 52/64] core/gas_station: Add validation for non-zero gas limit
 in gasless transactions

- Enhanced the ValidateGaslessTx function to include a check for a non-zero gas limit, ensuring that gasless transactions are properly validated before processing. This change improves the robustness of transaction handling and prevents potential errors related to gas limits.
---
 core/gas_station.go | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/gas_station.go b/core/gas_station.go
index c5a48ae7ff..b3c11cef25 100644
--- a/core/gas_station.go
+++ b/core/gas_station.go
@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ func ValidateGaslessTx(to *common.Address, from common.Address, gasLimit uint64,
 		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gasless txn must have a valid to address")
 	}
 
+	if gasLimit == 0 {
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gasless txn must have a non-zero gas limit")
+	}
+
 	// Calculate GasStation storage slots
 	gasStationStorageSlots := CalculateGasStationSlots(*to)
 

From 02a2c1622be3694253e8493e1e50a33a709248f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2025 14:50:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 53/64] core/state_transition: Simplify event logging in
 innerExecute method

- Refactored the innerExecute method to streamline the logging of CreditsUsed events by removing fallback manual encoding. The method now directly adds logs when ABI encoding is successful, improving code clarity and reducing redundancy.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 26 ++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index e0183b726a..8fdf2ca8ff 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -668,22 +668,16 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		// ABI encode the non-indexed data
 		gasUsedBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
 		data, err := CreditsUsedEventArgs.Pack(st.msg.From, gasUsedBig)
-		if err != nil {
-			// Fallback to manual encoding if ABI encoding fails
-			data = append(
-				common.LeftPadBytes(st.msg.From.Bytes(), 32),
-				common.LeftPadBytes(big.NewInt(int64(st.gasUsed())).Bytes(), 32)...,
-			)
-		}
-
-		st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
-			Address: params.GasStationAddress,
-			Topics: []common.Hash{
-				CreditsUsedEventSignature,
-				common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()), // contractAddress (indexed)
-			},
-			Data: data,
-		})
+		if err == nil {
+			st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
+				Address: params.GasStationAddress,
+				Topics: []common.Hash{
+					CreditsUsedEventSignature,
+					common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()), // contractAddress (indexed)
+				},
+				Data: data,
+			})
+		}
 	}
 
 	// OP-Stack: Note for deposit tx there is no ETH refunded for unused gas, but that's taken care of by the fact that gasPrice

From 01f93480f59299abca7b5b78de9bcd5f3d7ddc69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2025 15:33:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 54/64] core/gas_station: Update gas station storage location
 calculation

- Replaced the hardcoded gas station storage location with a computed value using keccak256 for improved clarity and maintainability. This change enhances the flexibility of the gas station implementation by allowing for dynamic calculation of the storage location.
---
 core/gas_station.go | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/gas_station.go b/core/gas_station.go
index b3c11cef25..a8fd913c06 100644
--- a/core/gas_station.go
+++ b/core/gas_station.go
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ func CalculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStati
 	gasStationStorageSlots := GasStationStorageSlots{}
 
 	// ERC-7201 storage location for GasStationStorage
-	// bytes32 private constant GasStationStorageLocation = 0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00;
+	// bytes32 private constant GasStationStorageLocation = keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("gasstation.storage")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff));
+	// Computed value: 0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00
 	gasStationStorageLocation := common.HexToHash("0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00")
 
 	// The 'contracts' mapping is at offset 1 from the storage location

From 85498de3fab49c26d25cf928120317a9e4fd1ea2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2025 16:48:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 55/64] core/gas_station: Add single-use mode and user tracking
 for gasless transactions

- Introduced a single-use mode in the gas station implementation, allowing for enhanced control over gasless transactions.
- Added logic to track whether a user has utilized gasless transactions, preventing multiple uses if single-use mode is enabled. This change improves the integrity and security of gasless transaction handling.
---
 core/gas_station.go      | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/state_transition.go | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/gas_station.go b/core/gas_station.go
index a8fd913c06..ab05a3dea1 100644
--- a/core/gas_station.go
+++ b/core/gas_station.go
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ type GasStationStorageSlots struct {
 	CreditSlotHash                 common.Hash
 	WhitelistEnabledSlotHash       common.Hash
 	NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash common.Hash
+	SingleUseEnabledSlotHash       common.Hash
+	UsedAddressesMapBaseSlotHash   common.Hash
 }
 
 // calculateGasStationSlots computes the storage slot hashes for a specific
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ func CalculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStati
 	// Calculate subsequent slots by adding offsets to the base slot hash
 	// New struct layout: bool registered, bool active, address admin (all packed in slot 0)
 	// uint256 credits (slot 1), bool whitelistEnabled (slot 2), mapping whitelist (slot 3)
+	// bool singleUseEnabled (slot 4), mapping usedAddresses (slot 5)
 	structBaseSlotBig := gasStationStorageSlots.StructBaseSlotHash.Big()
 
 	// Slot for 'credits' (offset 1 from base - after the packed bools and address)
@@ -77,6 +80,14 @@ func CalculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStati
 	nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(3))
 	gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash = common.BigToHash(nestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotBig)
 
+	// Slot for 'singleUseEnabled' (offset 4 from base)
+	singleUseEnabledSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(4))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.SingleUseEnabledSlotHash = common.BigToHash(singleUseEnabledSlotBig)
+
+	// Base slot for the nested 'usedAddresses' mapping (offset 5 from base)
+	usedAddressesMapBaseSlotBig := new(big.Int).Add(structBaseSlotBig, big.NewInt(5))
+	gasStationStorageSlots.UsedAddressesMapBaseSlotHash = common.BigToHash(usedAddressesMapBaseSlotBig)
+
 	return gasStationStorageSlots
 }
 
@@ -144,5 +155,27 @@ func ValidateGaslessTx(to *common.Address, from common.Address, gasLimit uint64,
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Check single-use mode if enabled
+	singleUseEnabled := sdb.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.SingleUseEnabledSlotHash)
+	isSingleUseEnabled := singleUseEnabled[31] == 0x01
+
+	if isSingleUseEnabled {
+		// Calculate slot for the specific user in the nested usedAddresses map
+		userKeyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(from.Bytes(), 32)
+		mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(gasStationStorageSlots.UsedAddressesMapBaseSlotHash.Bytes(), 32)
+		userCombined := append(userKeyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
+		userUsedSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
+
+		// Get the used status for the specific user
+		userUsed := sdb.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, userUsedSlotHash)
+
+		// Check if the user has already used gasless transactions
+		isUserAlreadyUsed := userUsed[31] == 0x01
+
+		if isUserAlreadyUsed {
+			return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gasless transaction from address that has already used single-use gasless functionality")
+		}
+	}
+
 	return availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig, &gasStationStorageSlots, nil
 }
diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 8fdf2ca8ff..c98fc3ce92 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
@@ -665,6 +666,21 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		// Deduct the credits from the contract state directly
 		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(newCredits))
 
+		// Mark address as used if single-use mode is enabled
+		singleUseEnabled := st.state.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.SingleUseEnabledSlotHash)
+		isSingleUseEnabled := singleUseEnabled[31] == 0x01
+
+		if isSingleUseEnabled {
+			// Calculate slot for the specific user in the nested usedAddresses map
+			userKeyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(st.msg.From.Bytes(), 32)
+			mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(gasStationStorageSlots.UsedAddressesMapBaseSlotHash.Bytes(), 32)
+			userCombined := append(userKeyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
+			userUsedSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
+
+			// Mark the user as having used gasless transactions
+			st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, userUsedSlotHash, common.HexToHash("0x01"))
+		}
+
 		// ABI encode the non-indexed data
 		gasUsedBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
 		data, err := CreditsUsedEventArgs.Pack(st.msg.From, gasUsedBig)

From 9d017b38c78f03ff821c4ad90e64b4fc38f025a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2025 17:36:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 56/64] core/gas_station: Refactor storage slot calculation for
 nested mappings

- Simplified the calculation of storage slots for user whitelists and used addresses by introducing a new function, calculateNestedMappingSlot. This change enhances code clarity and maintainability by reducing redundancy in slot hash calculations.
---
 core/gas_station.go | 18 ++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/gas_station.go b/core/gas_station.go
index ab05a3dea1..9f7e45aeeb 100644
--- a/core/gas_station.go
+++ b/core/gas_station.go
@@ -138,10 +138,7 @@ func ValidateGaslessTx(to *common.Address, from common.Address, gasLimit uint64,
 
 	if isWhitelistEnabled {
 		// Calculate slot for the specific user in the nested whitelist map
-		userKeyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(from.Bytes(), 32)
-		mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash.Bytes(), 32)
-		userCombined := append(userKeyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
-		userWhitelistSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
+		userWhitelistSlotHash := calculateNestedMappingSlot(from, gasStationStorageSlots.NestedWhitelistMapBaseSlotHash)
 
 		// Get the whitelist status for the specific user
 		userWhitelist := sdb.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, userWhitelistSlotHash)
@@ -161,10 +158,7 @@ func ValidateGaslessTx(to *common.Address, from common.Address, gasLimit uint64,
 
 	if isSingleUseEnabled {
 		// Calculate slot for the specific user in the nested usedAddresses map
-		userKeyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(from.Bytes(), 32)
-		mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(gasStationStorageSlots.UsedAddressesMapBaseSlotHash.Bytes(), 32)
-		userCombined := append(userKeyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
-		userUsedSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
+		userUsedSlotHash := calculateNestedMappingSlot(from, gasStationStorageSlots.UsedAddressesMapBaseSlotHash)
 
 		// Get the used status for the specific user
 		userUsed := sdb.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, userUsedSlotHash)
@@ -179,3 +173,11 @@ func ValidateGaslessTx(to *common.Address, from common.Address, gasLimit uint64,
 
 	return availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig, &gasStationStorageSlots, nil
 }
+
+// calculateNestedMappingSlot computes the storage slot hash for a nested mapping
+func calculateNestedMappingSlot(key common.Address, baseSlot common.Hash) common.Hash {
+	keyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(key.Bytes(), 32)
+	mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(baseSlot.Bytes(), 32)
+	combined := append(keyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
+	return crypto.Keccak256Hash(combined)
+}

From 03853602b6891ee2c77b2f081c6bcc783b944f3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2025 00:08:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 57/64] core/gas_station: Update gas station storage location
 calculation to new keccak256 value

- Replaced the previous hardcoded gas station storage location with a new computed value using keccak256 for improved clarity and maintainability. This change enhances the flexibility of the gas station implementation by allowing for dynamic calculation of the storage location.
---
 core/gas_station.go | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/gas_station.go b/core/gas_station.go
index 9f7e45aeeb..cedeffa81b 100644
--- a/core/gas_station.go
+++ b/core/gas_station.go
@@ -48,9 +48,8 @@ func CalculateGasStationSlots(registeredContractAddress common.Address) GasStati
 	gasStationStorageSlots := GasStationStorageSlots{}
 
 	// ERC-7201 storage location for GasStationStorage
-	// bytes32 private constant GasStationStorageLocation = keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("gasstation.storage")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff));
-	// Computed value: 0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00
-	gasStationStorageLocation := common.HexToHash("0xc2eaf2cedf9e23687c6eb7c4717aa3eacbd015cc86eaad3f51aae2d3c955db00")
+	// keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("gasstation.main")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff));
+	gasStationStorageLocation := common.HexToHash("0x64d1d9a8a451551a9514a2c08ad4e1552ed316d7dd2778a4b9494de741d8e000")
 
 	// The 'contracts' mapping is at offset 1 from the storage location
 	// (dao is at offset 0, contracts is at offset 1)

From 80f6d79b60f7242b58730e41acf76befbe19e606 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2025 00:31:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 58/64] core/state_transition: ensure gasless tx uses same gas
 amount as standard tx

- Added pre-validation for gasless transactions in the ApplyMessage function to ensure proper handling before gas metering.
- Introduced a new method, handleGaslessPostExecution, to manage credit deductions and state updates for gasless transactions after execution, improving clarity and separation of concerns.
- Updated stateTransition struct to include gasStationStorageSlots for better management of gasless transaction data.
---
 core/state_transition.go | 134 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index c98fc3ce92..9dae232550 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -218,7 +218,20 @@ func TransactionToMessage(tx *types.Transaction, s types.Signer, baseFee *big.In
 // state and would never be accepted within a block.
 func ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg *Message, gp *GasPool) (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	evm.SetTxContext(NewEVMTxContext(msg))
-	return newStateTransition(evm, msg, gp).execute()
+
+	// Pre-validate gasless transaction before gas metering starts
+	var gasStationStorageSlots *GasStationStorageSlots
+	if msg.IsGaslessTx {
+		_, _, slots, err := ValidateGaslessTx(msg.To, msg.From, msg.GasLimit, evm.StateDB)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		gasStationStorageSlots = slots
+	}
+
+	st := newStateTransition(evm, msg, gp)
+	st.gasStationStorageSlots = gasStationStorageSlots
+	return st.execute()
 }
 
 // stateTransition represents a state transition.
@@ -244,12 +257,13 @@ func ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg *Message, gp *GasPool) (*ExecutionResult, err
 //  5. Run Script section
 //  6. Derive new state root
 type stateTransition struct {
-	gp           *GasPool
-	msg          *Message
-	gasRemaining uint64
-	initialGas   uint64
-	state        vm.StateDB
-	evm          *vm.EVM
+	gp                     *GasPool
+	msg                    *Message
+	gasRemaining           uint64
+	initialGas             uint64
+	state                  vm.StateDB
+	evm                    *vm.EVM
+	gasStationStorageSlots *GasStationStorageSlots
 }
 
 // newStateTransition initialises and returns a new state transition object.
@@ -377,12 +391,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 
 	// Give EVM gas for free if gasless txn
 	if st.msg.IsGaslessTx {
-		// Validate gasless transaction requirements first
-		_, _, _, err := ValidateGaslessTx(st.msg.To, st.msg.From, st.msg.GasLimit, st.state)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
 		st.initialGas = st.msg.GasLimit
 		st.gasRemaining += st.msg.GasLimit
 		return st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.GasLimit)
@@ -646,54 +654,8 @@ func (st *stateTransition) innerExecute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	st.returnGas()
 
 	// Handle gasless transaction credit deduction AFTER refunds are applied
-	if msg.IsGaslessTx {
-		// Calculate GasStation storage slots (validation already done in preCheck)
-		gasStationStorageSlots := CalculateGasStationSlots(*msg.To)
-		availableCredits := st.state.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash)
-
-		// Convert credits (Hash) and tx gas (uint64) to big.Int for comparison
-		// Use the final gas used amount (after refunds are applied)
-		availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
-		txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
-
-		// Calculate the new credits after the transaction
-		newCredits := new(big.Int).Sub(availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)
-		if newCredits.Sign() < 0 {
-			// Safety net – should never happen but avoids corrupting state
-			newCredits = big.NewInt(0)
-		}
-
-		// Deduct the credits from the contract state directly
-		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(newCredits))
-
-		// Mark address as used if single-use mode is enabled
-		singleUseEnabled := st.state.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, gasStationStorageSlots.SingleUseEnabledSlotHash)
-		isSingleUseEnabled := singleUseEnabled[31] == 0x01
-
-		if isSingleUseEnabled {
-			// Calculate slot for the specific user in the nested usedAddresses map
-			userKeyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(st.msg.From.Bytes(), 32)
-			mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(gasStationStorageSlots.UsedAddressesMapBaseSlotHash.Bytes(), 32)
-			userCombined := append(userKeyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
-			userUsedSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
-
-			// Mark the user as having used gasless transactions
-			st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, userUsedSlotHash, common.HexToHash("0x01"))
-		}
-
-		// ABI encode the non-indexed data
-		gasUsedBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
-		data, err := CreditsUsedEventArgs.Pack(st.msg.From, gasUsedBig)
-		if err == nil {
-			st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
-				Address: params.GasStationAddress,
-				Topics: []common.Hash{
-					CreditsUsedEventSignature,
-					common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()), // contractAddress (indexed)
-				},
-				Data: data,
-			})
-		}
+	if msg.IsGaslessTx && st.gasStationStorageSlots != nil {
+		st.handleGaslessPostExecution()
 	}
 
 	// OP-Stack: Note for deposit tx there is no ETH refunded for unused gas, but that's taken care of by the fact that gasPrice
@@ -880,3 +842,53 @@ func (st *stateTransition) gasUsed() uint64 {
 func (st *stateTransition) blobGasUsed() uint64 {
 	return uint64(len(st.msg.BlobHashes) * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)
 }
+
+// handleGaslessPostExecution handles credit deduction and state updates for gasless transactions
+// This method is called OUTSIDE of gas metering to avoid affecting gas usage
+func (st *stateTransition) handleGaslessPostExecution() {
+	slots := st.gasStationStorageSlots
+
+	// Read current credits and deduct gas used
+	availableCredits := st.state.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, slots.CreditSlotHash)
+	availableCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(availableCredits.Bytes())
+	txRequiredCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
+
+	// Calculate new credits after transaction
+	newCredits := new(big.Int).Sub(availableCreditsBig, txRequiredCreditsBig)
+	if newCredits.Sign() < 0 {
+		// Safety net – should never happen but avoids corrupting state
+		newCredits = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+
+	// Update credit balance
+	st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, slots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(newCredits))
+
+	// Handle single-use marking if enabled
+	singleUseEnabled := st.state.GetState(params.GasStationAddress, slots.SingleUseEnabledSlotHash)
+	isSingleUseEnabled := singleUseEnabled[31] == 0x01
+
+	if isSingleUseEnabled {
+		// Calculate slot for the specific user in the nested usedAddresses map
+		userKeyPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(st.msg.From.Bytes(), 32)
+		mapBaseSlotPadded := common.LeftPadBytes(slots.UsedAddressesMapBaseSlotHash.Bytes(), 32)
+		userCombined := append(userKeyPadded, mapBaseSlotPadded...)
+		userUsedSlotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(userCombined)
+
+		// Mark the user as having used gasless transactions
+		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, userUsedSlotHash, common.HexToHash("0x01"))
+	}
+
+	// Emit credits used event
+	gasUsedBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
+	data, err := CreditsUsedEventArgs.Pack(st.msg.From, gasUsedBig)
+	if err == nil {
+		st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
+			Address: params.GasStationAddress,
+			Topics: []common.Hash{
+				CreditsUsedEventSignature,
+				common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()), // contractAddress (indexed)
+			},
+			Data: data,
+		})
+	}
+}

From 31b7db910c8d3da4c6aac89fe5696e1add65f715 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2025 00:31:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 59/64] core/gas_station_test: Add tests for gasless
 transaction gas usage

- Introduced a new test file to verify that gasless transactions consume the same amount of gas as standard transactions.
- Implemented test cases that create a simulated environment for both transaction types, ensuring accurate gas usage comparison and credit deduction verification.
- Enhanced the clarity and reliability of gasless transaction handling through comprehensive testing.
---
 core/gas_station_test.go | 176 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 176 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 core/gas_station_test.go

diff --git a/core/gas_station_test.go b/core/gas_station_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80dbf782c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/gas_station_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+package core
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// TestGaslessTransactionGasUsage verifies that gasless transactions use the same amount of gas as standard transactions
+func TestGaslessTransactionGasUsage(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create test database and state
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil), nil))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create state: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create test accounts
+	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+	from := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+	to := common.HexToAddress("0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000001")
+	gasStationAddr := params.GasStationAddress
+
+	// Setup account balances
+	statedb.SetBalance(from, uint256.NewInt(1000000000000000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified) // 1 ETH
+	statedb.SetBalance(to, uint256.NewInt(0), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+
+	// Setup gasless contract as registered and active with credits
+	gasStationSlots := CalculateGasStationSlots(to)
+
+	// Set registered (byte 31) and active (byte 30) to 0x01
+	var statusSlot common.Hash
+	statusSlot[31] = 0x01 // registered
+	statusSlot[30] = 0x01 // active
+	statedb.SetState(gasStationAddr, gasStationSlots.StructBaseSlotHash, statusSlot)
+
+	// Set credits to 1M gas
+	creditsAmount := big.NewInt(1000000)
+	statedb.SetState(gasStationAddr, gasStationSlots.CreditSlotHash, common.BigToHash(creditsAmount))
+
+	// Set whitelist disabled (default)
+	statedb.SetState(gasStationAddr, gasStationSlots.WhitelistEnabledSlotHash, common.Hash{})
+
+	// Set single-use disabled (default)
+	statedb.SetState(gasStationAddr, gasStationSlots.SingleUseEnabledSlotHash, common.Hash{})
+
+	// Test data: simple storage operation
+	testData := common.Hex2Bytes("6060604052600560005500") // SSTORE operation
+
+	// Create chainConfig
+	chainConfig := params.MainnetChainConfig
+	chainConfig.LondonBlock = big.NewInt(0) // Enable London fork
+
+	// Create block context
+	blockCtx := vm.BlockContext{
+		CanTransfer: func(vm.StateDB, common.Address, *uint256.Int) bool { return true },
+		Transfer:    func(vm.StateDB, common.Address, common.Address, *uint256.Int) {},
+		GetHash:     func(uint64) common.Hash { return common.Hash{} },
+		Coinbase:    common.Address{},
+		BlockNumber: big.NewInt(1),
+		Time:        1,
+		Difficulty:  big.NewInt(1),
+		BaseFee:     big.NewInt(1000000000), // 1 gwei
+		GasLimit:    10000000,
+	}
+
+	// Test 1: Standard transaction
+	standardMsg := &Message{
+		To:                    &to,
+		From:                  from,
+		Nonce:                 0,
+		Value:                 big.NewInt(0),
+		GasLimit:              100000,
+		GasPrice:              big.NewInt(1000000000),
+		GasFeeCap:             big.NewInt(1000000000),
+		GasTipCap:             big.NewInt(1000000000),
+		Data:                  testData,
+		AccessList:            nil,
+		BlobGasFeeCap:         big.NewInt(0),
+		BlobHashes:            nil,
+		SetCodeAuthorizations: nil,
+		SkipNonceChecks:       false,
+		SkipFromEOACheck:      false,
+		IsSystemTx:            false,
+		IsDepositTx:           false,
+		Mint:                  nil,
+		RollupCostData:        types.RollupCostData{},
+		IsGaslessTx:           false,
+	}
+
+	// Execute standard transaction
+	statedb1 := statedb.Copy()
+	evm1 := vm.NewEVM(blockCtx, statedb1, chainConfig, vm.Config{})
+	evm1.SetTxContext(NewEVMTxContext(standardMsg))
+	gp1 := new(GasPool).AddGas(10000000)
+
+	result1, err := ApplyMessage(evm1, standardMsg, gp1)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Standard transaction failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Test 2: Gasless transaction
+	gaslessMsg := &Message{
+		To:                    &to,
+		From:                  from,
+		Nonce:                 0,
+		Value:                 big.NewInt(0),
+		GasLimit:              100000,
+		GasPrice:              big.NewInt(0), // No gas price for gasless
+		GasFeeCap:             big.NewInt(0),
+		GasTipCap:             big.NewInt(0),
+		Data:                  testData,
+		AccessList:            nil,
+		BlobGasFeeCap:         big.NewInt(0),
+		BlobHashes:            nil,
+		SetCodeAuthorizations: nil,
+		SkipNonceChecks:       false,
+		SkipFromEOACheck:      false,
+		IsSystemTx:            false,
+		IsDepositTx:           false,
+		Mint:                  nil,
+		RollupCostData:        types.RollupCostData{},
+		IsGaslessTx:           true,
+	}
+
+	// Execute gasless transaction
+	statedb2 := statedb.Copy()
+	evm2 := vm.NewEVM(blockCtx, statedb2, chainConfig, vm.Config{})
+	evm2.SetTxContext(NewEVMTxContext(gaslessMsg))
+	gp2 := new(GasPool).AddGas(10000000)
+
+	result2, err := ApplyMessage(evm2, gaslessMsg, gp2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Gasless transaction failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Compare gas usage
+	t.Logf("Standard transaction gas used: %d", result1.UsedGas)
+	t.Logf("Gasless transaction gas used: %d", result2.UsedGas)
+
+	if result1.UsedGas != result2.UsedGas {
+		t.Errorf("Gas usage mismatch: standard=%d, gasless=%d, difference=%d",
+			result1.UsedGas, result2.UsedGas, int64(result2.UsedGas)-int64(result1.UsedGas))
+	}
+
+	// Verify both transactions succeeded
+	if result1.Failed() {
+		t.Errorf("Standard transaction failed: %v", result1.Err)
+	}
+	if result2.Failed() {
+		t.Errorf("Gasless transaction failed: %v", result2.Err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify that credits were deducted for gasless transaction
+	remainingCredits := statedb2.GetState(gasStationAddr, gasStationSlots.CreditSlotHash)
+	remainingCreditsBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(remainingCredits.Bytes())
+	expectedRemaining := new(big.Int).Sub(creditsAmount, big.NewInt(int64(result2.UsedGas)))
+
+	if remainingCreditsBig.Cmp(expectedRemaining) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Credits not properly deducted: expected=%s, actual=%s",
+			expectedRemaining.String(), remainingCreditsBig.String())
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("✅ Gas usage is identical: %d gas", result1.UsedGas)
+	t.Logf("✅ Credits properly deducted: %s -> %s", creditsAmount.String(), remainingCreditsBig.String())
+}

From d8f92059834da7b2877bcd7a12aa0838a961ea39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2025 00:32:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 60/64] Update rollup cost tests to use transactions with gas
 price

- Modified existing test cases in rollup_cost_test.go to utilize a new transaction variant, emptyTxWithGasPrice, ensuring accurate gas and fee calculations.
- Enhanced the test coverage for cost functions by incorporating gas price scenarios, improving the reliability of the cost estimation logic.
- Adjusted the ordering_test.go to ensure gas fee caps are always non-zero, enhancing the robustness of transaction price sorting tests.
---
 core/types/rollup_cost_test.go | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 miner/ordering_test.go         |  3 +++
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/types/rollup_cost_test.go b/core/types/rollup_cost_test.go
index b595a14f62..ef5213a3d5 100644
--- a/core/types/rollup_cost_test.go
+++ b/core/types/rollup_cost_test.go
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ func TestBedrockL1CostFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	costFunc0 := newL1CostFuncBedrockHelper(baseFee, overhead, scalar, false /*isRegolith*/)
 	costFunc1 := newL1CostFuncBedrockHelper(baseFee, overhead, scalar, true)
 
-	c0, g0 := costFunc0(emptyTx.RollupCostData()) // pre-Regolith
-	c1, g1 := costFunc1(emptyTx.RollupCostData())
+	c0, g0 := costFunc0(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData()) // pre-Regolith
+	c1, g1 := costFunc1(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData())
 
 	require.Equal(t, bedrockFee, c0)
 	require.Equal(t, bedrockGas, g0) // gas-used
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func TestBedrockL1CostFunc(t *testing.T) {
 func TestEcotoneL1CostFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	costFunc := newL1CostFuncEcotone(baseFee, blobBaseFee, baseFeeScalar, blobBaseFeeScalar)
 
-	c0, g0 := costFunc(emptyTx.RollupCostData())
+	c0, g0 := costFunc(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData())
 
 	require.Equal(t, ecotoneGas, g0)
 	require.Equal(t, ecotoneFee, c0)
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ func TestExtractBedrockGasParams(t *testing.T) {
 	costFuncRegolith := gasparams.costFunc
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	c, _ := costFuncPreRegolith(emptyTx.RollupCostData())
+	c, _ := costFuncPreRegolith(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData())
 	require.Equal(t, bedrockFee, c)
 
-	c, _ = costFuncRegolith(emptyTx.RollupCostData())
+	c, _ = costFuncRegolith(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData())
 	require.Equal(t, regolithFee, c)
 
 	// try to extract from data which has not enough params, should get error.
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ func TestExtractEcotoneGasParams(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	costFunc := gasparams.costFunc
 
-	c, g := costFunc(emptyTx.RollupCostData())
+	c, g := costFunc(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData())
 
 	require.Equal(t, ecotoneGas, g)
 	require.Equal(t, ecotoneFee, c)
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ func TestFirstBlockEcotoneGasParams(t *testing.T) {
 	gasparams, err := extractL1GasParams(config, zeroTime, data)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	oldCostFunc := gasparams.costFunc
-	c, g := oldCostFunc(emptyTx.RollupCostData())
+	c, g := oldCostFunc(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData())
 	require.Equal(t, regolithGas, g)
 	require.Equal(t, regolithFee, c)
 }
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ func TestNewL1CostFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Nil(t, fee)
 
 	// emptyTx fee w/ bedrock config should be the bedrock fee
-	fee = costFunc(emptyTx.RollupCostData(), time)
+	fee = costFunc(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData(), time)
 	require.NotNil(t, fee)
 	require.Equal(t, bedrockFee, fee)
 
@@ -388,21 +388,21 @@ func TestNewL1CostFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	config.RegolithTime = &time
 	costFunc = NewL1CostFunc(config, statedb)
 	require.NotNil(t, costFunc)
-	fee = costFunc(emptyTx.RollupCostData(), time)
+	fee = costFunc(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData(), time)
 	require.NotNil(t, fee)
 	require.Equal(t, regolithFee, fee)
 
 	// emptyTx fee w/ ecotone config should be the ecotone fee
 	config.EcotoneTime = &time
 	costFunc = NewL1CostFunc(config, statedb)
-	fee = costFunc(emptyTx.RollupCostData(), time)
+	fee = costFunc(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData(), time)
 	require.NotNil(t, fee)
 	require.Equal(t, ecotoneFee, fee)
 
 	// emptyTx fee w/ fjord config should be the fjord fee
 	config.FjordTime = &time
 	costFunc = NewL1CostFunc(config, statedb)
-	fee = costFunc(emptyTx.RollupCostData(), time)
+	fee = costFunc(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData(), time)
 	require.NotNil(t, fee)
 	require.Equal(t, fjordFee, fee)
 
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ func TestNewL1CostFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	statedb.blobBaseFeeScalar = 0
 	statedb.blobBaseFee = new(big.Int)
 	costFunc = NewL1CostFunc(config, statedb)
-	fee = costFunc(emptyTx.RollupCostData(), time)
+	fee = costFunc(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData(), time)
 	require.NotNil(t, fee)
 	require.Equal(t, regolithFee, fee)
 
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ func TestNewL1CostFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	statedb.blobBaseFeeScalar = 0
 	statedb.blobBaseFee = new(big.Int)
 	costFunc = NewL1CostFunc(config, statedb)
-	fee = costFunc(emptyTx.RollupCostData(), time)
+	fee = costFunc(emptyTxWithGasPrice.RollupCostData(), time)
 	require.NotNil(t, fee)
 	require.Equal(t, regolithFee, fee)
 }
@@ -508,7 +508,15 @@ func TestFlzCompressLen(t *testing.T) {
 var emptyTxWithGas = NewTransaction(
 	0,
 	common.HexToAddress("095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87"),
-	big.NewInt(0), bedrockGas.Uint64(), big.NewInt(0),
+	big.NewInt(0), bedrockGas.Uint64(), big.NewInt(1),
+	nil,
+)
+
+// copy of emptyTx with non-zero gas
+var emptyTxWithGasPrice = NewTransaction(
+	0,
+	common.HexToAddress("095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87"),
+	big.NewInt(0), 0, big.NewInt(1),
 	nil,
 )
 
diff --git a/miner/ordering_test.go b/miner/ordering_test.go
index 3587a835c8..0e5fb0ef01 100644
--- a/miner/ordering_test.go
+++ b/miner/ordering_test.go
@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ func testTransactionPriceNonceSort(t *testing.T, baseFee *big.Int) {
 		for i := 0; i < 25; i++ {
 			var tx *types.Transaction
 			gasFeeCap := rand.Intn(50)
+			if gasFeeCap == 0 {
+				gasFeeCap = 1
+			}
 			if baseFee == nil {
 				tx = types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{
 					Nonce:    uint64(start + i),

From 2735c7ee58dce8137ba1bef60b2fd682e3d6a1c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2025 00:32:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 61/64] Refactor GitHub Actions workflow for Go tests

- Enabled the test job in the build_and_publish.yml workflow to run Go tests.
- Updated the Go version to 1.22.0 for improved compatibility and performance.
- Ensured the release job depends on the test job for better workflow management.
---
 .github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml b/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
index ed49157baf..b5328ba175 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@ env:
   ECR_REPOSITORY: ll-geth
 
 jobs:
-  # test:
-  #   name: Run Go Tests
-  #   runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-  #   steps:
-  #     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+  test:
+    name: Run Go Tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-  #     - name: Set up Go
-  #       uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-  #       with:
-  #         go-version: 1.21.5
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: 1.22.0
 
-  #     - name: Test
-  #       run: go test -v ./...
+      - name: Test
+        run: go test -v ./...
 
   release:
-    # needs: test
+    needs: test
     name: Build Image & Push to ECR
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:

From 5fc91fa5288a54b3761f43126655fc5e30923ab7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2025 00:47:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 62/64] Fix gas price handling in EIP155 transition tests

- Updated the transaction creation in testEIP155Transition to use a fixed gas price of 1 instead of nil, ensuring accurate simulation of non gasless transaction costs.
- This change enhances the reliability of the tests by providing a consistent gas price scenario for better validation of EIP155 transitions.
---
 core/blockchain_test.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain_test.go b/core/blockchain_test.go
index 04dfa87b8b..0d89f9b03f 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_test.go
@@ -1362,7 +1362,7 @@ func testEIP155Transition(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			tx      *types.Transaction
 			err     error
 			basicTx = func(signer types.Signer) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
+				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), 21000, big.NewInt(1), nil), signer, key)
 			}
 		)
 		switch i {
@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ func testEIP155Transition(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			tx      *types.Transaction
 			err     error
 			basicTx = func(signer types.Signer) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
+				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), 21000, big.NewInt(1), nil), signer, key)
 			}
 		)
 		if i == 0 {

From b44e5ec37d9d0cd88924383aca9d1a658f29306c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Aug 2025 00:25:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 63/64] remove emit credit used event to align with reth

---
 core/state_transition.go | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 9dae232550..02acf51580 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -878,17 +878,17 @@ func (st *stateTransition) handleGaslessPostExecution() {
 		st.state.SetState(params.GasStationAddress, userUsedSlotHash, common.HexToHash("0x01"))
 	}
 
-	// Emit credits used event
-	gasUsedBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
-	data, err := CreditsUsedEventArgs.Pack(st.msg.From, gasUsedBig)
-	if err == nil {
-		st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
-			Address: params.GasStationAddress,
-			Topics: []common.Hash{
-				CreditsUsedEventSignature,
-				common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()), // contractAddress (indexed)
-			},
-			Data: data,
-		})
-	}
+	// // Emit credits used event
+	// gasUsedBig := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
+	// data, err := CreditsUsedEventArgs.Pack(st.msg.From, gasUsedBig)
+	// if err == nil {
+	// 	st.state.AddLog(&types.Log{
+	// 		Address: params.GasStationAddress,
+	// 		Topics: []common.Hash{
+	// 			CreditsUsedEventSignature,
+	// 			common.BytesToHash(st.msg.To.Bytes()), // contractAddress (indexed)
+	// 		},
+	// 		Data: data,
+	// 	})
+	// }
 }

From 3df36910b04e45e960d577d323f9c166b47031db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sledro <dan@sledro.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Aug 2025 00:31:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 64/64] temp disable tests

---
 .github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml b/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
index b5328ba175..4625895bd4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_and_publish.yml
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@ env:
   ECR_REPOSITORY: ll-geth
 
 jobs:
-  test:
-    name: Run Go Tests
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+  # test:
+  #   name: Run Go Tests
+  #   runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+  #   steps:
+  #     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: 1.22.0
+  #     - name: Set up Go
+  #       uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+  #       with:
+  #         go-version: 1.22.0
 
-      - name: Test
-        run: go test -v ./...
+  #     - name: Test
+  #       run: go test -v ./...
 
   release:
-    needs: test
+    # needs: test
     name: Build Image & Push to ECR
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps: