advanced-web-scraping.slides.html

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<title>advanced-web-scraping slides</title><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.0.3/jquery.min.js"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.1.10/require.min.js"></script><script type="module">
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<style type="text/css">
    pre { line-height: 125%; }
td.linenos .normal { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
span.linenos { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
td.linenos .special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
span.linenos.special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
.highlight .hll { background-color: var(--jp-cell-editor-active-background) }
.highlight { background: var(--jp-cell-editor-background); color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-variable-color) }
.highlight .c { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-comment-color); font-style: italic } /* Comment */
.highlight .err { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-error-color) } /* Error */
.highlight .k { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-keyword-color); font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
.highlight .o { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-operator-color); font-weight: bold } /* Operator */
.highlight .p { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-punctuation-color) } /* Punctuation */
.highlight .ch { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-comment-color); font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.highlight .cm { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-comment-color); font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.highlight .cp { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-comment-color); font-style: italic } /* Comment.Preproc */
.highlight .cpf { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-comment-color); font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
.highlight .c1 { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-comment-color); font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
.highlight .cs { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-comment-color); font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */
.highlight .kc { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-keyword-color); font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
.highlight .kd { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-keyword-color); font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
.highlight .kn { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-keyword-color); font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
.highlight .kp { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-keyword-color); font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
.highlight .kr { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-keyword-color); font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
.highlight .kt { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-keyword-color); font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Type */
.highlight .m { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-number-color) } /* Literal.Number */
.highlight .s { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String */
.highlight .ow { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-operator-color); font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
.highlight .pm { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-punctuation-color) } /* Punctuation.Marker */
.highlight .w { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-variable-color) } /* Text.Whitespace */
.highlight .mb { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-number-color) } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
.highlight .mf { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-number-color) } /* Literal.Number.Float */
.highlight .mh { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-number-color) } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
.highlight .mi { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-number-color) } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
.highlight .mo { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-number-color) } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
.highlight .sa { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Affix */
.highlight .sb { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.highlight .sc { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Char */
.highlight .dl { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
.highlight .sd { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Doc */
.highlight .s2 { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Double */
.highlight .se { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.highlight .sh { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.highlight .si { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.highlight .sx { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Other */
.highlight .sr { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.highlight .s1 { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Single */
.highlight .ss { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-string-color) } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
.highlight .il { color: var(--jp-mirror-editor-number-color) } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
  </style>
<style type="text/css">
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Mozilla scrollbar styling
 */

/* use standard opaque scrollbars for most nodes */
[data-jp-theme-scrollbars='true'] {
  scrollbar-color: rgb(var(--jp-scrollbar-thumb-color))
    var(--jp-scrollbar-background-color);
}

/* for code nodes, use a transparent style of scrollbar. These selectors
 * will match lower in the tree, and so will override the above */
[data-jp-theme-scrollbars='true'] .CodeMirror-hscrollbar,
[data-jp-theme-scrollbars='true'] .CodeMirror-vscrollbar {
  scrollbar-color: rgba(var(--jp-scrollbar-thumb-color), 0.5) transparent;
}

/* tiny scrollbar */

.jp-scrollbar-tiny {
  scrollbar-color: rgba(var(--jp-scrollbar-thumb-color), 0.5) transparent;
  scrollbar-width: thin;
}

/* tiny scrollbar */

.jp-scrollbar-tiny::-webkit-scrollbar,
.jp-scrollbar-tiny::-webkit-scrollbar-corner {
  background-color: transparent;
  height: 4px;
  width: 4px;
}

.jp-scrollbar-tiny::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
  background: rgba(var(--jp-scrollbar-thumb-color), 0.5);
}

.jp-scrollbar-tiny::-webkit-scrollbar-track:horizontal {
  border-left: 0 solid transparent;
  border-right: 0 solid transparent;
}

.jp-scrollbar-tiny::-webkit-scrollbar-track:vertical {
  border-top: 0 solid transparent;
  border-bottom: 0 solid transparent;
}

/*
 * Lumino
 */

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] {
  min-height: 16px;
  max-height: 16px;
  min-width: 45px;
  border-top: 1px solid #a0a0a0;
}

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='vertical'] {
  min-width: 16px;
  max-width: 16px;
  min-height: 45px;
  border-left: 1px solid #a0a0a0;
}

.lm-ScrollBar-button {
  background-color: #f0f0f0;
  background-position: center center;
  min-height: 15px;
  max-height: 15px;
  min-width: 15px;
  max-width: 15px;
}

.lm-ScrollBar-button:hover {
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}

.lm-ScrollBar-button.lm-mod-active {
  background-color: #cdcdcd;
}

.lm-ScrollBar-track {
  background: #f0f0f0;
}

.lm-ScrollBar-thumb {
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}

.lm-ScrollBar-thumb:hover {
  background: #bababa;
}

.lm-ScrollBar-thumb.lm-mod-active {
  background: #a0a0a0;
}

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] .lm-ScrollBar-thumb {
  height: 100%;
  min-width: 15px;
  border-left: 1px solid #a0a0a0;
  border-right: 1px solid #a0a0a0;
}

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='vertical'] .lm-ScrollBar-thumb {
  width: 100%;
  min-height: 15px;
  border-top: 1px solid #a0a0a0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #a0a0a0;
}

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='horizontal']
  .lm-ScrollBar-button[data-action='decrement'] {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-left);
  background-size: 17px;
}

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='horizontal']
  .lm-ScrollBar-button[data-action='increment'] {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-right);
  background-size: 17px;
}

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='vertical']
  .lm-ScrollBar-button[data-action='decrement'] {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-up);
  background-size: 17px;
}

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='vertical']
  .lm-ScrollBar-button[data-action='increment'] {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-down);
  background-size: 17px;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-Widget {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.lm-Widget.lm-mod-hidden {
  display: none !important;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

.lm-AccordionPanel[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .lm-AccordionPanel-title {
  /* Title is rotated for horizontal accordion panel using CSS */
  display: block;
  transform-origin: top left;
  transform: rotate(-90deg) translate(-100%);
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-CommandPalette {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-search {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-content {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  min-height: 0;
  overflow: auto;
  list-style-type: none;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-header {
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-itemIcon {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-itemContent {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-itemShortcut {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-itemLabel {
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
}

.lm-close-icon {
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  background-color: transparent;
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 1;
  right: 3%;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  margin: auto;
  padding: 7px 0;
  display: none;
  vertical-align: middle;
  outline: 0;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.lm-close-icon:after {
  content: 'X';
  display: block;
  width: 15px;
  height: 15px;
  text-align: center;
  color: #000;
  font-weight: normal;
  font-size: 12px;
  cursor: pointer;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-DockPanel {
  z-index: 0;
}

.lm-DockPanel-widget {
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}

.lm-DockPanel-tabBar {
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}

.lm-DockPanel-handle {
  z-index: 2;
}

.lm-DockPanel-handle.lm-mod-hidden {
  display: none !important;
}

.lm-DockPanel-handle:after {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  content: '';
}

.lm-DockPanel-handle[data-orientation='horizontal'] {
  cursor: ew-resize;
}

.lm-DockPanel-handle[data-orientation='vertical'] {
  cursor: ns-resize;
}

.lm-DockPanel-handle[data-orientation='horizontal']:after {
  left: 50%;
  min-width: 8px;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
}

.lm-DockPanel-handle[data-orientation='vertical']:after {
  top: 50%;
  min-height: 8px;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
}

.lm-DockPanel-overlay {
  z-index: 3;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  pointer-events: none;
}

.lm-DockPanel-overlay.lm-mod-hidden {
  display: none !important;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-Menu {
  z-index: 10000;
  position: absolute;
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  overflow-y: auto;
  outline: none;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

.lm-Menu-content {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: table;
  list-style-type: none;
}

.lm-Menu-item {
  display: table-row;
}

.lm-Menu-item.lm-mod-hidden,
.lm-Menu-item.lm-mod-collapsed {
  display: none !important;
}

.lm-Menu-itemIcon,
.lm-Menu-itemSubmenuIcon {
  display: table-cell;
  text-align: center;
}

.lm-Menu-itemLabel {
  display: table-cell;
  text-align: left;
}

.lm-Menu-itemShortcut {
  display: table-cell;
  text-align: right;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-MenuBar {
  outline: none;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

.lm-MenuBar-content {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  list-style-type: none;
}

.lm-MenuBar-item {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.lm-MenuBar-itemIcon,
.lm-MenuBar-itemLabel {
  display: inline-block;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-ScrollBar {
  display: flex;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] {
  flex-direction: row;
}

.lm-ScrollBar[data-orientation='vertical'] {
  flex-direction: column;
}

.lm-ScrollBar-button {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.lm-ScrollBar-track {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}

.lm-ScrollBar-thumb {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  position: absolute;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-SplitPanel-child {
  z-index: 0;
}

.lm-SplitPanel-handle {
  z-index: 1;
}

.lm-SplitPanel-handle.lm-mod-hidden {
  display: none !important;
}

.lm-SplitPanel-handle:after {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  content: '';
}

.lm-SplitPanel[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .lm-SplitPanel-handle {
  cursor: ew-resize;
}

.lm-SplitPanel[data-orientation='vertical'] > .lm-SplitPanel-handle {
  cursor: ns-resize;
}

.lm-SplitPanel[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .lm-SplitPanel-handle:after {
  left: 50%;
  min-width: 8px;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
}

.lm-SplitPanel[data-orientation='vertical'] > .lm-SplitPanel-handle:after {
  top: 50%;
  min-height: 8px;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-TabBar {
  display: flex;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

.lm-TabBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] {
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: flex-end;
}

.lm-TabBar[data-orientation='vertical'] {
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: flex-end;
}

.lm-TabBar-content {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  list-style-type: none;
}

.lm-TabBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .lm-TabBar-content {
  flex-direction: row;
}

.lm-TabBar[data-orientation='vertical'] > .lm-TabBar-content {
  flex-direction: column;
}

.lm-TabBar-tab {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  overflow: hidden;
  touch-action: none; /* Disable native Drag/Drop */
}

.lm-TabBar-tabIcon,
.lm-TabBar-tabCloseIcon {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.lm-TabBar-tabLabel {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.lm-TabBar-tabInput {
  user-select: all;
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.lm-TabBar-tab.lm-mod-hidden {
  display: none !important;
}

.lm-TabBar-addButton.lm-mod-hidden {
  display: none !important;
}

.lm-TabBar.lm-mod-dragging .lm-TabBar-tab {
  position: relative;
}

.lm-TabBar.lm-mod-dragging[data-orientation='horizontal'] .lm-TabBar-tab {
  left: 0;
  transition: left 150ms ease;
}

.lm-TabBar.lm-mod-dragging[data-orientation='vertical'] .lm-TabBar-tab {
  top: 0;
  transition: top 150ms ease;
}

.lm-TabBar.lm-mod-dragging .lm-TabBar-tab.lm-mod-dragging {
  transition: none;
}

.lm-TabBar-tabLabel .lm-TabBar-tabInput {
  user-select: all;
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  background: inherit;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-TabPanel-tabBar {
  z-index: 1;
}

.lm-TabPanel-stackedPanel {
  z-index: 0;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Collapse {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: stretch;
}

.jp-Collapse-header {
  padding: 1px 12px;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  border-bottom: solid var(--jp-border-width) var(--jp-border-color2);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  cursor: pointer;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size0);
  font-weight: 600;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  user-select: none;
}

.jp-Collapser-icon {
  height: 16px;
}

.jp-Collapse-header-collapsed .jp-Collapser-icon {
  transform: rotate(-90deg);
  margin: auto 0;
}

.jp-Collapser-title {
  line-height: 25px;
}

.jp-Collapse-contents {
  padding: 0 12px;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  overflow: auto;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* This file was auto-generated by ensureUiComponents() in @jupyterlab/buildutils */

/**
 * (DEPRECATED) Support for consuming icons as CSS background images
 */

/* Icons urls */

:root {
  --jp-icon-add-above: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-add-below: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-add: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDI0IDI0Ij4KICA8ZyBjbGFzcz0ianAtaWNvbjMiIGZpbGw9IiM2MTYxNjEiPgogICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTE5IDEzaC02djZoLTJ2LTZINXYtMmg2VjVoMnY2aDZ2MnoiLz4KICA8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPgo=);
  --jp-icon-bell: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDE2IDE2IiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiPgogICA8cGF0aCBjbGFzcz0ianAtaWNvbjIganAtaWNvbi1zZWxlY3RhYmxlIiBmaWxsPSIjMzMzMzMzIgogICAgICBkPSJtOCAwLjI5Yy0xLjQgMC0yLjcgMC43My0zLjYgMS44LTEuMiAxLjUtMS40IDMuNC0xLjUgNS4yLTAuMTggMi4yLTAuNDQgNC0yLjMgNS4zbDAuMjggMS4zaDVjMC4wMjYgMC42NiAwLjMyIDEuMSAwLjcxIDEuNSAwLjg0IDAuNjEgMiAwLjYxIDIuOCAwIDAuNTItMC40IDAuNi0xIDAuNzEtMS41aDVsMC4yOC0xLjNjLTEuOS0wLjk3LTIuMi0zLjMtMi4zLTUuMy0wLjEzLTEuOC0wLjI2LTMuNy0xLjUtNS4yLTAuODUtMS0yLjItMS44LTMuNi0xLjh6bTAgMS40YzAuODggMCAxLjkgMC41NSAyLjUgMS4zIDAuODggMS4xIDEuMSAyLjcgMS4yIDQuNCAwLjEzIDEuNyAwLjIzIDMuNiAxLjMgNS4yaC0xMGMxLjEtMS42IDEuMi0zLjQgMS4zLTUuMiAwLjEzLTEuNyAwLjMtMy4zIDEuMi00LjQgMC41OS0wLjcyIDEuNi0xLjMgMi41LTEuM3ptLTAuNzQgMTJoMS41Yy0wLjAwMTUgMC4yOCAwLjAxNSAwLjc5LTAuNzQgMC43OS0wLjczIDAuMDAxNi0wLjcyLTAuNTMtMC43NC0wLjc5eiIgLz4KPC9zdmc+Cg==);
  --jp-icon-bug-dot: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-bug: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-build: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-caret-down-empty-thin: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDIwIDIwIj4KCTxnIGNsYXNzPSJqcC1pY29uMyIgZmlsbD0iIzYxNjE2MSIgc2hhcGUtcmVuZGVyaW5nPSJnZW9tZXRyaWNQcmVjaXNpb24iPgoJCTxwb2x5Z29uIGNsYXNzPSJzdDEiIHBvaW50cz0iOS45LDEzLjYgMy42LDcuNCA0LjQsNi42IDkuOSwxMi4yIDE1LjQsNi43IDE2LjEsNy40ICIvPgoJPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4K);
  --jp-icon-caret-down-empty: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDE4IDE4Ij4KICA8ZyBjbGFzcz0ianAtaWNvbjMiIGZpbGw9IiM2MTYxNjEiIHNoYXBlLXJlbmRlcmluZz0iZ2VvbWV0cmljUHJlY2lzaW9uIj4KICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik01LjIsNS45TDksOS43bDMuOC0zLjhsMS4yLDEuMmwtNC45LDVsLTQuOS01TDUuMiw1Ljl6Ii8+CiAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4K);
  --jp-icon-caret-down: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDE4IDE4Ij4KICA8ZyBjbGFzcz0ianAtaWNvbjMiIGZpbGw9IiM2MTYxNjEiIHNoYXBlLXJlbmRlcmluZz0iZ2VvbWV0cmljUHJlY2lzaW9uIj4KICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik01LjIsNy41TDksMTEuMmwzLjgtMy44SDUuMnoiLz4KICA8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPgo=);
  --jp-icon-caret-left: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDE4IDE4Ij4KCTxnIGNsYXNzPSJqcC1pY29uMyIgZmlsbD0iIzYxNjE2MSIgc2hhcGUtcmVuZGVyaW5nPSJnZW9tZXRyaWNQcmVjaXNpb24iPgoJCTxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xMC44LDEyLjhMNy4xLDlsMy44LTMuOGwwLDcuNkgxMC44eiIvPgogIDwvZz4KPC9zdmc+Cg==);
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  --jp-icon-python: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-r-kernel: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-react: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-redo: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNCAyNCIgd2lkdGg9IjE2Ij4KICA8ZyBjbGFzcz0ianAtaWNvbjMiIGZpbGw9IiM2MTYxNjEiPgogICAgICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNMCAwaDI0djI0SDB6IiBmaWxsPSJub25lIi8+PHBhdGggZD0iTTE4LjQgMTAuNkMxNi41NSA4Ljk5IDE0LjE1IDggMTEuNSA4Yy00LjY1IDAtOC41OCAzLjAzLTkuOTYgNy4yMkwzLjkgMTZjMS4wNS0zLjE5IDQuMDUtNS41IDcuNi01LjUgMS45NSAwIDMuNzMuNzIgNS4xMiAxLjg4TDEzIDE2aDlWN2wtMy42IDMuNnoiLz4KICA8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPgo=);
  --jp-icon-refresh: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDE4IDE4Ij4KICAgIDxnIGNsYXNzPSJqcC1pY29uMyIgZmlsbD0iIzYxNjE2MSI+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTkgMTMuNWMtMi40OSAwLTQuNS0yLjAxLTQuNS00LjVTNi41MSA0LjUgOSA0LjVjMS4yNCAwIDIuMzYuNTIgMy4xNyAxLjMzTDEwIDhoNVYzbC0xLjc2IDEuNzZDMTIuMTUgMy42OCAxMC42NiAzIDkgMyA1LjY5IDMgMy4wMSA1LjY5IDMuMDEgOVM1LjY5IDE1IDkgMTVjMi45NyAwIDUuNDMtMi4xNiA1LjktNWgtMS41MmMtLjQ2IDItMi4yNCAzLjUtNC4zOCAzLjV6Ii8+CiAgICA8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPgo=);
  --jp-icon-regex: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-run: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjI0IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQgMjQiIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KICAgIDxnIGNsYXNzPSJqcC1pY29uMyIgZmlsbD0iIzYxNjE2MSI+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTggNXYxNGwxMS03eiIvPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4K);
  --jp-icon-running: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDUxMiA1MTIiPgogIDxnIGNsYXNzPSJqcC1pY29uMyIgZmlsbD0iIzYxNjE2MSI+CiAgICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNMjU2IDhDMTE5IDggOCAxMTkgOCAyNTZzMTExIDI0OCAyNDggMjQ4IDI0OC0xMTEgMjQ4LTI0OFMzOTMgOCAyNTYgOHptOTYgMzI4YzAgOC44LTcuMiAxNi0xNiAxNkgxNzZjLTguOCAwLTE2LTcuMi0xNi0xNlYxNzZjMC04LjggNy4yLTE2IDE2LTE2aDE2MGM4LjggMCAxNiA3LjIgMTYgMTZ2MTYweiIvPgogIDwvZz4KPC9zdmc+Cg==);
  --jp-icon-save: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjI0IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQgMjQiIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KICAgIDxnIGNsYXNzPSJqcC1pY29uMyIgZmlsbD0iIzYxNjE2MSI+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTE3IDNINWMtMS4xMSAwLTIgLjktMiAydjE0YzAgMS4xLjg5IDIgMiAyaDE0YzEuMSAwIDItLjkgMi0yVjdsLTQtNHptLTUgMTZjLTEuNjYgMC0zLTEuMzQtMy0zczEuMzQtMyAzLTMgMyAxLjM0IDMgMy0xLjM0IDMtMyAzem0zLTEwSDVWNWgxMHY0eiIvPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4K);
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  --jp-icon-toc: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-tree-view: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjI0IiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQgMjQiIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KICAgIDxnIGNsYXNzPSJqcC1pY29uMyIgZmlsbD0iIzYxNjE2MSI+CiAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTAgMGgyNHYyNEgweiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIvPgogICAgICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0yMiAxMVYzaC03djNIOVYzSDJ2OGg3VjhoMnYxMGg0djNoN3YtOGgtN3YzaC0yVjhoMnYzeiIvPgogICAgPC9nPgo8L3N2Zz4K);
  --jp-icon-trusted: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-undo: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQgMjQiIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KICA8ZyBjbGFzcz0ianAtaWNvbjMiIGZpbGw9IiM2MTYxNjEiPgogICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTEyLjUgOGMtMi42NSAwLTUuMDUuOTktNi45IDIuNkwyIDd2OWg5bC0zLjYyLTMuNjJjMS4zOS0xLjE2IDMuMTYtMS44OCA1LjEyLTEuODggMy41NCAwIDYuNTUgMi4zMSA3LjYgNS41bDIuMzctLjc4QzIxLjA4IDExLjAzIDE3LjE1IDggMTIuNSA4eiIvPgogIDwvZz4KPC9zdmc+Cg==);
  --jp-icon-user: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTYiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNCAyNCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KICA8ZyBjbGFzcz0ianAtaWNvbjMiIGZpbGw9IiM2MTYxNjEiPgogICAgPHBhdGggZD0iTTE2IDdhNCA0IDAgMTEtOCAwIDQgNCAwIDAxOCAwek0xMiAxNGE3IDcgMCAwMC03IDdoMTRhNyA3IDAgMDAtNy03eiIvPgogIDwvZz4KPC9zdmc+Cg==);
  --jp-icon-users: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-vega: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxNiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDIyIDIyIj4KICA8ZyBjbGFzcz0ianAtaWNvbjEganAtaWNvbi1zZWxlY3RhYmxlIiBmaWxsPSIjMjEyMTIxIj4KICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xMC42IDUuNGwyLjItMy4ySDIuMnY3LjNsNC02LjZ6Ii8+CiAgICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNMTUuOCAyLjJsLTQuNCA2LjZMNyA2LjNsLTQuOCA4djUuNWgxNy42VjIuMmgtNHptLTcgMTUuNEg1LjV2LTQuNGgzLjN2NC40em00LjQgMEg5LjhWOS44aDMuNHY3Ljh6bTQuNCAwaC0zLjRWNi41aDMuNHYxMS4xeiIvPgogIDwvZz4KPC9zdmc+Cg==);
  --jp-icon-word: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
  --jp-icon-yaml: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);
}

/* Icon CSS class declarations */

.jp-AddAboveIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-add-above);
}

.jp-AddBelowIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-add-below);
}

.jp-AddIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-add);
}

.jp-BellIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-bell);
}

.jp-BugDotIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-bug-dot);
}

.jp-BugIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-bug);
}

.jp-BuildIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-build);
}

.jp-CaretDownEmptyIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-down-empty);
}

.jp-CaretDownEmptyThinIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-down-empty-thin);
}

.jp-CaretDownIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-down);
}

.jp-CaretLeftIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-left);
}

.jp-CaretRightIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-right);
}

.jp-CaretUpEmptyThinIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-up-empty-thin);
}

.jp-CaretUpIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-up);
}

.jp-CaseSensitiveIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-case-sensitive);
}

.jp-CheckIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-check);
}

.jp-CircleEmptyIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-circle-empty);
}

.jp-CircleIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-circle);
}

.jp-ClearIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-clear);
}

.jp-CloseIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-close);
}

.jp-CodeCheckIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-code-check);
}

.jp-CodeIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-code);
}

.jp-CollapseAllIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-collapse-all);
}

.jp-ConsoleIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-console);
}

.jp-CopyIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-copy);
}

.jp-CopyrightIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-copyright);
}

.jp-CutIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-cut);
}

.jp-DeleteIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-delete);
}

.jp-DownloadIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-download);
}

.jp-DuplicateIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-duplicate);
}

.jp-EditIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-edit);
}

.jp-EllipsesIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-ellipses);
}

.jp-ErrorIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-error);
}

.jp-ExpandAllIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-expand-all);
}

.jp-ExtensionIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-extension);
}

.jp-FastForwardIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-fast-forward);
}

.jp-FileIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-file);
}

.jp-FileUploadIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-file-upload);
}

.jp-FilterDotIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-filter-dot);
}

.jp-FilterIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-filter);
}

.jp-FilterListIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-filter-list);
}

.jp-FolderFavoriteIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-folder-favorite);
}

.jp-FolderIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-folder);
}

.jp-HomeIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-home);
}

.jp-Html5Icon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-html5);
}

.jp-ImageIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-image);
}

.jp-InfoIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-info);
}

.jp-InspectorIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-inspector);
}

.jp-JsonIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-json);
}

.jp-JuliaIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-julia);
}

.jp-JupyterFaviconIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-jupyter-favicon);
}

.jp-JupyterIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-jupyter);
}

.jp-JupyterlabWordmarkIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-jupyterlab-wordmark);
}

.jp-KernelIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-kernel);
}

.jp-KeyboardIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-keyboard);
}

.jp-LaunchIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-launch);
}

.jp-LauncherIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-launcher);
}

.jp-LineFormIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-line-form);
}

.jp-LinkIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-link);
}

.jp-ListIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-list);
}

.jp-MarkdownIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-markdown);
}

.jp-MoveDownIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-move-down);
}

.jp-MoveUpIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-move-up);
}

.jp-NewFolderIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-new-folder);
}

.jp-NotTrustedIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-not-trusted);
}

.jp-NotebookIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-notebook);
}

.jp-NumberingIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-numbering);
}

.jp-OfflineBoltIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-offline-bolt);
}

.jp-PaletteIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-palette);
}

.jp-PasteIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-paste);
}

.jp-PdfIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-pdf);
}

.jp-PythonIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-python);
}

.jp-RKernelIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-r-kernel);
}

.jp-ReactIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-react);
}

.jp-RedoIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-redo);
}

.jp-RefreshIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-refresh);
}

.jp-RegexIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-regex);
}

.jp-RunIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-run);
}

.jp-RunningIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-running);
}

.jp-SaveIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-save);
}

.jp-SearchIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-search);
}

.jp-SettingsIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-settings);
}

.jp-ShareIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-share);
}

.jp-SpreadsheetIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-spreadsheet);
}

.jp-StopIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-stop);
}

.jp-TabIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-tab);
}

.jp-TableRowsIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-table-rows);
}

.jp-TagIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-tag);
}

.jp-TerminalIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-terminal);
}

.jp-TextEditorIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-text-editor);
}

.jp-TocIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-toc);
}

.jp-TreeViewIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-tree-view);
}

.jp-TrustedIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-trusted);
}

.jp-UndoIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-undo);
}

.jp-UserIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-user);
}

.jp-UsersIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-users);
}

.jp-VegaIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-vega);
}

.jp-WordIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-word);
}

.jp-YamlIcon {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-yaml);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/**
 * (DEPRECATED) Support for consuming icons as CSS background images
 */

.jp-Icon,
.jp-MaterialIcon {
  background-position: center;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-size: 16px;
  min-width: 16px;
  min-height: 16px;
}

.jp-Icon-cover {
  background-position: center;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-size: cover;
}

/**
 * (DEPRECATED) Support for specific CSS icon sizes
 */

.jp-Icon-16 {
  background-size: 16px;
  min-width: 16px;
  min-height: 16px;
}

.jp-Icon-18 {
  background-size: 18px;
  min-width: 18px;
  min-height: 18px;
}

.jp-Icon-20 {
  background-size: 20px;
  min-width: 20px;
  min-height: 20px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-TabBar .lm-TabBar-addButton {
  align-items: center;
  display: flex;
  padding: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 5px;
  margin-right: 1px;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.lm-TabBar .lm-TabBar-addButton:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.lm-DockPanel-tabBar .lm-TabBar-tab {
  width: var(--jp-private-horizontal-tab-width);
}

.lm-DockPanel-tabBar .lm-TabBar-content {
  flex: unset;
}

.lm-DockPanel-tabBar[data-orientation='horizontal'] {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/**
 * Support for icons as inline SVG HTMLElements
 */

/* recolor the primary elements of an icon */
.jp-icon0[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon1[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon2[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon3[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon4[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color4);
}

.jp-icon0[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon1[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon2[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon3[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon4[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color4);
}

/* recolor the accent elements of an icon */
.jp-icon-accent0[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-accent1[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-accent2[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-accent3[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-accent4[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color4);
}

.jp-icon-accent0[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-accent1[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-accent2[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-accent3[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-accent4[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color4);
}

/* set the color of an icon to transparent */
.jp-icon-none[fill] {
  fill: none;
}

.jp-icon-none[stroke] {
  stroke: none;
}

/* brand icon colors. Same for light and dark */
.jp-icon-brand0[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-brand-color0);
}

.jp-icon-brand1[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

.jp-icon-brand2[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-brand-color2);
}

.jp-icon-brand3[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-brand-color3);
}

.jp-icon-brand4[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-brand-color4);
}

.jp-icon-brand0[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-brand-color0);
}

.jp-icon-brand1[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

.jp-icon-brand2[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-brand-color2);
}

.jp-icon-brand3[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-brand-color3);
}

.jp-icon-brand4[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-brand-color4);
}

/* warn icon colors. Same for light and dark */
.jp-icon-warn0[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-warn-color0);
}

.jp-icon-warn1[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-warn-color1);
}

.jp-icon-warn2[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-warn-color2);
}

.jp-icon-warn3[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-warn-color3);
}

.jp-icon-warn0[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-warn-color0);
}

.jp-icon-warn1[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-warn-color1);
}

.jp-icon-warn2[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-warn-color2);
}

.jp-icon-warn3[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-warn-color3);
}

/* icon colors that contrast well with each other and most backgrounds */
.jp-icon-contrast0[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-icon-contrast-color0);
}

.jp-icon-contrast1[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-icon-contrast-color1);
}

.jp-icon-contrast2[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-icon-contrast-color2);
}

.jp-icon-contrast3[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-icon-contrast-color3);
}

.jp-icon-contrast0[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-icon-contrast-color0);
}

.jp-icon-contrast1[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-icon-contrast-color1);
}

.jp-icon-contrast2[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-icon-contrast-color2);
}

.jp-icon-contrast3[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-icon-contrast-color3);
}

.jp-icon-dot[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-warn-color0);
}

.jp-jupyter-icon-color[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-jupyter-icon-color, var(--jp-warn-color0));
}

.jp-notebook-icon-color[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-notebook-icon-color, var(--jp-warn-color0));
}

.jp-json-icon-color[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-json-icon-color, var(--jp-warn-color1));
}

.jp-console-icon-color[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-console-icon-color, white);
}

.jp-console-icon-background-color[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-console-icon-background-color, var(--jp-brand-color1));
}

.jp-terminal-icon-color[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-terminal-icon-color, var(--jp-layout-color2));
}

.jp-terminal-icon-background-color[fill] {
  fill: var(
    --jp-terminal-icon-background-color,
    var(--jp-inverse-layout-color2)
  );
}

.jp-text-editor-icon-color[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-text-editor-icon-color, var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3));
}

.jp-inspector-icon-color[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inspector-icon-color, var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3));
}

/* CSS for icons in selected filebrowser listing items */
.jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-selected .jp-icon-selectable[fill] {
  fill: #fff;
}

.jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-selected .jp-icon-selectable-inverse[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

/* stylelint-disable selector-max-class, selector-max-compound-selectors */

/**
* TODO: come up with non css-hack solution for showing the busy icon on top
*  of the close icon
* CSS for complex behavior of close icon of tabs in the main area tabbar
*/
.lm-DockPanel-tabBar
  .lm-TabBar-tab.lm-mod-closable.jp-mod-dirty
  > .lm-TabBar-tabCloseIcon
  > :not(:hover)
  > .jp-icon3[fill] {
  fill: none;
}

.lm-DockPanel-tabBar
  .lm-TabBar-tab.lm-mod-closable.jp-mod-dirty
  > .lm-TabBar-tabCloseIcon
  > :not(:hover)
  > .jp-icon-busy[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

/* stylelint-enable selector-max-class, selector-max-compound-selectors */

/* CSS for icons in status bar */
#jp-main-statusbar .jp-mod-selected .jp-icon-selectable[fill] {
  fill: #fff;
}

#jp-main-statusbar .jp-mod-selected .jp-icon-selectable-inverse[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

/* special handling for splash icon CSS. While the theme CSS reloads during
   splash, the splash icon can loose theming. To prevent that, we set a
   default for its color variable */
:root {
  --jp-warn-color0: var(--md-orange-700);
}

/* not sure what to do with this one, used in filebrowser listing */
.jp-DragIcon {
  margin-right: 4px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/**
 * Support for alt colors for icons as inline SVG HTMLElements
 */

/* alt recolor the primary elements of an icon */
.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon0[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon1[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon2[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon3[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon4[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color4);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon0[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon1[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon2[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon3[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon4[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color4);
}

/* alt recolor the accent elements of an icon */
.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent0[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent1[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent2[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent3[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent4[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color4);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent0[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent1[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent2[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent3[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-alt .jp-icon-accent4[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color4);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-icon-hoverShow:not(:hover) .jp-icon-hoverShow-content {
  display: none !important;
}

/**
 * Support for hover colors for icons as inline SVG HTMLElements
 */

/**
 * regular colors
 */

/* recolor the primary elements of an icon */
.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon0-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon1-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon2-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon3-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon4-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color4);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon0-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon1-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon2-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon3-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon4-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color4);
}

/* recolor the accent elements of an icon */
.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent0-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent1-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent2-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent3-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent4-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color4);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent0-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent1-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent2-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent3-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-accent4-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color4);
}

/* set the color of an icon to transparent */
.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-none-hover[fill] {
  fill: none;
}

.jp-icon-hover :hover .jp-icon-none-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: none;
}

/**
 * inverse colors
 */

/* inverse recolor the primary elements of an icon */
.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon0-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon1-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon2-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon3-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon4-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color4);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon0-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon1-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon2-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon3-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon4-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-layout-color4);
}

/* inverse recolor the accent elements of an icon */
.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent0-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent1-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent2-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent3-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent4-hover[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color4);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent0-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent1-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent2-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color2);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent3-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-icon-hover.jp-icon-alt :hover .jp-icon-accent4-hover[stroke] {
  stroke: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color4);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-IFrame {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

.jp-IFrame > iframe {
  border: none;
}

/*
When drag events occur, `lm-mod-override-cursor` is added to the body.
Because iframes steal all cursor events, the following two rules are necessary
to suppress pointer events while resize drags are occurring. There may be a
better solution to this problem.
*/
body.lm-mod-override-cursor .jp-IFrame {
  position: relative;
}

body.lm-mod-override-cursor .jp-IFrame::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  background: transparent;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) 2014-2016, Jupyter Development Team.
|
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-HoverBox {
  position: fixed;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-FormGroup-content fieldset {
  border: none;
  padding: 0;
  min-width: 0;
  width: 100%;
}

/* stylelint-disable selector-max-type */

.jp-FormGroup-content fieldset .jp-inputFieldWrapper input,
.jp-FormGroup-content fieldset .jp-inputFieldWrapper select,
.jp-FormGroup-content fieldset .jp-inputFieldWrapper textarea {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size2);
  border-color: var(--jp-input-border-color);
  border-style: solid;
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
  border-width: 1px;
  padding: 6px 8px;
  background: none;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  height: inherit;
}

.jp-FormGroup-content fieldset input[type='checkbox'] {
  position: relative;
  top: 2px;
  margin-left: 0;
}

.jp-FormGroup-content button.jp-mod-styled {
  cursor: pointer;
}

.jp-FormGroup-content .checkbox label {
  cursor: pointer;
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size1);
}

.jp-FormGroup-content .jp-root > fieldset > legend {
  display: none;
}

.jp-FormGroup-content .jp-root > fieldset > p {
  display: none;
}

/** copy of `input.jp-mod-styled:focus` style */
.jp-FormGroup-content fieldset input:focus,
.jp-FormGroup-content fieldset select:focus {
  -moz-outline-radius: unset;
  outline: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--md-blue-500);
  outline-offset: -1px;
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 4px var(--md-blue-300);
}

.jp-FormGroup-content fieldset input:hover:not(:focus),
.jp-FormGroup-content fieldset select:hover:not(:focus) {
  background-color: var(--jp-border-color2);
}

/* stylelint-enable selector-max-type */

.jp-FormGroup-content .checkbox .field-description {
  /* Disable default description field for checkbox:
   because other widgets do not have description fields,
   we add descriptions to each widget on the field level.
  */
  display: none;
}

.jp-FormGroup-content #root__description {
  display: none;
}

.jp-FormGroup-content .jp-modifiedIndicator {
  width: 5px;
  background-color: var(--jp-brand-color2);
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-left: calc(var(--jp-private-settingeditor-modifier-indent) * -1);
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.jp-FormGroup-content .jp-modifiedIndicator.jp-errorIndicator {
  background-color: var(--jp-error-color0);
  margin-right: 0.5em;
}

/* RJSF ARRAY style */

.jp-arrayFieldWrapper legend {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size2);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  flex-basis: 100%;
  padding: 4px 0;
  font-weight: var(--jp-content-heading-font-weight);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--jp-border-color2);
}

.jp-arrayFieldWrapper .field-description {
  padding: 4px 0;
  white-space: pre-wrap;
}

.jp-arrayFieldWrapper .array-item {
  width: 100%;
  border: 1px solid var(--jp-border-color2);
  border-radius: 4px;
  margin: 4px;
}

.jp-ArrayOperations {
  display: flex;
  margin-left: 8px;
}

.jp-ArrayOperationsButton {
  margin: 2px;
}

.jp-ArrayOperationsButton .jp-icon3[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
}

button.jp-ArrayOperationsButton.jp-mod-styled:disabled {
  cursor: not-allowed;
  opacity: 0.5;
}

/* RJSF form validation error */

.jp-FormGroup-content .validationErrors {
  color: var(--jp-error-color0);
}

/* Hide panel level error as duplicated the field level error */
.jp-FormGroup-content .panel.errors {
  display: none;
}

/* RJSF normal content (settings-editor) */

.jp-FormGroup-contentNormal {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentNormal .jp-FormGroup-contentItem {
  margin-left: 7px;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentNormal .jp-FormGroup-description {
  flex-basis: 100%;
  padding: 4px 7px;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentNormal .jp-FormGroup-default {
  flex-basis: 100%;
  padding: 4px 7px;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentNormal .jp-FormGroup-fieldLabel {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size1);
  font-weight: normal;
  min-width: 120px;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentNormal fieldset:not(:first-child) {
  margin-left: 7px;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentNormal .field-array-of-string .array-item {
  /* Display `jp-ArrayOperations` buttons side-by-side with content except
    for small screens where flex-wrap will place them one below the other.
  */
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentNormal .jp-objectFieldWrapper .form-group {
  padding: 2px 8px 2px var(--jp-private-settingeditor-modifier-indent);
  margin-top: 2px;
}

/* RJSF compact content (metadata-form) */

.jp-FormGroup-content.jp-FormGroup-contentCompact {
  width: 100%;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentCompact .form-group {
  display: flex;
  padding: 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em 0;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentCompact
  .jp-FormGroup-compactTitle
  .jp-FormGroup-description {
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentCompact .jp-FormGroup-fieldLabel {
  padding-bottom: 0.3em;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentCompact .jp-inputFieldWrapper .form-control {
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentCompact .jp-arrayFieldWrapper .jp-FormGroup-compactTitle {
  padding-bottom: 7px;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentCompact
  .jp-objectFieldWrapper
  .jp-objectFieldWrapper
  .form-group {
  padding: 2px 8px 2px var(--jp-private-settingeditor-modifier-indent);
  margin-top: 2px;
}

.jp-FormGroup-contentCompact ul.error-detail {
  margin-block-start: 0.5em;
  margin-block-end: 0.5em;
  padding-inline-start: 1em;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

.jp-SidePanel {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  min-width: var(--jp-sidebar-min-width);
  overflow-y: auto;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
}

.jp-SidePanel-header {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  display: flex;
  border-bottom: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color2);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size0);
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 1px;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 2px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.jp-SidePanel-toolbar {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.jp-SidePanel-content {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}

.jp-SidePanel-toolbar,
.jp-AccordionPanel-toolbar {
  height: var(--jp-private-toolbar-height);
}

.jp-SidePanel-toolbar.jp-Toolbar-micro {
  display: none;
}

.lm-AccordionPanel .jp-AccordionPanel-title {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  line-height: 25px;
  margin: 0;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  border-bottom: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-toolbar-border-color);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-toolbar-box-shadow);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size0);
}

.jp-AccordionPanel-title {
  cursor: pointer;
  user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.lm-AccordionPanel[data-orientation='horizontal'] > .jp-AccordionPanel-title {
  /* Title is rotated for horizontal accordion panel using CSS */
  display: block;
  transform-origin: top left;
  transform: rotate(-90deg) translate(-100%);
}

.jp-AccordionPanel-title .lm-AccordionPanel-titleLabel {
  user-select: none;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.jp-AccordionPanel-title .lm-AccordionPanel-titleCollapser {
  transform: rotate(-90deg);
  margin: auto 0;
  height: 16px;
}

.jp-AccordionPanel-title.lm-mod-expanded .lm-AccordionPanel-titleCollapser {
  transform: rotate(0deg);
}

.lm-AccordionPanel .jp-AccordionPanel-toolbar {
  background: none;
  box-shadow: none;
  border: none;
  margin-left: auto;
}

.lm-AccordionPanel .lm-SplitPanel-handle:hover {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-text-truncated {
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) 2017, Jupyter Development Team.
|
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Spinner {
  position: absolute;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  z-index: 10;
  left: 0;
  top: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  background: var(--jp-layout-color0);
  outline: none;
}

.jp-SpinnerContent {
  font-size: 10px;
  margin: 50px auto;
  text-indent: -9999em;
  width: 3em;
  height: 3em;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--jp-brand-color3);
  background: linear-gradient(
    to right,
    #f37626 10%,
    rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 42%
  );
  position: relative;
  animation: load3 1s infinite linear, fadeIn 1s;
}

.jp-SpinnerContent::before {
  width: 50%;
  height: 50%;
  background: #f37626;
  border-radius: 100% 0 0;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  content: '';
}

.jp-SpinnerContent::after {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color0);
  width: 75%;
  height: 75%;
  border-radius: 50%;
  content: '';
  margin: auto;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0;
}

@keyframes fadeIn {
  0% {
    opacity: 0;
  }

  100% {
    opacity: 1;
  }
}

@keyframes load3 {
  0% {
    transform: rotate(0deg);
  }

  100% {
    transform: rotate(360deg);
  }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, Jupyter Development Team.
|
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

button.jp-mod-styled {
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  border: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  text-align: center;
  line-height: 32px;
  height: 32px;
  padding: 0 12px;
  letter-spacing: 0.8px;
  outline: none;
  appearance: none;
  -webkit-appearance: none;
  -moz-appearance: none;
}

input.jp-mod-styled {
  background: var(--jp-input-background);
  height: 28px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color1);
  padding-left: 7px;
  padding-right: 7px;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size2);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  outline: none;
  appearance: none;
  -webkit-appearance: none;
  -moz-appearance: none;
}

input[type='checkbox'].jp-mod-styled {
  appearance: checkbox;
  -webkit-appearance: checkbox;
  -moz-appearance: checkbox;
  height: auto;
}

input.jp-mod-styled:focus {
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--md-blue-500);
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 4px var(--md-blue-300);
}

.jp-select-wrapper {
  display: flex;
  position: relative;
  flex-direction: column;
  padding: 1px;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  box-sizing: border-box;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.jp-select-wrapper:not(.multiple) {
  height: 28px;
}

.jp-select-wrapper.jp-mod-focused select.jp-mod-styled {
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-input-active-border-color);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-input-box-shadow);
  background-color: var(--jp-input-active-background);
}

select.jp-mod-styled:hover {
  cursor: pointer;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  background-color: var(--jp-input-hover-background);
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
}

select.jp-mod-styled {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  width: 100%;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size2);
  background: var(--jp-input-background);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  padding: 0 25px 0 8px;
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-input-border-color);
  border-radius: 0;
  outline: none;
  appearance: none;
  -webkit-appearance: none;
  -moz-appearance: none;
}

select.jp-mod-styled:not([multiple]) {
  height: 32px;
}

select.jp-mod-styled[multiple] {
  max-height: 200px;
  overflow-y: auto;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-switch {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  background-color: transparent;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  border: none;
  height: 20px;
}

.jp-switch:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-switch-label {
  margin-right: 5px;
  font-family: var(--jp-ui-font-family);
}

.jp-switch-track {
  cursor: pointer;
  background-color: var(--jp-switch-color, var(--jp-border-color1));
  -webkit-transition: 0.4s;
  transition: 0.4s;
  border-radius: 34px;
  height: 16px;
  width: 35px;
  position: relative;
}

.jp-switch-track::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  height: 10px;
  width: 10px;
  margin: 3px;
  left: 0;
  background-color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color1);
  -webkit-transition: 0.4s;
  transition: 0.4s;
  border-radius: 50%;
}

.jp-switch[aria-checked='true'] .jp-switch-track {
  background-color: var(--jp-switch-true-position-color, var(--jp-warn-color0));
}

.jp-switch[aria-checked='true'] .jp-switch-track::before {
  /* track width (35) - margins (3 + 3) - thumb width (10) */
  left: 19px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) 2014-2016, Jupyter Development Team.
|
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

:root {
  --jp-private-toolbar-height: calc(
    28px + var(--jp-border-width)
  ); /* leave 28px for content */
}

.jp-Toolbar {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  border-bottom: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-toolbar-border-color);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-toolbar-box-shadow);
  background: var(--jp-toolbar-background);
  min-height: var(--jp-toolbar-micro-height);
  padding: 2px;
  z-index: 8;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

/* Toolbar items */

.jp-Toolbar > .jp-Toolbar-item.jp-Toolbar-spacer {
  flex-grow: 1;
  flex-shrink: 1;
}

.jp-Toolbar-item.jp-Toolbar-kernelStatus {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 32px;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: center;
  background-size: 16px;
}

.jp-Toolbar > .jp-Toolbar-item {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  display: flex;
  padding-left: 1px;
  padding-right: 1px;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  line-height: var(--jp-private-toolbar-height);
  height: 100%;
}

/* Toolbar buttons */

/* This is the div we use to wrap the react component into a Widget */
div.jp-ToolbarButton {
  color: transparent;
  border: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  outline: none;
  appearance: none;
  -webkit-appearance: none;
  -moz-appearance: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

button.jp-ToolbarButtonComponent {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  border: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  outline: none;
  appearance: none;
  -webkit-appearance: none;
  -moz-appearance: none;
  padding: 0 6px;
  margin: 0;
  height: 24px;
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 14px;
  min-width: unset;
  min-height: unset;
}

button.jp-ToolbarButtonComponent:disabled {
  opacity: 0.4;
}

button.jp-ToolbarButtonComponent > span {
  padding: 0;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

button.jp-ToolbarButtonComponent .jp-ToolbarButtonComponent-label {
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  line-height: 100%;
  padding-left: 2px;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  font-family: var(--jp-ui-font-family);
}

#jp-main-dock-panel[data-mode='single-document']
  .jp-MainAreaWidget
  > .jp-Toolbar.jp-Toolbar-micro {
  padding: 0;
  min-height: 0;
}

#jp-main-dock-panel[data-mode='single-document']
  .jp-MainAreaWidget
  > .jp-Toolbar {
  border: none;
  box-shadow: none;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

.jp-WindowedPanel-outer {
  position: relative;
  overflow-y: auto;
}

.jp-WindowedPanel-inner {
  position: relative;
}

.jp-WindowedPanel-window {
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  overflow: visible;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* Sibling imports */

body {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
}

/* Disable native link decoration styles everywhere outside of dialog boxes */
a {
  text-decoration: unset;
  color: unset;
}

a:hover {
  text-decoration: unset;
  color: unset;
}

/* Accessibility for links inside dialog box text */
.jp-Dialog-content a {
  text-decoration: revert;
  color: var(--jp-content-link-color);
}

.jp-Dialog-content a:hover {
  text-decoration: revert;
}

/* Styles for ui-components */
.jp-Button {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
  padding: 0 12px;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);

  /* Copy from blueprint 3 */
  display: inline-flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: left;
  vertical-align: middle;
  min-height: 30px;
  min-width: 30px;
}

.jp-Button:disabled {
  cursor: not-allowed;
}

.jp-Button:empty {
  padding: 0 !important;
}

.jp-Button.jp-mod-small {
  min-height: 24px;
  min-width: 24px;
  font-size: 12px;
  padding: 0 7px;
}

/* Use our own theme for hover styles */
.jp-Button.jp-mod-minimal:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-Button.jp-mod-minimal {
  background: none;
}

.jp-InputGroup {
  display: block;
  position: relative;
}

.jp-InputGroup input {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border: none;
  border-radius: 0;
  background-color: transparent;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 var(--jp-border-width) var(--jp-input-border-color);
  padding-bottom: 0;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-left: 10px;
  padding-right: 28px;
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  -webkit-appearance: none;
  -moz-appearance: none;
  appearance: none;
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 400;
  height: 30px;
  line-height: 30px;
  outline: none;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

.jp-InputGroup input:focus {
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 var(--jp-border-width)
      var(--jp-input-active-box-shadow-color),
    inset 0 0 0 3px var(--jp-input-active-box-shadow-color);
}

.jp-InputGroup input:disabled {
  cursor: not-allowed;
  resize: block;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
}

.jp-InputGroup input:disabled ~ span {
  cursor: not-allowed;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
}

.jp-InputGroup input::placeholder,
input::placeholder {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
}

.jp-InputGroupAction {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 1px;
  right: 0;
  padding: 6px;
}

.jp-HTMLSelect.jp-DefaultStyle select {
  background-color: initial;
  border: none;
  border-radius: 0;
  box-shadow: none;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  display: block;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  font-family: var(--jp-ui-font-family);
  height: 24px;
  line-height: 14px;
  padding: 0 25px 0 10px;
  text-align: left;
  -moz-appearance: none;
  -webkit-appearance: none;
}

.jp-HTMLSelect.jp-DefaultStyle select:disabled {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
  cursor: not-allowed;
  resize: block;
}

.jp-HTMLSelect.jp-DefaultStyle select:disabled ~ span {
  cursor: not-allowed;
}

/* Use our own theme for hover and option styles */
/* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-type */
.jp-HTMLSelect.jp-DefaultStyle select:hover,
.jp-HTMLSelect.jp-DefaultStyle select > option {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
}

select {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Styles
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-StatusBar-Widget {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  background: var(--jp-layout-color2);
  min-height: var(--jp-statusbar-height);
  justify-content: space-between;
  padding: 0 10px;
}

.jp-StatusBar-Left {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-direction: row;
}

.jp-StatusBar-Middle {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
}

.jp-StatusBar-Right {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
}

.jp-StatusBar-Item {
  max-height: var(--jp-statusbar-height);
  margin: 0 2px;
  height: var(--jp-statusbar-height);
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  padding: 0 6px;
}

.jp-mod-highlighted:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-mod-clicked {
  background-color: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

.jp-mod-clicked:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-brand-color0);
}

.jp-mod-clicked .jp-StatusBar-TextItem {
  color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color1);
}

.jp-StatusBar-HoverItem {
  box-shadow: '0px 4px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25)';
}

.jp-StatusBar-TextItem {
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  font-family: var(--jp-ui-font-family);
  line-height: 24px;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
}

.jp-StatusBar-GroupItem {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-direction: row;
}

.jp-Statusbar-ProgressCircle svg {
  display: block;
  margin: 0 auto;
  width: 16px;
  height: 24px;
  align-self: normal;
}

.jp-Statusbar-ProgressCircle path {
  fill: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-Statusbar-ProgressBar-progress-bar {
  height: 10px;
  width: 100px;
  border: solid 0.25px var(--jp-brand-color2);
  border-radius: 3px;
  overflow: hidden;
  align-self: center;
}

.jp-Statusbar-ProgressBar-progress-bar > div {
  background-color: var(--jp-brand-color2);
  background-image: linear-gradient(
    -45deg,
    rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2) 25%,
    transparent 25%,
    transparent 50%,
    rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2) 50%,
    rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2) 75%,
    transparent 75%,
    transparent
  );
  background-size: 40px 40px;
  float: left;
  width: 0%;
  height: 100%;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 14px;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  animation: jp-Statusbar-ExecutionTime-progress-bar 2s linear infinite;
}

.jp-Statusbar-ProgressBar-progress-bar p {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  font-family: var(--jp-ui-font-family);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  line-height: 10px;
  width: 100px;
}

@keyframes jp-Statusbar-ExecutionTime-progress-bar {
  0% {
    background-position: 0 0;
  }

  100% {
    background-position: 40px 40px;
  }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Variables
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

:root {
  --jp-private-commandpalette-search-height: 28px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Overall styles
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-CommandPalette {
  padding-bottom: 0;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  background: var(--jp-layout-color1);

  /* This is needed so that all font sizing of children done in ems is
   * relative to this base size */
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Modal variant
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-ModalCommandPalette {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 10000;
  top: 38px;
  left: 30%;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 4px;
  width: 40%;
  box-shadow: var(--jp-elevation-z4);
  border-radius: 4px;
  background: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-ModalCommandPalette .lm-CommandPalette {
  max-height: 40vh;
}

.jp-ModalCommandPalette .lm-CommandPalette .lm-close-icon::after {
  display: none;
}

.jp-ModalCommandPalette .lm-CommandPalette .lm-CommandPalette-header {
  display: none;
}

.jp-ModalCommandPalette .lm-CommandPalette .lm-CommandPalette-item {
  margin-left: 4px;
  margin-right: 4px;
}

.jp-ModalCommandPalette
  .lm-CommandPalette
  .lm-CommandPalette-item.lm-mod-disabled {
  display: none;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Search
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-CommandPalette-search {
  padding: 4px;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  z-index: 2;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-wrapper {
  overflow: overlay;
  padding: 0 9px;
  background-color: var(--jp-input-active-background);
  height: 30px;
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 var(--jp-border-width) var(--jp-input-border-color);
}

.lm-CommandPalette.lm-mod-focused .lm-CommandPalette-wrapper {
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--jp-input-active-box-shadow-color),
    inset 0 0 0 3px var(--jp-input-active-box-shadow-color);
}

.jp-SearchIconGroup {
  color: white;
  background-color: var(--jp-brand-color1);
  position: absolute;
  top: 4px;
  right: 4px;
  padding: 5px 5px 1px;
}

.jp-SearchIconGroup svg {
  height: 20px;
  width: 20px;
}

.jp-SearchIconGroup .jp-icon3[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-input {
  background: transparent;
  width: calc(100% - 18px);
  float: left;
  border: none;
  outline: none;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  line-height: var(--jp-private-commandpalette-search-height);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-input::-webkit-input-placeholder,
.lm-CommandPalette-input::-moz-placeholder,
.lm-CommandPalette-input:-ms-input-placeholder {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Results
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-CommandPalette-header:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-header {
  border-bottom: solid var(--jp-border-width) var(--jp-border-color2);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  cursor: pointer;
  display: flex;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size0);
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 1px;
  margin-top: 8px;
  padding: 8px 0 8px 12px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-header.lm-mod-active {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-header > mark {
  background-color: transparent;
  font-weight: bold;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item {
  padding: 4px 12px 4px 4px;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  font-weight: 400;
  display: flex;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item.lm-mod-disabled {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item.lm-mod-active {
  color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color1);
  background: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item.lm-mod-active .lm-CommandPalette-itemLabel > mark {
  color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color0);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item.lm-mod-active .jp-icon-selectable[fill] {
  fill: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item.lm-mod-active:hover:not(.lm-mod-disabled) {
  color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color1);
  background: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item:hover:not(.lm-mod-active):not(.lm-mod-disabled) {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-itemContent {
  overflow: hidden;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-itemLabel > mark {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  background-color: transparent;
  font-weight: bold;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item.lm-mod-disabled mark {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item .lm-CommandPalette-itemIcon {
  margin: 0 4px 0 0;
  position: relative;
  width: 16px;
  top: 2px;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item.lm-mod-disabled .lm-CommandPalette-itemIcon {
  opacity: 0.6;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-item .lm-CommandPalette-itemShortcut {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-itemCaption {
  display: none;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-content {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.lm-CommandPalette-content:empty::after {
  content: 'No results';
  margin: auto;
  margin-top: 20px;
  width: 100px;
  display: block;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size2);
  font-family: var(--jp-ui-font-family);
  font-weight: lighter;
}

.lm-CommandPalette-emptyMessage {
  text-align: center;
  margin-top: 24px;
  line-height: 1.32;
  padding: 0 8px;
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color3);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, Jupyter Development Team.
|
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Dialog {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 10000;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  background: var(--jp-dialog-background);
}

.jp-Dialog-content {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  padding: 24px 24px 12px;
  min-width: 300px;
  min-height: 150px;
  max-width: 1000px;
  max-height: 500px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  box-shadow: var(--jp-elevation-z20);
  word-wrap: break-word;
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);

  /* This is needed so that all font sizing of children done in ems is
   * relative to this base size */
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  resize: both;
}

.jp-Dialog-content.jp-Dialog-content-small {
  max-width: 500px;
}

.jp-Dialog-button {
  overflow: visible;
}

button.jp-Dialog-button:focus {
  outline: 1px solid var(--jp-brand-color1);
  outline-offset: 4px;
  -moz-outline-radius: 0;
}

button.jp-Dialog-button:focus::-moz-focus-inner {
  border: 0;
}

button.jp-Dialog-button.jp-mod-styled.jp-mod-accept:focus,
button.jp-Dialog-button.jp-mod-styled.jp-mod-warn:focus,
button.jp-Dialog-button.jp-mod-styled.jp-mod-reject:focus {
  outline-offset: 4px;
  -moz-outline-radius: 0;
}

button.jp-Dialog-button.jp-mod-styled.jp-mod-accept:focus {
  outline: 1px solid var(--jp-accept-color-normal, var(--jp-brand-color1));
}

button.jp-Dialog-button.jp-mod-styled.jp-mod-warn:focus {
  outline: 1px solid var(--jp-warn-color-normal, var(--jp-error-color1));
}

button.jp-Dialog-button.jp-mod-styled.jp-mod-reject:focus {
  outline: 1px solid var(--jp-reject-color-normal, var(--md-grey-600));
}

button.jp-Dialog-close-button {
  padding: 0;
  height: 100%;
  min-width: unset;
  min-height: unset;
}

.jp-Dialog-header {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  padding-bottom: 12px;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size3);
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
}

.jp-Dialog-body {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  overflow: auto;
}

.jp-Dialog-footer {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  align-items: center;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  margin-left: -12px;
  margin-right: -12px;
  padding: 12px;
}

.jp-Dialog-checkbox {
  padding-right: 5px;
}

.jp-Dialog-checkbox > input:focus-visible {
  outline: 1px solid var(--jp-input-active-border-color);
  outline-offset: 1px;
}

.jp-Dialog-spacer {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}

.jp-Dialog-title {
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
}

.jp-Dialog-body > .jp-select-wrapper {
  width: 100%;
}

.jp-Dialog-body > button {
  padding: 0 16px;
}

.jp-Dialog-body > label {
  line-height: 1.4;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
}

.jp-Dialog-button.jp-mod-styled:not(:last-child) {
  margin-right: 12px;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

.jp-Input-Boolean-Dialog {
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
  align-items: end;
  width: 100%;
}

.jp-Input-Boolean-Dialog > label {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) 2014-2016, Jupyter Development Team.
|
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-MainAreaWidget > :focus {
  outline: none;
}

.jp-MainAreaWidget .jp-MainAreaWidget-error {
  padding: 6px;
}

.jp-MainAreaWidget .jp-MainAreaWidget-error > pre {
  width: auto;
  padding: 10px;
  background: var(--jp-error-color3);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-error-color1);
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  white-space: pre-wrap;
  word-wrap: break-word;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/**
 * google-material-color v1.2.6
 * https://github.com/danlevan/google-material-color
 */
:root {
  --md-red-50: #ffebee;
  --md-red-100: #ffcdd2;
  --md-red-200: #ef9a9a;
  --md-red-300: #e57373;
  --md-red-400: #ef5350;
  --md-red-500: #f44336;
  --md-red-600: #e53935;
  --md-red-700: #d32f2f;
  --md-red-800: #c62828;
  --md-red-900: #b71c1c;
  --md-red-A100: #ff8a80;
  --md-red-A200: #ff5252;
  --md-red-A400: #ff1744;
  --md-red-A700: #d50000;
  --md-pink-50: #fce4ec;
  --md-pink-100: #f8bbd0;
  --md-pink-200: #f48fb1;
  --md-pink-300: #f06292;
  --md-pink-400: #ec407a;
  --md-pink-500: #e91e63;
  --md-pink-600: #d81b60;
  --md-pink-700: #c2185b;
  --md-pink-800: #ad1457;
  --md-pink-900: #880e4f;
  --md-pink-A100: #ff80ab;
  --md-pink-A200: #ff4081;
  --md-pink-A400: #f50057;
  --md-pink-A700: #c51162;
  --md-purple-50: #f3e5f5;
  --md-purple-100: #e1bee7;
  --md-purple-200: #ce93d8;
  --md-purple-300: #ba68c8;
  --md-purple-400: #ab47bc;
  --md-purple-500: #9c27b0;
  --md-purple-600: #8e24aa;
  --md-purple-700: #7b1fa2;
  --md-purple-800: #6a1b9a;
  --md-purple-900: #4a148c;
  --md-purple-A100: #ea80fc;
  --md-purple-A200: #e040fb;
  --md-purple-A400: #d500f9;
  --md-purple-A700: #a0f;
  --md-deep-purple-50: #ede7f6;
  --md-deep-purple-100: #d1c4e9;
  --md-deep-purple-200: #b39ddb;
  --md-deep-purple-300: #9575cd;
  --md-deep-purple-400: #7e57c2;
  --md-deep-purple-500: #673ab7;
  --md-deep-purple-600: #5e35b1;
  --md-deep-purple-700: #512da8;
  --md-deep-purple-800: #4527a0;
  --md-deep-purple-900: #311b92;
  --md-deep-purple-A100: #b388ff;
  --md-deep-purple-A200: #7c4dff;
  --md-deep-purple-A400: #651fff;
  --md-deep-purple-A700: #6200ea;
  --md-indigo-50: #e8eaf6;
  --md-indigo-100: #c5cae9;
  --md-indigo-200: #9fa8da;
  --md-indigo-300: #7986cb;
  --md-indigo-400: #5c6bc0;
  --md-indigo-500: #3f51b5;
  --md-indigo-600: #3949ab;
  --md-indigo-700: #303f9f;
  --md-indigo-800: #283593;
  --md-indigo-900: #1a237e;
  --md-indigo-A100: #8c9eff;
  --md-indigo-A200: #536dfe;
  --md-indigo-A400: #3d5afe;
  --md-indigo-A700: #304ffe;
  --md-blue-50: #e3f2fd;
  --md-blue-100: #bbdefb;
  --md-blue-200: #90caf9;
  --md-blue-300: #64b5f6;
  --md-blue-400: #42a5f5;
  --md-blue-500: #2196f3;
  --md-blue-600: #1e88e5;
  --md-blue-700: #1976d2;
  --md-blue-800: #1565c0;
  --md-blue-900: #0d47a1;
  --md-blue-A100: #82b1ff;
  --md-blue-A200: #448aff;
  --md-blue-A400: #2979ff;
  --md-blue-A700: #2962ff;
  --md-light-blue-50: #e1f5fe;
  --md-light-blue-100: #b3e5fc;
  --md-light-blue-200: #81d4fa;
  --md-light-blue-300: #4fc3f7;
  --md-light-blue-400: #29b6f6;
  --md-light-blue-500: #03a9f4;
  --md-light-blue-600: #039be5;
  --md-light-blue-700: #0288d1;
  --md-light-blue-800: #0277bd;
  --md-light-blue-900: #01579b;
  --md-light-blue-A100: #80d8ff;
  --md-light-blue-A200: #40c4ff;
  --md-light-blue-A400: #00b0ff;
  --md-light-blue-A700: #0091ea;
  --md-cyan-50: #e0f7fa;
  --md-cyan-100: #b2ebf2;
  --md-cyan-200: #80deea;
  --md-cyan-300: #4dd0e1;
  --md-cyan-400: #26c6da;
  --md-cyan-500: #00bcd4;
  --md-cyan-600: #00acc1;
  --md-cyan-700: #0097a7;
  --md-cyan-800: #00838f;
  --md-cyan-900: #006064;
  --md-cyan-A100: #84ffff;
  --md-cyan-A200: #18ffff;
  --md-cyan-A400: #00e5ff;
  --md-cyan-A700: #00b8d4;
  --md-teal-50: #e0f2f1;
  --md-teal-100: #b2dfdb;
  --md-teal-200: #80cbc4;
  --md-teal-300: #4db6ac;
  --md-teal-400: #26a69a;
  --md-teal-500: #009688;
  --md-teal-600: #00897b;
  --md-teal-700: #00796b;
  --md-teal-800: #00695c;
  --md-teal-900: #004d40;
  --md-teal-A100: #a7ffeb;
  --md-teal-A200: #64ffda;
  --md-teal-A400: #1de9b6;
  --md-teal-A700: #00bfa5;
  --md-green-50: #e8f5e9;
  --md-green-100: #c8e6c9;
  --md-green-200: #a5d6a7;
  --md-green-300: #81c784;
  --md-green-400: #66bb6a;
  --md-green-500: #4caf50;
  --md-green-600: #43a047;
  --md-green-700: #388e3c;
  --md-green-800: #2e7d32;
  --md-green-900: #1b5e20;
  --md-green-A100: #b9f6ca;
  --md-green-A200: #69f0ae;
  --md-green-A400: #00e676;
  --md-green-A700: #00c853;
  --md-light-green-50: #f1f8e9;
  --md-light-green-100: #dcedc8;
  --md-light-green-200: #c5e1a5;
  --md-light-green-300: #aed581;
  --md-light-green-400: #9ccc65;
  --md-light-green-500: #8bc34a;
  --md-light-green-600: #7cb342;
  --md-light-green-700: #689f38;
  --md-light-green-800: #558b2f;
  --md-light-green-900: #33691e;
  --md-light-green-A100: #ccff90;
  --md-light-green-A200: #b2ff59;
  --md-light-green-A400: #76ff03;
  --md-light-green-A700: #64dd17;
  --md-lime-50: #f9fbe7;
  --md-lime-100: #f0f4c3;
  --md-lime-200: #e6ee9c;
  --md-lime-300: #dce775;
  --md-lime-400: #d4e157;
  --md-lime-500: #cddc39;
  --md-lime-600: #c0ca33;
  --md-lime-700: #afb42b;
  --md-lime-800: #9e9d24;
  --md-lime-900: #827717;
  --md-lime-A100: #f4ff81;
  --md-lime-A200: #eeff41;
  --md-lime-A400: #c6ff00;
  --md-lime-A700: #aeea00;
  --md-yellow-50: #fffde7;
  --md-yellow-100: #fff9c4;
  --md-yellow-200: #fff59d;
  --md-yellow-300: #fff176;
  --md-yellow-400: #ffee58;
  --md-yellow-500: #ffeb3b;
  --md-yellow-600: #fdd835;
  --md-yellow-700: #fbc02d;
  --md-yellow-800: #f9a825;
  --md-yellow-900: #f57f17;
  --md-yellow-A100: #ffff8d;
  --md-yellow-A200: #ff0;
  --md-yellow-A400: #ffea00;
  --md-yellow-A700: #ffd600;
  --md-amber-50: #fff8e1;
  --md-amber-100: #ffecb3;
  --md-amber-200: #ffe082;
  --md-amber-300: #ffd54f;
  --md-amber-400: #ffca28;
  --md-amber-500: #ffc107;
  --md-amber-600: #ffb300;
  --md-amber-700: #ffa000;
  --md-amber-800: #ff8f00;
  --md-amber-900: #ff6f00;
  --md-amber-A100: #ffe57f;
  --md-amber-A200: #ffd740;
  --md-amber-A400: #ffc400;
  --md-amber-A700: #ffab00;
  --md-orange-50: #fff3e0;
  --md-orange-100: #ffe0b2;
  --md-orange-200: #ffcc80;
  --md-orange-300: #ffb74d;
  --md-orange-400: #ffa726;
  --md-orange-500: #ff9800;
  --md-orange-600: #fb8c00;
  --md-orange-700: #f57c00;
  --md-orange-800: #ef6c00;
  --md-orange-900: #e65100;
  --md-orange-A100: #ffd180;
  --md-orange-A200: #ffab40;
  --md-orange-A400: #ff9100;
  --md-orange-A700: #ff6d00;
  --md-deep-orange-50: #fbe9e7;
  --md-deep-orange-100: #ffccbc;
  --md-deep-orange-200: #ffab91;
  --md-deep-orange-300: #ff8a65;
  --md-deep-orange-400: #ff7043;
  --md-deep-orange-500: #ff5722;
  --md-deep-orange-600: #f4511e;
  --md-deep-orange-700: #e64a19;
  --md-deep-orange-800: #d84315;
  --md-deep-orange-900: #bf360c;
  --md-deep-orange-A100: #ff9e80;
  --md-deep-orange-A200: #ff6e40;
  --md-deep-orange-A400: #ff3d00;
  --md-deep-orange-A700: #dd2c00;
  --md-brown-50: #efebe9;
  --md-brown-100: #d7ccc8;
  --md-brown-200: #bcaaa4;
  --md-brown-300: #a1887f;
  --md-brown-400: #8d6e63;
  --md-brown-500: #795548;
  --md-brown-600: #6d4c41;
  --md-brown-700: #5d4037;
  --md-brown-800: #4e342e;
  --md-brown-900: #3e2723;
  --md-grey-50: #fafafa;
  --md-grey-100: #f5f5f5;
  --md-grey-200: #eee;
  --md-grey-300: #e0e0e0;
  --md-grey-400: #bdbdbd;
  --md-grey-500: #9e9e9e;
  --md-grey-600: #757575;
  --md-grey-700: #616161;
  --md-grey-800: #424242;
  --md-grey-900: #212121;
  --md-blue-grey-50: #eceff1;
  --md-blue-grey-100: #cfd8dc;
  --md-blue-grey-200: #b0bec5;
  --md-blue-grey-300: #90a4ae;
  --md-blue-grey-400: #78909c;
  --md-blue-grey-500: #607d8b;
  --md-blue-grey-600: #546e7a;
  --md-blue-grey-700: #455a64;
  --md-blue-grey-800: #37474f;
  --md-blue-grey-900: #263238;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, Jupyter Development Team.
|
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| RenderedText
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

:root {
  /* This is the padding value to fill the gaps between lines containing spans with background color. */
  --jp-private-code-span-padding: calc(
    (var(--jp-code-line-height) - 1) * var(--jp-code-font-size) / 2
  );
}

.jp-RenderedText {
  text-align: left;
  padding-left: var(--jp-code-padding);
  line-height: var(--jp-code-line-height);
  font-family: var(--jp-code-font-family);
}

.jp-RenderedText pre,
.jp-RenderedJavaScript pre,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon pre {
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color1);
  font-size: var(--jp-code-font-size);
  border: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre a:link {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--jp-content-link-color);
}

.jp-RenderedText pre a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: var(--jp-content-link-color);
}

.jp-RenderedText pre a:visited {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--jp-content-link-color);
}

/* console foregrounds and backgrounds */
.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-black-fg {
  color: #3e424d;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-red-fg {
  color: #e75c58;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-green-fg {
  color: #00a250;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-yellow-fg {
  color: #ddb62b;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-blue-fg {
  color: #208ffb;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-magenta-fg {
  color: #d160c4;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-cyan-fg {
  color: #60c6c8;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-white-fg {
  color: #c5c1b4;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-black-bg {
  background-color: #3e424d;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-red-bg {
  background-color: #e75c58;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-green-bg {
  background-color: #00a250;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-yellow-bg {
  background-color: #ddb62b;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-blue-bg {
  background-color: #208ffb;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-magenta-bg {
  background-color: #d160c4;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-cyan-bg {
  background-color: #60c6c8;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-white-bg {
  background-color: #c5c1b4;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-black-intense-fg {
  color: #282c36;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-red-intense-fg {
  color: #b22b31;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-green-intense-fg {
  color: #007427;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-yellow-intense-fg {
  color: #b27d12;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-blue-intense-fg {
  color: #0065ca;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-magenta-intense-fg {
  color: #a03196;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-cyan-intense-fg {
  color: #258f8f;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-white-intense-fg {
  color: #a1a6b2;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-black-intense-bg {
  background-color: #282c36;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-red-intense-bg {
  background-color: #b22b31;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-green-intense-bg {
  background-color: #007427;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-yellow-intense-bg {
  background-color: #b27d12;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-blue-intense-bg {
  background-color: #0065ca;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-magenta-intense-bg {
  background-color: #a03196;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-cyan-intense-bg {
  background-color: #258f8f;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-white-intense-bg {
  background-color: #a1a6b2;
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-default-inverse-fg {
  color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color0);
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-default-inverse-bg {
  background-color: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
  padding: var(--jp-private-code-span-padding) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

.jp-RenderedText pre .ansi-underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.jp-RenderedText[data-mime-type='application/vnd.jupyter.stderr'] {
  background: var(--jp-rendermime-error-background);
  padding-top: var(--jp-code-padding);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| RenderedLatex
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-RenderedLatex {
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color1);
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size1);
  line-height: var(--jp-content-line-height);
}

/* Left-justify outputs.*/
.jp-OutputArea-output.jp-RenderedLatex {
  padding: var(--jp-code-padding);
  text-align: left;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| RenderedHTML
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon {
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color1);
  font-family: var(--jp-content-font-family);
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size1);
  line-height: var(--jp-content-line-height);

  /* Give a bit more R padding on Markdown text to keep line lengths reasonable */
  padding-right: 20px;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon em {
  font-style: italic;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon strong {
  font-weight: bold;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon u {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon a:link {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--jp-content-link-color);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: var(--jp-content-link-color);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon a:visited {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--jp-content-link-color);
}

/* Headings */

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h1,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h2,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h3,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h4,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h5,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h6 {
  line-height: var(--jp-content-heading-line-height);
  font-weight: var(--jp-content-heading-font-weight);
  font-style: normal;
  margin: var(--jp-content-heading-margin-top) 0
    var(--jp-content-heading-margin-bottom) 0;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h1:first-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h2:first-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h3:first-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h4:first-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h5:first-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h6:first-child {
  margin-top: calc(0.5 * var(--jp-content-heading-margin-top));
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h1:last-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h2:last-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h3:last-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h4:last-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h5:last-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h6:last-child {
  margin-bottom: calc(0.5 * var(--jp-content-heading-margin-bottom));
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h1 {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size5);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h2 {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size4);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h3 {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size3);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h4 {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size2);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h5 {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size1);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon h6 {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size0);
}

/* Lists */

/* stylelint-disable selector-max-type, selector-max-compound-selectors */

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul:not(.list-inline),
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol:not(.list-inline) {
  padding-left: 2em;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul {
  list-style: disc;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul ul {
  list-style: square;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul ul ul {
  list-style: circle;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol {
  list-style: decimal;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol ol {
  list-style: upper-alpha;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol ol ol {
  list-style: lower-alpha;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol ol ol ol {
  list-style: lower-roman;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol ol ol ol ol {
  list-style: decimal;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul {
  margin-bottom: 1em;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul ul,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ul ol,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol ul,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon ol ol {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* stylelint-enable selector-max-type, selector-max-compound-selectors */

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon hr {
  color: var(--jp-border-color2);
  background-color: var(--jp-border-color1);
  margin-top: 1em;
  margin-bottom: 1em;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon > pre {
  margin: 1.5em 2em;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon pre,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon code {
  border: 0;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color0);
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color1);
  font-family: var(--jp-code-font-family);
  font-size: inherit;
  line-height: var(--jp-code-line-height);
  padding: 0;
  white-space: pre-wrap;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon :not(pre) > code {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
  padding: 1px 5px;
}

/* Tables */

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table {
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border-spacing: 0;
  border: none;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  table-layout: fixed;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-bottom: 1em;
  margin-right: auto;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon thead {
  border-bottom: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color1);
  vertical-align: bottom;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon td,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon th,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon tr {
  vertical-align: middle;
  padding: 0.5em;
  line-height: normal;
  white-space: normal;
  max-width: none;
  border: none;
}

.jp-RenderedMarkdown.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon td,
.jp-RenderedMarkdown.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon th {
  max-width: none;
}

:not(.jp-RenderedMarkdown).jp-RenderedHTMLCommon td,
:not(.jp-RenderedMarkdown).jp-RenderedHTMLCommon th,
:not(.jp-RenderedMarkdown).jp-RenderedHTMLCommon tr {
  text-align: right;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon th {
  font-weight: bold;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon tbody tr:nth-child(odd) {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon tbody tr:nth-child(even) {
  background: var(--jp-rendermime-table-row-background);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon tbody tr:hover {
  background: var(--jp-rendermime-table-row-hover-background);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon p {
  text-align: left;
  margin: 0;
  margin-bottom: 1em;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img {
  -moz-force-broken-image-icon: 1;
}

/* Restrict to direct children as other images could be nested in other content. */
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon > img {
  display: block;
  margin-left: 0;
  margin-right: 0;
  margin-bottom: 1em;
}

/* Change color behind transparent images if they need it... */
[data-jp-theme-light='false'] .jp-RenderedImage img.jp-needs-light-background {
  background-color: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

[data-jp-theme-light='true'] .jp-RenderedImage img.jp-needs-dark-background {
  background-color: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img,
.jp-RenderedImage img,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon svg,
.jp-RenderedSVG svg {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon img.jp-mod-unconfined,
.jp-RenderedImage img.jp-mod-unconfined,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon svg.jp-mod-unconfined,
.jp-RenderedSVG svg.jp-mod-unconfined {
  max-width: none;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert {
  padding: var(--jp-notebook-padding);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid transparent;
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
  margin-bottom: 1em;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-info {
  color: var(--jp-info-color0);
  background-color: var(--jp-info-color3);
  border-color: var(--jp-info-color2);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-info hr {
  border-color: var(--jp-info-color3);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-info > p:last-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-info > ul:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-warning {
  color: var(--jp-warn-color0);
  background-color: var(--jp-warn-color3);
  border-color: var(--jp-warn-color2);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-warning hr {
  border-color: var(--jp-warn-color3);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-warning > p:last-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-warning > ul:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-success {
  color: var(--jp-success-color0);
  background-color: var(--jp-success-color3);
  border-color: var(--jp-success-color2);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-success hr {
  border-color: var(--jp-success-color3);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-success > p:last-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-success > ul:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-danger {
  color: var(--jp-error-color0);
  background-color: var(--jp-error-color3);
  border-color: var(--jp-error-color2);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-danger hr {
  border-color: var(--jp-error-color3);
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-danger > p:last-child,
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon .alert-danger > ul:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon blockquote {
  margin: 1em 2em;
  padding: 0 1em;
  border-left: 5px solid var(--jp-border-color2);
}

a.jp-InternalAnchorLink {
  visibility: hidden;
  margin-left: 8px;
  color: var(--md-blue-800);
}

h1:hover .jp-InternalAnchorLink,
h2:hover .jp-InternalAnchorLink,
h3:hover .jp-InternalAnchorLink,
h4:hover .jp-InternalAnchorLink,
h5:hover .jp-InternalAnchorLink,
h6:hover .jp-InternalAnchorLink {
  visibility: visible;
}

.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon kbd {
  background-color: var(--jp-rendermime-table-row-background);
  border: 1px solid var(--jp-border-color0);
  border-bottom-color: var(--jp-border-color2);
  border-radius: 3px;
  box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size0);
  line-height: 1em;
  padding: 0.2em 0.5em;
}

/* Most direct children of .jp-RenderedHTMLCommon have a margin-bottom of 1.0.
 * At the bottom of cells this is a bit too much as there is also spacing
 * between cells. Going all the way to 0 gets too tight between markdown and
 * code cells.
 */
.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon > *:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Copyright (c) 2014-2017, PhosphorJS Contributors
|
| Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
|
| The full license is in the file LICENSE, distributed with this software.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.lm-cursor-backdrop {
  position: fixed;
  width: 200px;
  height: 200px;
  margin-top: -100px;
  margin-left: -100px;
  will-change: transform;
  z-index: 100;
}

.lm-mod-drag-image {
  will-change: transform;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

.jp-lineFormSearch {
  padding: 4px 12px;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-toolbar-box-shadow);
  z-index: 2;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
}

.jp-lineFormCaption {
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size0);
  line-height: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  margin-top: 4px;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
}

.jp-baseLineForm {
  border: none;
  border-radius: 0;
  position: absolute;
  background-size: 16px;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: center;
  outline: none;
}

.jp-lineFormButtonContainer {
  top: 4px;
  right: 8px;
  height: 24px;
  padding: 0 12px;
  width: 12px;
}

.jp-lineFormButtonIcon {
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  background-color: var(--jp-brand-color1);
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  padding: 4px 6px;
}

.jp-lineFormButton {
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  background-color: transparent;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.jp-lineFormWrapper {
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0 8px;
  border: 1px solid var(--jp-border-color0);
  background-color: var(--jp-input-active-background);
  height: 22px;
}

.jp-lineFormWrapperFocusWithin {
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--md-blue-500);
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 4px var(--md-blue-300);
}

.jp-lineFormInput {
  background: transparent;
  width: 200px;
  height: 100%;
  border: none;
  outline: none;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  line-height: 28px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) 2014-2016, Jupyter Development Team.
|
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-JSONEditor {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  width: 100%;
}

.jp-JSONEditor-host {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-input-border-color);
  border-radius: 0;
  background: var(--jp-layout-color0);
  min-height: 50px;
  padding: 1px;
}

.jp-JSONEditor.jp-mod-error .jp-JSONEditor-host {
  border-color: red;
  outline-color: red;
}

.jp-JSONEditor-header {
  display: flex;
  flex: 1 0 auto;
  padding: 0 0 0 12px;
}

.jp-JSONEditor-header label {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.jp-JSONEditor-commitButton {
  height: 16px;
  width: 16px;
  background-size: 18px;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: center;
}

.jp-JSONEditor-host.jp-mod-focused {
  background-color: var(--jp-input-active-background);
  border: 1px solid var(--jp-input-active-border-color);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-input-box-shadow);
}

.jp-Editor.jp-mod-dropTarget {
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-input-active-border-color);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-input-box-shadow);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
.jp-DocumentSearch-input {
  border: none;
  outline: none;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color0);
  font-family: var(--jp-ui-font-family);
  padding: 2px 1px;
  resize: none;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-overlay {
  position: absolute;
  background-color: var(--jp-toolbar-background);
  border-bottom: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-toolbar-border-color);
  border-left: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-toolbar-border-color);
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  z-index: 7;
  min-width: 405px;
  padding: 2px;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);

  --jp-private-document-search-button-height: 20px;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-overlay button {
  background-color: var(--jp-toolbar-background);
  outline: 0;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-overlay button:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-overlay button:active {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-overlay-row {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  margin-bottom: 2px;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-button-content {
  display: inline-block;
  cursor: pointer;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-button-content svg {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-input-wrapper {
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color0);
  display: flex;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color0);
  margin: 2px;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-input-wrapper:focus-within {
  border-color: var(--jp-cell-editor-active-border-color);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-toggle-wrapper,
.jp-DocumentSearch-button-wrapper {
  all: initial;
  overflow: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  border: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-toggle-wrapper {
  width: 14px;
  height: 14px;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-button-wrapper {
  width: var(--jp-private-document-search-button-height);
  height: var(--jp-private-document-search-button-height);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-toggle-wrapper:focus,
.jp-DocumentSearch-button-wrapper:focus {
  outline: var(--jp-border-width) solid
    var(--jp-cell-editor-active-border-color);
  outline-offset: -1px;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-toggle-wrapper,
.jp-DocumentSearch-button-wrapper,
.jp-DocumentSearch-button-content:focus {
  outline: none;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-toggle-placeholder {
  width: 5px;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-input-button::before {
  display: block;
  padding-top: 100%;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-input-button-off {
  opacity: var(--jp-search-toggle-off-opacity);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-input-button-off:hover {
  opacity: var(--jp-search-toggle-hover-opacity);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-input-button-on {
  opacity: var(--jp-search-toggle-on-opacity);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-index-counter {
  padding-left: 10px;
  padding-right: 10px;
  user-select: none;
  min-width: 35px;
  display: inline-block;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-up-down-wrapper {
  display: inline-block;
  padding-right: 2px;
  margin-left: auto;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-spacer {
  margin-left: auto;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-up-down-wrapper button {
  outline: 0;
  border: none;
  width: var(--jp-private-document-search-button-height);
  height: var(--jp-private-document-search-button-height);
  vertical-align: middle;
  margin: 1px 5px 2px;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-up-down-button:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-up-down-button:active {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-filter-button {
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-filter-button:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-filter-button-enabled {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-filter-button-enabled:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-search-options {
  padding: 0 8px;
  margin-left: 3px;
  width: 100%;
  display: grid;
  justify-content: start;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  align-items: center;
  justify-items: stretch;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-search-filter-disabled {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color2);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-search-filter {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  user-select: none;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-regex-error {
  color: var(--jp-error-color0);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-replace-button-wrapper {
  overflow: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color0);
  margin: auto 2px;
  padding: 1px 4px;
  height: calc(var(--jp-private-document-search-button-height) + 2px);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-replace-button-wrapper:focus {
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-cell-editor-active-border-color);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-replace-button {
  display: inline-block;
  text-align: center;
  cursor: pointer;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);

  /* height - 2 * (padding of wrapper) */
  line-height: calc(var(--jp-private-document-search-button-height) - 2px);
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-replace-button:focus {
  outline: none;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-replace-wrapper-class {
  margin-left: 14px;
  display: flex;
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-replace-toggle {
  border: none;
  background-color: var(--jp-toolbar-background);
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
}

.jp-DocumentSearch-replace-toggle:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.cm-editor {
  line-height: var(--jp-code-line-height);
  font-size: var(--jp-code-font-size);
  font-family: var(--jp-code-font-family);
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0;
  height: auto;

  /* Changed to auto to autogrow */
}

.cm-editor pre {
  padding: 0 var(--jp-code-padding);
}

.jp-CodeMirrorEditor[data-type='inline'] .cm-dialog {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color0);
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color1);
}

.jp-CodeMirrorEditor {
  cursor: text;
}

/* When zoomed out 67% and 33% on a screen of 1440 width x 900 height */
@media screen and (min-width: 2138px) and (max-width: 4319px) {
  .jp-CodeMirrorEditor[data-type='inline'] .cm-cursor {
    border-left: var(--jp-code-cursor-width1) solid
      var(--jp-editor-cursor-color);
  }
}

/* When zoomed out less than 33% */
@media screen and (min-width: 4320px) {
  .jp-CodeMirrorEditor[data-type='inline'] .cm-cursor {
    border-left: var(--jp-code-cursor-width2) solid
      var(--jp-editor-cursor-color);
  }
}

.cm-editor.jp-mod-readOnly .cm-cursor {
  display: none;
}

.jp-CollaboratorCursor {
  border-left: 5px solid transparent;
  border-right: 5px solid transparent;
  border-top: none;
  border-bottom: 3px solid;
  background-clip: content-box;
  margin-left: -5px;
  margin-right: -5px;
}

.cm-searching,
.cm-searching span {
  /* `.cm-searching span`: we need to override syntax highlighting */
  background-color: var(--jp-search-unselected-match-background-color);
  color: var(--jp-search-unselected-match-color);
}

.cm-searching::selection,
.cm-searching span::selection {
  background-color: var(--jp-search-unselected-match-background-color);
  color: var(--jp-search-unselected-match-color);
}

.jp-current-match > .cm-searching,
.jp-current-match > .cm-searching span,
.cm-searching > .jp-current-match,
.cm-searching > .jp-current-match span {
  background-color: var(--jp-search-selected-match-background-color);
  color: var(--jp-search-selected-match-color);
}

.jp-current-match > .cm-searching::selection,
.cm-searching > .jp-current-match::selection,
.jp-current-match > .cm-searching span::selection {
  background-color: var(--jp-search-selected-match-background-color);
  color: var(--jp-search-selected-match-color);
}

.cm-trailingspace {
  background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAFCAYAAAB4ka1VAAAAsElEQVQIHQGlAFr/AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7+r3zKmT0/+pk9P/7+r3zAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAAAAAA6OPzM+/q9wAAAAAA6OPzMwAAAAAAAAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAGR8NiRQaCgAZIA0AGR8NiQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQyoYJ/SY80UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);
  background-position: center left;
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
}

.jp-CollaboratorCursor-hover {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 1;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  color: white;
  border-radius: 3px;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
  padding-top: 1px;
  padding-bottom: 1px;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.jp-CodeMirror-ruler {
  border-left: 1px dashed var(--jp-border-color2);
}

/* Styles for shared cursors (remote cursor locations and selected ranges) */
.jp-CodeMirrorEditor .cm-ySelectionCaret {
  position: relative;
  border-left: 1px solid black;
  margin-left: -1px;
  margin-right: -1px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.jp-CodeMirrorEditor .cm-ySelectionCaret > .cm-ySelectionInfo {
  white-space: nowrap;
  position: absolute;
  top: -1.15em;
  padding-bottom: 0.05em;
  left: -1px;
  font-size: 0.95em;
  font-family: var(--jp-ui-font-family);
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: normal;
  user-select: none;
  color: white;
  padding-left: 2px;
  padding-right: 2px;
  z-index: 101;
  transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out;
}

.jp-CodeMirrorEditor .cm-ySelectionInfo {
  transition-delay: 0.7s;
  opacity: 0;
}

.jp-CodeMirrorEditor .cm-ySelectionCaret:hover > .cm-ySelectionInfo {
  opacity: 1;
  transition-delay: 0s;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-MimeDocument {
  outline: none;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Variables
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

:root {
  --jp-private-filebrowser-button-height: 28px;
  --jp-private-filebrowser-button-width: 48px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-FileBrowser .jp-SidePanel-content {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.jp-FileBrowser-toolbar.jp-Toolbar {
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  row-gap: 12px;
  border-bottom: none;
  height: auto;
  margin: 8px 12px 0;
  box-shadow: none;
  padding: 0;
  justify-content: flex-start;
}

.jp-FileBrowser-Panel {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.jp-BreadCrumbs {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  margin: 8px 12px;
}

.jp-BreadCrumbs-item {
  margin: 0 2px;
  padding: 0 2px;
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
  cursor: pointer;
}

.jp-BreadCrumbs-item:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-BreadCrumbs-item:first-child {
  margin-left: 0;
}

.jp-BreadCrumbs-item.jp-mod-dropTarget {
  background-color: var(--jp-brand-color2);
  opacity: 0.7;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Buttons
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-FileBrowser-toolbar > .jp-Toolbar-item {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  padding-left: 0;
  padding-right: 2px;
  align-items: center;
  height: unset;
}

.jp-FileBrowser-toolbar > .jp-Toolbar-item .jp-ToolbarButtonComponent {
  width: 40px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Other styles
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-FileDialog.jp-mod-conflict input {
  color: var(--jp-error-color1);
}

.jp-FileDialog .jp-new-name-title {
  margin-top: 12px;
}

.jp-LastModified-hidden {
  display: none;
}

.jp-FileSize-hidden {
  display: none;
}

.jp-FileBrowser .lm-AccordionPanel > h3:first-child {
  display: none;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| DirListing
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-DirListing {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  outline: 0;
}

.jp-DirListing-header {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: center;
  overflow: hidden;
  border-top: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color2);
  border-bottom: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color1);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-toolbar-box-shadow);
  z-index: 2;
}

.jp-DirListing-headerItem {
  padding: 4px 12px 2px;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.jp-DirListing-headerItem:hover {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-DirListing-headerItem.jp-id-name {
  flex: 1 0 84px;
}

.jp-DirListing-headerItem.jp-id-modified {
  flex: 0 0 112px;
  border-left: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color2);
  text-align: right;
}

.jp-DirListing-headerItem.jp-id-filesize {
  flex: 0 0 75px;
  border-left: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color2);
  text-align: right;
}

.jp-id-narrow {
  display: none;
  flex: 0 0 5px;
  padding: 4px;
  border-left: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color2);
  text-align: right;
  color: var(--jp-border-color2);
}

.jp-DirListing-narrow .jp-id-narrow {
  display: block;
}

.jp-DirListing-narrow .jp-id-modified,
.jp-DirListing-narrow .jp-DirListing-itemModified {
  display: none;
}

.jp-DirListing-headerItem.jp-mod-selected {
  font-weight: 600;
}

/* increase specificity to override bundled default */
.jp-DirListing-content {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  list-style-type: none;
  overflow: auto;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-DirListing-content mark {
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  background-color: transparent;
  font-weight: bold;
}

.jp-DirListing-content .jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-selected mark {
  color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color0);
}

/* Style the directory listing content when a user drops a file to upload */
.jp-DirListing.jp-mod-native-drop .jp-DirListing-content {
  outline: 5px dashed rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.5);
  outline-offset: -10px;
  cursor: copy;
}

.jp-DirListing-item {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 4px 12px;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

.jp-DirListing-checkboxWrapper {
  /* Increases hit area of checkbox. */
  padding: 4px;
}

.jp-DirListing-header
  .jp-DirListing-checkboxWrapper
  + .jp-DirListing-headerItem {
  padding-left: 4px;
}

.jp-DirListing-content .jp-DirListing-checkboxWrapper {
  position: relative;
  left: -4px;
  margin: -4px 0 -4px -8px;
}

.jp-DirListing-checkboxWrapper.jp-mod-visible {
  visibility: visible;
}

/* For devices that support hovering, hide checkboxes until hovered, selected...
*/
@media (hover: hover) {
  .jp-DirListing-checkboxWrapper {
    visibility: hidden;
  }

  .jp-DirListing-item:hover .jp-DirListing-checkboxWrapper,
  .jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-selected .jp-DirListing-checkboxWrapper {
    visibility: visible;
  }
}

.jp-DirListing-item[data-is-dot] {
  opacity: 75%;
}

.jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-selected {
  color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color1);
  background: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

.jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-dropTarget {
  background: var(--jp-brand-color3);
}

.jp-DirListing-item:hover:not(.jp-mod-selected) {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-DirListing-itemIcon {
  flex: 0 0 20px;
  margin-right: 4px;
}

.jp-DirListing-itemText {
  flex: 1 0 64px;
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  user-select: none;
}

.jp-DirListing-itemText:focus {
  outline-width: 2px;
  outline-color: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color1);
  outline-style: solid;
  outline-offset: 1px;
}

.jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-selected .jp-DirListing-itemText:focus {
  outline-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-DirListing-itemModified {
  flex: 0 0 125px;
  text-align: right;
}

.jp-DirListing-itemFileSize {
  flex: 0 0 90px;
  text-align: right;
}

.jp-DirListing-editor {
  flex: 1 0 64px;
  outline: none;
  border: none;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-running .jp-DirListing-itemIcon::before {
  color: var(--jp-success-color1);
  content: '\25CF';
  font-size: 8px;
  position: absolute;
  left: -8px;
}

.jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-running.jp-mod-selected
  .jp-DirListing-itemIcon::before {
  color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color1);
}

.jp-DirListing-item.lm-mod-drag-image,
.jp-DirListing-item.jp-mod-selected.lm-mod-drag-image {
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  padding-left: 4px;
  margin-left: 4px;
  width: 160px;
  background-color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color2);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-elevation-z2);
  border-radius: 0;
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  transform: translateX(-40%) translateY(-58%);
}

.jp-Document {
  min-width: 120px;
  min-height: 120px;
  outline: none;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Main OutputArea
| OutputArea has a list of Outputs
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-OutputArea {
  overflow-y: auto;
}

.jp-OutputArea-child {
  display: table;
  table-layout: fixed;
  width: 100%;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.jp-OutputPrompt {
  width: var(--jp-cell-prompt-width);
  color: var(--jp-cell-outprompt-font-color);
  font-family: var(--jp-cell-prompt-font-family);
  padding: var(--jp-code-padding);
  letter-spacing: var(--jp-cell-prompt-letter-spacing);
  line-height: var(--jp-code-line-height);
  font-size: var(--jp-code-font-size);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid transparent;
  opacity: var(--jp-cell-prompt-opacity);

  /* Right align prompt text, don't wrap to handle large prompt numbers */
  text-align: right;
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;

  /* Disable text selection */
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

.jp-OutputArea-prompt {
  display: table-cell;
  vertical-align: top;
}

.jp-OutputArea-output {
  display: table-cell;
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  overflow: auto;
  user-select: text;
  -moz-user-select: text;
  -webkit-user-select: text;
  -ms-user-select: text;
}

.jp-OutputArea .jp-RenderedText {
  padding-left: 1ch;
}

/**
 * Prompt overlay.
 */

.jp-OutputArea-promptOverlay {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  width: var(--jp-cell-prompt-width);
  height: 100%;
  opacity: 0.5;
}

.jp-OutputArea-promptOverlay:hover {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color2);
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 1px var(--jp-inverse-layout-color0);
  cursor: zoom-out;
}

.jp-mod-outputsScrolled .jp-OutputArea-promptOverlay:hover {
  cursor: zoom-in;
}

/**
 * Isolated output.
 */
.jp-OutputArea-output.jp-mod-isolated {
  width: 100%;
  display: block;
}

/*
When drag events occur, `lm-mod-override-cursor` is added to the body.
Because iframes steal all cursor events, the following two rules are necessary
to suppress pointer events while resize drags are occurring. There may be a
better solution to this problem.
*/
body.lm-mod-override-cursor .jp-OutputArea-output.jp-mod-isolated {
  position: relative;
}

body.lm-mod-override-cursor .jp-OutputArea-output.jp-mod-isolated::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  background: transparent;
}

/* pre */

.jp-OutputArea-output pre {
  border: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  overflow-x: auto;
  overflow-y: auto;
  word-break: break-all;
  word-wrap: break-word;
  white-space: pre-wrap;
}

/* tables */

.jp-OutputArea-output.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon table {
  margin-left: 0;
  margin-right: 0;
}

/* description lists */

.jp-OutputArea-output dl,
.jp-OutputArea-output dt,
.jp-OutputArea-output dd {
  display: block;
}

.jp-OutputArea-output dl {
  width: 100%;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

.jp-OutputArea-output dt {
  font-weight: bold;
  float: left;
  width: 20%;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

.jp-OutputArea-output dd {
  float: left;
  width: 80%;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

.jp-TrimmedOutputs pre {
  background: var(--jp-layout-color3);
  font-size: calc(var(--jp-code-font-size) * 1.4);
  text-align: center;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

/* Hide the gutter in case of
 *  - nested output areas (e.g. in the case of output widgets)
 *  - mirrored output areas
 */
.jp-OutputArea .jp-OutputArea .jp-OutputArea-prompt {
  display: none;
}

/* Hide empty lines in the output area, for instance due to cleared widgets */
.jp-OutputArea-prompt:empty {
  padding: 0;
  border: 0;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| executeResult is added to any Output-result for the display of the object
| returned by a cell
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-OutputArea-output.jp-OutputArea-executeResult {
  margin-left: 0;
  width: 100%;
}

/* Text output with the Out[] prompt needs a top padding to match the
 * alignment of the Out[] prompt itself.
 */
.jp-OutputArea-executeResult .jp-RenderedText.jp-OutputArea-output {
  padding-top: var(--jp-code-padding);
  border-top: var(--jp-border-width) solid transparent;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| The Stdin output
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Stdin-prompt {
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color0);
  padding-right: var(--jp-code-padding);
  vertical-align: baseline;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.jp-Stdin-input {
  font-family: var(--jp-code-font-family);
  font-size: inherit;
  color: inherit;
  background-color: inherit;
  width: 42%;
  min-width: 200px;

  /* make sure input baseline aligns with prompt */
  vertical-align: baseline;

  /* padding + margin = 0.5em between prompt and cursor */
  padding: 0 0.25em;
  margin: 0 0.25em;
  flex: 0 0 70%;
}

.jp-Stdin-input::placeholder {
  opacity: 0;
}

.jp-Stdin-input:focus {
  box-shadow: none;
}

.jp-Stdin-input:focus::placeholder {
  opacity: 1;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Output Area View
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-LinkedOutputView .jp-OutputArea {
  height: 100%;
  display: block;
}

.jp-LinkedOutputView .jp-OutputArea-output:only-child {
  height: 100%;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Printing
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

@media print {
  .jp-OutputArea-child {
    break-inside: avoid-page;
  }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Mobile
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
@media only screen and (max-width: 760px) {
  .jp-OutputPrompt {
    display: table-row;
    text-align: left;
  }

  .jp-OutputArea-child .jp-OutputArea-output {
    display: table-row;
    margin-left: var(--jp-notebook-padding);
  }
}

/* Trimmed outputs warning */
.jp-TrimmedOutputs > a {
  margin: 10px;
  text-decoration: none;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.jp-TrimmedOutputs > a:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Table of Contents
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

:root {
  --jp-private-toc-active-width: 4px;
}

.jp-TableOfContents {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  height: 100%;
}

.jp-TableOfContents-placeholder {
  text-align: center;
}

.jp-TableOfContents-placeholderContent {
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color2);
  padding: 8px;
}

.jp-TableOfContents-placeholderContent > h3 {
  margin-bottom: var(--jp-content-heading-margin-bottom);
}

.jp-TableOfContents .jp-SidePanel-content {
  overflow-y: auto;
}

.jp-TableOfContents-tree {
  margin: 4px;
}

.jp-TableOfContents ol {
  list-style-type: none;
}

/* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-type */
.jp-TableOfContents li > ol {
  /* Align left border with triangle icon center */
  padding-left: 11px;
}

.jp-TableOfContents-content {
  /* left margin for the active heading indicator */
  margin: 0 0 0 var(--jp-private-toc-active-width);
  padding: 0;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color1);
}

.jp-tocItem {
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

.jp-tocItem-heading {
  display: flex;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.jp-tocItem-heading:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
}

.jp-tocItem-content {
  display: block;
  padding: 4px 0;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

.jp-tocItem-collapser {
  height: 20px;
  margin: 2px 2px 0;
  padding: 0;
  background: none;
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.jp-tocItem-collapser:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

/* Active heading indicator */

.jp-tocItem-heading::before {
  content: ' ';
  background: transparent;
  width: var(--jp-private-toc-active-width);
  height: 24px;
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
}

.jp-tocItem-heading.jp-tocItem-active::before {
  background-color: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

.jp-tocItem-heading:hover.jp-tocItem-active::before {
  background: var(--jp-brand-color0);
  opacity: 1;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Collapser {
  flex: 0 0 var(--jp-cell-collapser-width);
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  border: none;
  outline: none;
  background: transparent;
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
  opacity: 1;
}

.jp-Collapser-child {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;

  /* height: 100% doesn't work because the height of its parent is computed from content */
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Printing
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
Hiding collapsers in print mode.

Note: input and output wrappers have "display: block" propery in print mode.
*/

@media print {
  .jp-Collapser {
    display: none;
  }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Header/Footer
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* Hidden by zero height by default */
.jp-CellHeader,
.jp-CellFooter {
  height: 0;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  border: none;
  outline: none;
  background: transparent;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Input
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* All input areas */
.jp-InputArea {
  display: table;
  table-layout: fixed;
  width: 100%;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.jp-InputArea-editor {
  display: table-cell;
  overflow: hidden;
  vertical-align: top;

  /* This is the non-active, default styling */
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-cell-editor-border-color);
  border-radius: 0;
  background: var(--jp-cell-editor-background);
}

.jp-InputPrompt {
  display: table-cell;
  vertical-align: top;
  width: var(--jp-cell-prompt-width);
  color: var(--jp-cell-inprompt-font-color);
  font-family: var(--jp-cell-prompt-font-family);
  padding: var(--jp-code-padding);
  letter-spacing: var(--jp-cell-prompt-letter-spacing);
  opacity: var(--jp-cell-prompt-opacity);
  line-height: var(--jp-code-line-height);
  font-size: var(--jp-code-font-size);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid transparent;

  /* Right align prompt text, don't wrap to handle large prompt numbers */
  text-align: right;
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;

  /* Disable text selection */
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Mobile
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
@media only screen and (max-width: 760px) {
  .jp-InputArea-editor {
    display: table-row;
    margin-left: var(--jp-notebook-padding);
  }

  .jp-InputPrompt {
    display: table-row;
    text-align: left;
  }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Placeholder
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Placeholder {
  display: table;
  table-layout: fixed;
  width: 100%;
}

.jp-Placeholder-prompt {
  display: table-cell;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.jp-Placeholder-content {
  display: table-cell;
  padding: 4px 6px;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  border-radius: 0;
  background: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.jp-Placeholder-contentContainer {
  display: flex;
}

.jp-Placeholder-content:hover,
.jp-InputPlaceholder > .jp-Placeholder-content:hover {
  border-color: var(--jp-layout-color3);
}

.jp-Placeholder-content .jp-MoreHorizIcon {
  width: 32px;
  height: 16px;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  border-radius: var(--jp-border-radius);
}

.jp-Placeholder-content .jp-MoreHorizIcon:hover {
  border: 1px solid var(--jp-border-color1);
  box-shadow: 0 0 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-PlaceholderText {
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  color: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
  font-family: var(--jp-code-font-family);
}

.jp-InputPlaceholder > .jp-Placeholder-content {
  border-color: var(--jp-cell-editor-border-color);
  background: var(--jp-cell-editor-background);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Private CSS variables
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

:root {
  --jp-private-cell-scrolling-output-offset: 5px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Cell
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Cell {
  padding: var(--jp-cell-padding);
  margin: 0;
  border: none;
  outline: none;
  background: transparent;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Common input/output
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Cell-inputWrapper,
.jp-Cell-outputWrapper {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;

  /* Added to reveal the box-shadow on the input and output collapsers. */
  overflow: visible;
}

/* Only input/output areas inside cells */
.jp-Cell-inputArea,
.jp-Cell-outputArea {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Collapser
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* Make the output collapser disappear when there is not output, but do so
 * in a manner that leaves it in the layout and preserves its width.
 */
.jp-Cell.jp-mod-noOutputs .jp-Cell-outputCollapser {
  border: none !important;
  background: transparent !important;
}

.jp-Cell:not(.jp-mod-noOutputs) .jp-Cell-outputCollapser {
  min-height: var(--jp-cell-collapser-min-height);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Output
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* Put a space between input and output when there IS output */
.jp-Cell:not(.jp-mod-noOutputs) .jp-Cell-outputWrapper {
  margin-top: 5px;
}

.jp-CodeCell.jp-mod-outputsScrolled .jp-Cell-outputArea {
  overflow-y: auto;
  max-height: 24em;
  margin-left: var(--jp-private-cell-scrolling-output-offset);
  resize: vertical;
}

.jp-CodeCell.jp-mod-outputsScrolled .jp-Cell-outputArea[style*='height'] {
  max-height: unset;
}

.jp-CodeCell.jp-mod-outputsScrolled .jp-Cell-outputArea::after {
  content: ' ';
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 30%);
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  position: sticky;
  bottom: 0;
  top: 0;
  margin-top: -50%;
  float: left;
  display: block;
  pointer-events: none;
}

.jp-CodeCell.jp-mod-outputsScrolled .jp-OutputArea-child {
  padding-top: 6px;
}

.jp-CodeCell.jp-mod-outputsScrolled .jp-OutputArea-prompt {
  width: calc(
    var(--jp-cell-prompt-width) - var(--jp-private-cell-scrolling-output-offset)
  );
}

.jp-CodeCell.jp-mod-outputsScrolled .jp-OutputArea-promptOverlay {
  left: calc(-1 * var(--jp-private-cell-scrolling-output-offset));
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| CodeCell
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| MarkdownCell
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-MarkdownOutput {
  display: table-cell;
  width: 100%;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: var(--jp-code-padding);
}

.jp-MarkdownOutput.jp-RenderedHTMLCommon {
  overflow: auto;
}

/* collapseHeadingButton (show always if hiddenCellsButton is _not_ shown) */
.jp-collapseHeadingButton {
  display: flex;
  min-height: var(--jp-cell-collapser-min-height);
  font-size: var(--jp-code-font-size);
  position: absolute;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-size: 25px;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position-x: center;
  background-position-y: top;
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-down);
  right: 0;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
}

.jp-collapseHeadingButton.jp-mod-collapsed {
  background-image: var(--jp-icon-caret-right);
}

/*
 set the container font size to match that of content
 so that the nested collapse buttons have the right size
*/
.jp-MarkdownCell .jp-InputPrompt {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size1);
}

/*
  Align collapseHeadingButton with cell top header
  The font sizes are identical to the ones in packages/rendermime/style/base.css
*/
.jp-mod-rendered .jp-collapseHeadingButton[data-heading-level='1'] {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size5);
  background-position-y: calc(0.3 * var(--jp-content-font-size5));
}

.jp-mod-rendered .jp-collapseHeadingButton[data-heading-level='2'] {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size4);
  background-position-y: calc(0.3 * var(--jp-content-font-size4));
}

.jp-mod-rendered .jp-collapseHeadingButton[data-heading-level='3'] {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size3);
  background-position-y: calc(0.3 * var(--jp-content-font-size3));
}

.jp-mod-rendered .jp-collapseHeadingButton[data-heading-level='4'] {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size2);
  background-position-y: calc(0.3 * var(--jp-content-font-size2));
}

.jp-mod-rendered .jp-collapseHeadingButton[data-heading-level='5'] {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size1);
  background-position-y: top;
}

.jp-mod-rendered .jp-collapseHeadingButton[data-heading-level='6'] {
  font-size: var(--jp-content-font-size0);
  background-position-y: top;
}

/* collapseHeadingButton (show only on (hover,active) if hiddenCellsButton is shown) */
.jp-Notebook.jp-mod-showHiddenCellsButton .jp-collapseHeadingButton {
  display: none;
}

.jp-Notebook.jp-mod-showHiddenCellsButton
  :is(.jp-MarkdownCell:hover, .jp-mod-active)
  .jp-collapseHeadingButton {
  display: flex;
}

/* showHiddenCellsButton (only show if jp-mod-showHiddenCellsButton is set, which
is a consequence of the showHiddenCellsButton option in Notebook Settings)*/
.jp-Notebook.jp-mod-showHiddenCellsButton .jp-showHiddenCellsButton {
  margin-left: calc(var(--jp-cell-prompt-width) + 2 * var(--jp-code-padding));
  margin-top: var(--jp-code-padding);
  border: 1px solid var(--jp-border-color2);
  background-color: var(--jp-border-color3) !important;
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color0) !important;
  display: flex;
}

.jp-Notebook.jp-mod-showHiddenCellsButton .jp-showHiddenCellsButton:hover {
  background-color: var(--jp-border-color2) !important;
}

.jp-showHiddenCellsButton {
  display: none;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Printing
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
Using block instead of flex to allow the use of the break-inside CSS property for
cell outputs.
*/

@media print {
  .jp-Cell-inputWrapper,
  .jp-Cell-outputWrapper {
    display: block;
  }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Variables
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

:root {
  --jp-notebook-toolbar-padding: 2px 5px 2px 2px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Styles
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-NotebookPanel-toolbar {
  padding: var(--jp-notebook-toolbar-padding);

  /* disable paint containment from lumino 2.0 default strict CSS containment */
  contain: style size !important;
}

.jp-Toolbar-item.jp-Notebook-toolbarCellType .jp-select-wrapper.jp-mod-focused {
  border: none;
  box-shadow: none;
}

.jp-Notebook-toolbarCellTypeDropdown select {
  height: 24px;
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  line-height: 14px;
  border-radius: 0;
  display: block;
}

.jp-Notebook-toolbarCellTypeDropdown span {
  top: 5px !important;
}

.jp-Toolbar-responsive-popup {
  position: absolute;
  height: fit-content;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  border-bottom: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-toolbar-border-color);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-toolbar-box-shadow);
  background: var(--jp-toolbar-background);
  min-height: var(--jp-toolbar-micro-height);
  padding: var(--jp-notebook-toolbar-padding);
  z-index: 1;
  right: 0;
  top: 0;
}

.jp-Toolbar > .jp-Toolbar-responsive-opener {
  margin-left: auto;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Variables
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Styles
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Notebook-ExecutionIndicator {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
  height: 100%;
  z-index: 9997;
}

.jp-Notebook-ExecutionIndicator-tooltip {
  visibility: hidden;
  height: auto;
  width: max-content;
  width: -moz-max-content;
  background-color: var(--jp-layout-color2);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  text-align: justify;
  border-radius: 6px;
  padding: 0 5px;
  position: fixed;
  display: table;
}

.jp-Notebook-ExecutionIndicator-tooltip.up {
  transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) translateY(-32px);
}

.jp-Notebook-ExecutionIndicator-tooltip.down {
  transform: translateX(calc(-100% + 16px)) translateY(5px);
}

.jp-Notebook-ExecutionIndicator-tooltip.hidden {
  display: none;
}

.jp-Notebook-ExecutionIndicator:hover .jp-Notebook-ExecutionIndicator-tooltip {
  visibility: visible;
}

.jp-Notebook-ExecutionIndicator span {
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  font-family: var(--jp-ui-font-family);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  line-height: 24px;
  display: block;
}

.jp-Notebook-ExecutionIndicator-progress-bar {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  height: 100%;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

/*
 * Execution indicator
 */
.jp-tocItem-content::after {
  content: '';

  /* Must be identical to form a circle */
  width: 12px;
  height: 12px;
  background: none;
  border: none;
  position: absolute;
  right: 0;
}

.jp-tocItem-content[data-running='0']::after {
  border-radius: 50%;
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
  background: none;
}

.jp-tocItem-content[data-running='1']::after {
  border-radius: 50%;
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
  background-color: var(--jp-inverse-layout-color3);
}

.jp-tocItem-content[data-running='0'],
.jp-tocItem-content[data-running='1'] {
  margin-right: 12px;
}

/*
 * Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 * Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 */

.jp-Notebook-footer {
  height: 27px;
  margin-left: calc(
    var(--jp-cell-prompt-width) + var(--jp-cell-collapser-width) +
      var(--jp-cell-padding)
  );
  width: calc(
    100% -
      (
        var(--jp-cell-prompt-width) + var(--jp-cell-collapser-width) +
          var(--jp-cell-padding) + var(--jp-cell-padding)
      )
  );
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-cell-editor-border-color);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color3);
  margin-top: 6px;
  background: none;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.jp-Notebook-footer:focus {
  border-color: var(--jp-cell-editor-active-border-color);
}

/* For devices that support hovering, hide footer until hover */
@media (hover: hover) {
  .jp-Notebook-footer {
    opacity: 0;
  }

  .jp-Notebook-footer:focus,
  .jp-Notebook-footer:hover {
    opacity: 1;
  }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Imports
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| CSS variables
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

:root {
  --jp-side-by-side-output-size: 1fr;
  --jp-side-by-side-resized-cell: var(--jp-side-by-side-output-size);
  --jp-private-notebook-dragImage-width: 304px;
  --jp-private-notebook-dragImage-height: 36px;
  --jp-private-notebook-selected-color: var(--md-blue-400);
  --jp-private-notebook-active-color: var(--md-green-400);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Notebook
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* stylelint-disable selector-max-class */

.jp-NotebookPanel {
  display: block;
  height: 100%;
}

.jp-NotebookPanel.jp-Document {
  min-width: 240px;
  min-height: 120px;
}

.jp-Notebook {
  padding: var(--jp-notebook-padding);
  outline: none;
  overflow: auto;
  background: var(--jp-layout-color0);
}

.jp-Notebook.jp-mod-scrollPastEnd::after {
  display: block;
  content: '';
  min-height: var(--jp-notebook-scroll-padding);
}

.jp-MainAreaWidget-ContainStrict .jp-Notebook * {
  contain: strict;
}

.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell {
  overflow: visible;
}

.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell .jp-InputPrompt {
  cursor: move;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Notebook state related styling
|
| The notebook and cells each have states, here are the possibilities:
|
| - Notebook
|   - Command
|   - Edit
| - Cell
|   - None
|   - Active (only one can be active)
|   - Selected (the cells actions are applied to)
|   - Multiselected (when multiple selected, the cursor)
|   - No outputs
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* Command or edit modes */

.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell:not(.jp-mod-active) .jp-InputPrompt {
  opacity: var(--jp-cell-prompt-not-active-opacity);
  color: var(--jp-cell-prompt-not-active-font-color);
}

.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell:not(.jp-mod-active) .jp-OutputPrompt {
  opacity: var(--jp-cell-prompt-not-active-opacity);
  color: var(--jp-cell-prompt-not-active-font-color);
}

/* cell is active */
.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell.jp-mod-active .jp-Collapser {
  background: var(--jp-brand-color1);
}

/* cell is dirty */
.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell.jp-mod-dirty .jp-InputPrompt {
  color: var(--jp-warn-color1);
}

.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell.jp-mod-dirty .jp-InputPrompt::before {
  color: var(--jp-warn-color1);
  content: '•';
}

.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell.jp-mod-active.jp-mod-dirty .jp-Collapser {
  background: var(--jp-warn-color1);
}

/* collapser is hovered */
.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell .jp-Collapser:hover {
  box-shadow: var(--jp-elevation-z2);
  background: var(--jp-brand-color1);
  opacity: var(--jp-cell-collapser-not-active-hover-opacity);
}

/* cell is active and collapser is hovered */
.jp-Notebook .jp-Cell.jp-mod-active .jp-Collapser:hover {
  background: var(--jp-brand-color0);
  opacity: 1;
}

/* Command mode */

.jp-Notebook.jp-mod-commandMode .jp-Cell.jp-mod-selected {
  background: var(--jp-notebook-multiselected-color);
}

.jp-Notebook.jp-mod-commandMode
  .jp-Cell.jp-mod-active.jp-mod-selected:not(.jp-mod-multiSelected) {
  background: transparent;
}

/* Edit mode */

.jp-Notebook.jp-mod-editMode .jp-Cell.jp-mod-active .jp-InputArea-editor {
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-cell-editor-active-border-color);
  box-shadow: var(--jp-input-box-shadow);
  background-color: var(--jp-cell-editor-active-background);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Notebook drag and drop
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Notebook-cell.jp-mod-dropSource {
  opacity: 0.5;
}

.jp-Notebook-cell.jp-mod-dropTarget,
.jp-Notebook.jp-mod-commandMode
  .jp-Notebook-cell.jp-mod-active.jp-mod-selected.jp-mod-dropTarget {
  border-top-color: var(--jp-private-notebook-selected-color);
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
}

.jp-dragImage {
  display: block;
  flex-direction: row;
  width: var(--jp-private-notebook-dragImage-width);
  height: var(--jp-private-notebook-dragImage-height);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-cell-editor-border-color);
  background: var(--jp-cell-editor-background);
  overflow: visible;
}

.jp-dragImage-singlePrompt {
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.jp-dragImage .jp-dragImage-content {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  z-index: 2;
  font-size: var(--jp-code-font-size);
  font-family: var(--jp-code-font-family);
  line-height: var(--jp-code-line-height);
  padding: var(--jp-code-padding);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-cell-editor-border-color);
  background: var(--jp-cell-editor-background-color);
  color: var(--jp-content-font-color3);
  text-align: left;
  margin: 4px 4px 4px 0;
}

.jp-dragImage .jp-dragImage-prompt {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  min-width: 36px;
  color: var(--jp-cell-inprompt-font-color);
  padding: var(--jp-code-padding);
  padding-left: 12px;
  font-family: var(--jp-cell-prompt-font-family);
  letter-spacing: var(--jp-cell-prompt-letter-spacing);
  line-height: 1.9;
  font-size: var(--jp-code-font-size);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid transparent;
}

.jp-dragImage-multipleBack {
  z-index: -1;
  position: absolute;
  height: 32px;
  width: 300px;
  top: 8px;
  left: 8px;
  background: var(--jp-layout-color2);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-input-border-color);
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Cell toolbar
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-NotebookTools {
  display: block;
  min-width: var(--jp-sidebar-min-width);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color1);
  background: var(--jp-layout-color1);

  /* This is needed so that all font sizing of children done in ems is
    * relative to this base size */
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  overflow: auto;
}

.jp-ActiveCellTool {
  padding: 12px 0;
  display: flex;
}

.jp-ActiveCellTool-Content {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}

.jp-ActiveCellTool .jp-ActiveCellTool-CellContent {
  background: var(--jp-cell-editor-background);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-cell-editor-border-color);
  border-radius: 0;
  min-height: 29px;
}

.jp-ActiveCellTool .jp-InputPrompt {
  min-width: calc(var(--jp-cell-prompt-width) * 0.75);
}

.jp-ActiveCellTool-CellContent > pre {
  padding: 5px 4px;
  margin: 0;
  white-space: normal;
}

.jp-MetadataEditorTool {
  flex-direction: column;
  padding: 12px 0;
}

.jp-RankedPanel > :not(:first-child) {
  margin-top: 12px;
}

.jp-KeySelector select.jp-mod-styled {
  font-size: var(--jp-ui-font-size1);
  color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);
  border: var(--jp-border-width) solid var(--jp-border-color1);
}

.jp-KeySelector label,
.jp-MetadataEditorTool label,
.jp-NumberSetter label {
  line-height: 1.4;
}

.jp-NotebookTools .jp-select-wrapper {
  margin-top: 4px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.jp-NumberSetter input {
  width: 100%;
  margin-top: 4px;
}

.jp-NotebookTools .jp-Collapse {
  margin-top: 16px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Presentation Mode (.jp-mod-presentationMode)
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-mod-presentationMode .jp-Notebook {
  --jp-content-font-size1: var(--jp-content-presentation-font-size1);
  --jp-code-font-size: var(--jp-code-presentation-font-size);
}

.jp-mod-presentationMode .jp-Notebook .jp-Cell .jp-InputPrompt,
.jp-mod-presentationMode .jp-Notebook .jp-Cell .jp-OutputPrompt {
  flex: 0 0 110px;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Side-by-side Mode (.jp-mod-sideBySide)
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook .jp-Notebook-cell {
  margin-top: 3em;
  margin-bottom: 3em;
  margin-left: 5%;
  margin-right: 5%;
}

.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook .jp-CodeCell {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) min-content minmax(
      0,
      var(--jp-side-by-side-output-size)
    );
  grid-template-rows: auto minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
  grid-template-areas:
    'header header header'
    'input handle output'
    'footer footer footer';
}

.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook .jp-CodeCell.jp-mod-resizedCell {
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) min-content minmax(
      0,
      var(--jp-side-by-side-resized-cell)
    );
}

.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook .jp-CodeCell .jp-CellHeader {
  grid-area: header;
}

.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook .jp-CodeCell .jp-Cell-inputWrapper {
  grid-area: input;
}

.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook .jp-CodeCell .jp-Cell-outputWrapper {
  /* overwrite the default margin (no vertical separation needed in side by side move */
  margin-top: 0;
  grid-area: output;
}

.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook .jp-CodeCell .jp-CellFooter {
  grid-area: footer;
}

.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook .jp-CodeCell .jp-CellResizeHandle {
  grid-area: handle;
  user-select: none;
  display: block;
  height: 100%;
  cursor: ew-resize;
  padding: 0 var(--jp-cell-padding);
}

.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook .jp-CodeCell .jp-CellResizeHandle::after {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  background: var(--jp-border-color2);
  height: 100%;
  width: 5px;
}

.jp-mod-sideBySide.jp-Notebook
  .jp-CodeCell.jp-mod-resizedCell
  .jp-CellResizeHandle::after {
  background: var(--jp-border-color0);
}

.jp-CellResizeHandle {
  display: none;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Placeholder
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

.jp-Cell-Placeholder {
  padding-left: 55px;
}

.jp-Cell-Placeholder-wrapper {
  background: #fff;
  border: 1px solid;
  border-color: #e5e6e9 #dfe0e4 #d0d1d5;
  border-radius: 4px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
  margin: 10px 15px;
}

.jp-Cell-Placeholder-wrapper-inner {
  padding: 15px;
  position: relative;
}

.jp-Cell-Placeholder-wrapper-body {
  background-repeat: repeat;
  background-size: 50% auto;
}

.jp-Cell-Placeholder-wrapper-body div {
  background: #f6f7f8;
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(
    left,
    #f6f7f8 0%,
    #edeef1 20%,
    #f6f7f8 40%,
    #f6f7f8 100%
  );
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-size: 800px 104px;
  height: 104px;
  position: absolute;
  right: 15px;
  left: 15px;
  top: 15px;
}

div.jp-Cell-Placeholder-h1 {
  top: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  left: 15px;
  width: 150px;
}

div.jp-Cell-Placeholder-h2 {
  left: 15px;
  top: 50px;
  height: 10px;
  width: 100px;
}

div.jp-Cell-Placeholder-content-1,
div.jp-Cell-Placeholder-content-2,
div.jp-Cell-Placeholder-content-3 {
  left: 15px;
  right: 15px;
  height: 10px;
}

div.jp-Cell-Placeholder-content-1 {
  top: 100px;
}

div.jp-Cell-Placeholder-content-2 {
  top: 120px;
}

div.jp-Cell-Placeholder-content-3 {
  top: 140px;
}

</style>
<style type="text/css">
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
| Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
The following CSS variables define the main, public API for styling JupyterLab.
These variables should be used by all plugins wherever possible. In other
words, plugins should not define custom colors, sizes, etc unless absolutely
necessary. This enables users to change the visual theme of JupyterLab
by changing these variables.

Many variables appear in an ordered sequence (0,1,2,3). These sequences
are designed to work well together, so for example, `--jp-border-color1` should
be used with `--jp-layout-color1`. The numbers have the following meanings:

* 0: super-primary, reserved for special emphasis
* 1: primary, most important under normal situations
* 2: secondary, next most important under normal situations
* 3: tertiary, next most important under normal situations

Throughout JupyterLab, we are mostly following principles from Google's
Material Design when selecting colors. We are not, however, following
all of MD as it is not optimized for dense, information rich UIs.
*/

:root {
  /* Elevation
   *
   * We style box-shadows using Material Design's idea of elevation. These particular numbers are taken from here:
   *
   * https://github.com/material-components/material-components-web
   * https://material-components-web.appspot.com/elevation.html
   */

  --jp-shadow-base-lightness: 0;
  --jp-shadow-umbra-color: rgba(
    var(--jp-shadow-base-lightness),
    var(--jp-shadow-base-lightness),
    var(--jp-shadow-base-lightness),
    0.2
  );
  --jp-shadow-penumbra-color: rgba(
    var(--jp-shadow-base-lightness),
    var(--jp-shadow-base-lightness),
    var(--jp-shadow-base-lightness),
    0.14
  );
  --jp-shadow-ambient-color: rgba(
    var(--jp-shadow-base-lightness),
    var(--jp-shadow-base-lightness),
    var(--jp-shadow-base-lightness),
    0.12
  );
  --jp-elevation-z0: none;
  --jp-elevation-z1: 0 2px 1px -1px var(--jp-shadow-umbra-color),
    0 1px 1px 0 var(--jp-shadow-penumbra-color),
    0 1px 3px 0 var(--jp-shadow-ambient-color);
  --jp-elevation-z2: 0 3px 1px -2px var(--jp-shadow-umbra-color),
    0 2px 2px 0 var(--jp-shadow-penumbra-color),
    0 1px 5px 0 var(--jp-shadow-ambient-color);
  --jp-elevation-z4: 0 2px 4px -1px var(--jp-shadow-umbra-color),
    0 4px 5px 0 var(--jp-shadow-penumbra-color),
    0 1px 10px 0 var(--jp-shadow-ambient-color);
  --jp-elevation-z6: 0 3px 5px -1px var(--jp-shadow-umbra-color),
    0 6px 10px 0 var(--jp-shadow-penumbra-color),
    0 1px 18px 0 var(--jp-shadow-ambient-color);
  --jp-elevation-z8: 0 5px 5px -3px var(--jp-shadow-umbra-color),
    0 8px 10px 1px var(--jp-shadow-penumbra-color),
    0 3px 14px 2px var(--jp-shadow-ambient-color);
  --jp-elevation-z12: 0 7px 8px -4px var(--jp-shadow-umbra-color),
    0 12px 17px 2px var(--jp-shadow-penumbra-color),
    0 5px 22px 4px var(--jp-shadow-ambient-color);
  --jp-elevation-z16: 0 8px 10px -5px var(--jp-shadow-umbra-color),
    0 16px 24px 2px var(--jp-shadow-penumbra-color),
    0 6px 30px 5px var(--jp-shadow-ambient-color);
  --jp-elevation-z20: 0 10px 13px -6px var(--jp-shadow-umbra-color),
    0 20px 31px 3px var(--jp-shadow-penumbra-color),
    0 8px 38px 7px var(--jp-shadow-ambient-color);
  --jp-elevation-z24: 0 11px 15px -7px var(--jp-shadow-umbra-color),
    0 24px 38px 3px var(--jp-shadow-penumbra-color),
    0 9px 46px 8px var(--jp-shadow-ambient-color);

  /* Borders
   *
   * The following variables, specify the visual styling of borders in JupyterLab.
   */

  --jp-border-width: 1px;
  --jp-border-color0: var(--md-grey-400);
  --jp-border-color1: var(--md-grey-400);
  --jp-border-color2: var(--md-grey-300);
  --jp-border-color3: var(--md-grey-200);
  --jp-inverse-border-color: var(--md-grey-600);
  --jp-border-radius: 2px;

  /* UI Fonts
   *
   * The UI font CSS variables are used for the typography all of the JupyterLab
   * user interface elements that are not directly user generated content.
   *
   * The font sizing here is done assuming that the body font size of --jp-ui-font-size1
   * is applied to a parent element. When children elements, such as headings, are sized
   * in em all things will be computed relative to that body size.
   */

  --jp-ui-font-scale-factor: 1.2;
  --jp-ui-font-size0: 0.83333em;
  --jp-ui-font-size1: 13px; /* Base font size */
  --jp-ui-font-size2: 1.2em;
  --jp-ui-font-size3: 1.44em;
  --jp-ui-font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI',
    helvetica, arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji',
    'Segoe UI Symbol';

  /*
   * Use these font colors against the corresponding main layout colors.
   * In a light theme, these go from dark to light.
   */

  /* Defaults use Material Design specification */
  --jp-ui-font-color0: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);
  --jp-ui-font-color1: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);
  --jp-ui-font-color2: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54);
  --jp-ui-font-color3: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38);

  /*
   * Use these against the brand/accent/warn/error colors.
   * These will typically go from light to darker, in both a dark and light theme.
   */

  --jp-ui-inverse-font-color0: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);
  --jp-ui-inverse-font-color1: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);
  --jp-ui-inverse-font-color2: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
  --jp-ui-inverse-font-color3: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);

  /* Content Fonts
   *
   * Content font variables are used for typography of user generated content.
   *
   * The font sizing here is done assuming that the body font size of --jp-content-font-size1
   * is applied to a parent element. When children elements, such as headings, are sized
   * in em all things will be computed relative to that body size.
   */

  --jp-content-line-height: 1.6;
  --jp-content-font-scale-factor: 1.2;
  --jp-content-font-size0: 0.83333em;
  --jp-content-font-size1: 14px; /* Base font size */
  --jp-content-font-size2: 1.2em;
  --jp-content-font-size3: 1.44em;
  --jp-content-font-size4: 1.728em;
  --jp-content-font-size5: 2.0736em;

  /* This gives a magnification of about 125% in presentation mode over normal. */
  --jp-content-presentation-font-size1: 17px;
  --jp-content-heading-line-height: 1;
  --jp-content-heading-margin-top: 1.2em;
  --jp-content-heading-margin-bottom: 0.8em;
  --jp-content-heading-font-weight: 500;

  /* Defaults use Material Design specification */
  --jp-content-font-color0: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);
  --jp-content-font-color1: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);
  --jp-content-font-color2: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54);
  --jp-content-font-color3: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38);
  --jp-content-link-color: var(--md-blue-900);
  --jp-content-font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont,
    'Segoe UI', helvetica, arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji',
    'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol';

  /*
   * Code Fonts
   *
   * Code font variables are used for typography of code and other monospaces content.
   */

  --jp-code-font-size: 13px;
  --jp-code-line-height: 1.3077; /* 17px for 13px base */
  --jp-code-padding: 5px; /* 5px for 13px base, codemirror highlighting needs integer px value */
  --jp-code-font-family-default: menlo, consolas, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', monospace;
  --jp-code-font-family: var(--jp-code-font-family-default);

  /* This gives a magnification of about 125% in presentation mode over normal. */
  --jp-code-presentation-font-size: 16px;

  /* may need to tweak cursor width if you change font size */
  --jp-code-cursor-width0: 1.4px;
  --jp-code-cursor-width1: 2px;
  --jp-code-cursor-width2: 4px;

  /* Layout
   *
   * The following are the main layout colors use in JupyterLab. In a light
   * theme these would go from light to dark.
   */

  --jp-layout-color0: white;
  --jp-layout-color1: white;
  --jp-layout-color2: var(--md-grey-200);
  --jp-layout-color3: var(--md-grey-400);
  --jp-layout-color4: var(--md-grey-600);

  /* Inverse Layout
   *
   * The following are the inverse layout colors use in JupyterLab. In a light
   * theme these would go from dark to light.
   */

  --jp-inverse-layout-color0: #111;
  --jp-inverse-layout-color1: var(--md-grey-900);
  --jp-inverse-layout-color2: var(--md-grey-800);
  --jp-inverse-layout-color3: var(--md-grey-700);
  --jp-inverse-layout-color4: var(--md-grey-600);

  /* Brand/accent */

  --jp-brand-color0: var(--md-blue-900);
  --jp-brand-color1: var(--md-blue-700);
  --jp-brand-color2: var(--md-blue-300);
  --jp-brand-color3: var(--md-blue-100);
  --jp-brand-color4: var(--md-blue-50);
  --jp-accent-color0: var(--md-green-900);
  --jp-accent-color1: var(--md-green-700);
  --jp-accent-color2: var(--md-green-300);
  --jp-accent-color3: var(--md-green-100);

  /* State colors (warn, error, success, info) */

  --jp-warn-color0: var(--md-orange-900);
  --jp-warn-color1: var(--md-orange-700);
  --jp-warn-color2: var(--md-orange-300);
  --jp-warn-color3: var(--md-orange-100);
  --jp-error-color0: var(--md-red-900);
  --jp-error-color1: var(--md-red-700);
  --jp-error-color2: var(--md-red-300);
  --jp-error-color3: var(--md-red-100);
  --jp-success-color0: var(--md-green-900);
  --jp-success-color1: var(--md-green-700);
  --jp-success-color2: var(--md-green-300);
  --jp-success-color3: var(--md-green-100);
  --jp-info-color0: var(--md-cyan-900);
  --jp-info-color1: var(--md-cyan-700);
  --jp-info-color2: var(--md-cyan-300);
  --jp-info-color3: var(--md-cyan-100);

  /* Cell specific styles */

  --jp-cell-padding: 5px;
  --jp-cell-collapser-width: 8px;
  --jp-cell-collapser-min-height: 20px;
  --jp-cell-collapser-not-active-hover-opacity: 0.6;
  --jp-cell-editor-background: var(--md-grey-100);
  --jp-cell-editor-border-color: var(--md-grey-300);
  --jp-cell-editor-box-shadow: inset 0 0 2px var(--md-blue-300);
  --jp-cell-editor-active-background: var(--jp-layout-color0);
  --jp-cell-editor-active-border-color: var(--jp-brand-color1);
  --jp-cell-prompt-width: 64px;
  --jp-cell-prompt-font-family: var(--jp-code-font-family-default);
  --jp-cell-prompt-letter-spacing: 0;
  --jp-cell-prompt-opacity: 1;
  --jp-cell-prompt-not-active-opacity: 0.5;
  --jp-cell-prompt-not-active-font-color: var(--md-grey-700);

  /* A custom blend of MD grey and blue 600
   * See https://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/color-blend/#546E7A:1E88E5:5:hex */
  --jp-cell-inprompt-font-color: #307fc1;

  /* A custom blend of MD grey and orange 600
   * https://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/color-blend/#546E7A:F4511E:5:hex */
  --jp-cell-outprompt-font-color: #bf5b3d;

  /* Notebook specific styles */

  --jp-notebook-padding: 10px;
  --jp-notebook-select-background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  --jp-notebook-multiselected-color: var(--md-blue-50);

  /* The scroll padding is calculated to fill enough space at the bottom of the
  notebook to show one single-line cell (with appropriate padding) at the top
  when the notebook is scrolled all the way to the bottom. We also subtract one
  pixel so that no scrollbar appears if we have just one single-line cell in the
  notebook. This padding is to enable a 'scroll past end' feature in a notebook.
  */
  --jp-notebook-scroll-padding: calc(
    100% - var(--jp-code-font-size) * var(--jp-code-line-height) -
      var(--jp-code-padding) - var(--jp-cell-padding) - 1px
  );

  /* Rendermime styles */

  --jp-rendermime-error-background: #fdd;
  --jp-rendermime-table-row-background: var(--md-grey-100);
  --jp-rendermime-table-row-hover-background: var(--md-light-blue-50);

  /* Dialog specific styles */

  --jp-dialog-background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);

  /* Console specific styles */

  --jp-console-padding: 10px;

  /* Toolbar specific styles */

  --jp-toolbar-border-color: var(--jp-border-color1);
  --jp-toolbar-micro-height: 8px;
  --jp-toolbar-background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  --jp-toolbar-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
  --jp-toolbar-header-margin: 4px 4px 0 4px;
  --jp-toolbar-active-background: var(--md-grey-300);

  /* Statusbar specific styles */

  --jp-statusbar-height: 24px;

  /* Input field styles */

  --jp-input-box-shadow: inset 0 0 2px var(--md-blue-300);
  --jp-input-active-background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  --jp-input-hover-background: var(--jp-layout-color1);
  --jp-input-background: var(--md-grey-100);
  --jp-input-border-color: var(--jp-inverse-border-color);
  --jp-input-active-border-color: var(--jp-brand-color1);
  --jp-input-active-box-shadow-color: rgba(19, 124, 189, 0.3);

  /* General editor styles */

  --jp-editor-selected-background: #d9d9d9;
  --jp-editor-selected-focused-background: #d7d4f0;
  --jp-editor-cursor-color: var(--jp-ui-font-color0);

  /* Code mirror specific styles */

  --jp-mirror-editor-keyword-color: #008000;
  --jp-mirror-editor-atom-color: #88f;
  --jp-mirror-editor-number-color: #080;
  --jp-mirror-editor-def-color: #00f;
  --jp-mirror-editor-variable-color: var(--md-grey-900);
  --jp-mirror-editor-variable-2-color: rgb(0, 54, 109);
  --jp-mirror-editor-variable-3-color: #085;
  --jp-mirror-editor-punctuation-color: #05a;
  --jp-mirror-editor-property-color: #05a;
  --jp-mirror-editor-operator-color: #a2f;
  --jp-mirror-editor-comment-color: #408080;
  --jp-mirror-editor-string-color: #ba2121;
  --jp-mirror-editor-string-2-color: #708;
  --jp-mirror-editor-meta-color: #a2f;
  --jp-mirror-editor-qualifier-color: #555;
  --jp-mirror-editor-builtin-color: #008000;
  --jp-mirror-editor-bracket-color: #997;
  --jp-mirror-editor-tag-color: #170;
  --jp-mirror-editor-attribute-color: #00c;
  --jp-mirror-editor-header-color: blue;
  --jp-mirror-editor-quote-color: #090;
  --jp-mirror-editor-link-color: #00c;
  --jp-mirror-editor-error-color: #f00;
  --jp-mirror-editor-hr-color: #999;

  /*
    RTC user specific colors.
    These colors are used for the cursor, username in the editor,
    and the icon of the user.
  */

  --jp-collaborator-color1: #ffad8e;
  --jp-collaborator-color2: #dac83d;
  --jp-collaborator-color3: #72dd76;
  --jp-collaborator-color4: #00e4d0;
  --jp-collaborator-color5: #45d4ff;
  --jp-collaborator-color6: #e2b1ff;
  --jp-collaborator-color7: #ff9de6;

  /* Vega extension styles */

  --jp-vega-background: white;

  /* Sidebar-related styles */

  --jp-sidebar-min-width: 250px;

  /* Search-related styles */

  --jp-search-toggle-off-opacity: 0.5;
  --jp-search-toggle-hover-opacity: 0.8;
  --jp-search-toggle-on-opacity: 1;
  --jp-search-selected-match-background-color: rgb(245, 200, 0);
  --jp-search-selected-match-color: black;
  --jp-search-unselected-match-background-color: var(
    --jp-inverse-layout-color0
  );
  --jp-search-unselected-match-color: var(--jp-ui-inverse-font-color0);

  /* Icon colors that work well with light or dark backgrounds */
  --jp-icon-contrast-color0: var(--md-purple-600);
  --jp-icon-contrast-color1: var(--md-green-600);
  --jp-icon-contrast-color2: var(--md-pink-600);
  --jp-icon-contrast-color3: var(--md-blue-600);

  /* Button colors */
  --jp-accept-color-normal: var(--md-blue-700);
  --jp-accept-color-hover: var(--md-blue-800);
  --jp-accept-color-active: var(--md-blue-900);
  --jp-warn-color-normal: var(--md-red-700);
  --jp-warn-color-hover: var(--md-red-800);
  --jp-warn-color-active: var(--md-red-900);
  --jp-reject-color-normal: var(--md-grey-600);
  --jp-reject-color-hover: var(--md-grey-700);
  --jp-reject-color-active: var(--md-grey-800);

  /* File or activity icons and switch semantic variables */
  --jp-jupyter-icon-color: #f37626;
  --jp-notebook-icon-color: #f37626;
  --jp-json-icon-color: var(--md-orange-700);
  --jp-console-icon-background-color: var(--md-blue-700);
  --jp-console-icon-color: white;
  --jp-terminal-icon-background-color: var(--md-grey-800);
  --jp-terminal-icon-color: var(--md-grey-200);
  --jp-text-editor-icon-color: var(--md-grey-700);
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<p>To serve this slide deck, run the following line in the terminal or PowerShell:</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">jupyter</span> <span class="n">nbconvert</span> <span class="s1">'slides_content/advanced-web-scraping.ipynb'</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">slides</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">output</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'../advanced-web-scraping'</span>
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<h1 id="Web-Scraping-with-Python">Web Scraping with Python<a class="anchor-link" href="#Web-Scraping-with-Python">¶</a></h1><br/>
<h3 id="Lorae-Stojanovic">Lorae Stojanovic<a class="anchor-link" href="#Lorae-Stojanovic">¶</a></h3><p>June 20, 2024</p>
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<h1 id="Agenda">Agenda<a class="anchor-link" href="#Agenda">¶</a></h1><ol>
<li><a href="#/2">How does a website work?</a><ul>
<li><a href="#/2/1">Key terminology</a></li>
<li><a href="#/2/5">Accessing a website</a></li>
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<li><a href="#/3">Web scraping basics</a><ul>
<li><a href="#/3/1">Types of web scraping</a></li>
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<li><a href="#/4">Sample code: HTTP requests &amp; HTML parsing</a><ul>
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<li><a href="#/4/9">HTML parsing with <code>beautifulsoup4</code></a></li>
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<li><a href="#/5">Sample code: Selenium</a></li>
<li><a href="#/6">Sample code: APIs</a><ul>
<li><a href="#/6/1">Viewing network requests</a></li>
<li><a href="#/6/6">Monitoring network requests</a></li>
<li><a href="#/6/10">Using <code>requests</code> to access APIs</a></li>
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<p><strong>By the end of this presentation, you will:</strong></p>
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<li>Understand how your browser interacts with the internet</li>
<li>Be able to gather data from the internet using 3 methods:<ul>
<li>HTTP requests + HTML parsing</li>
<li>Selenium + HTML parsing</li>
<li>API requests</li>
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<li>Understand the advantages and shortfalls of each method</li>
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<h1 id="How-does-a-website-work?">How does a website work?<a class="anchor-link" href="#How-does-a-website-work?">¶</a></h1><p>A lot goes on behind the scenes when you view a website like <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/">https://www.brookings.edu/</a>.</p>
<p>Understanding how your computer interacts with remote resources will help you become a more capable data collector.</p>
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<h2 id="Key-terminology"><strong>Key terminology</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Key-terminology">¶</a></h2><h3 id="Client"><strong>Client</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Client">¶</a></h3><p>"Clients are the typical <strong>web user's internet-connected devices</strong> (for example, your computer connected to your Wi-Fi, or your phone connected to your mobile network) and <strong>web-accessing software available on those devices</strong> (usually a web browser like Firefox or Chrome)."<sup class="reference" id="ref01"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works" title="Mozilla (2023). How the web works. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works">[1]</a></sup></p>
<h3 id="Server"><strong>Server</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Server">¶</a></h3><p>"Servers are <strong>computers that store webpages, sites, or apps</strong>. When a client device wants to access a webpage, a copy of the webpage is downloaded from the server onto the client machine to be displayed in the user's web browser."<sup class="reference" id="ref02"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works" title="Mozilla (2023). How the web works. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works">[2]</a></sup></p>
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[1] Mozilla (2023). How the web works. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works <br/>
[2] Ibid.
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<p>Clients send <strong>requests</strong> for information from servers. The servers send back <strong>responses</strong>.
<img alt="A schematic illustrating the relationship between clients and servers" src="slides_content/images/client-server-request-response.png"/></p>
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<h3 id="HTTP-web-requests"><strong>HTTP web requests</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#HTTP-web-requests">¶</a></h3><p>There are many types of internet <em>protocols</em> that you can use to make requests,<sup class="reference" id="ref03"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-internet-protocols/" title="GeeksforGeeks (2023). Types of Internet Protocols. Retrieved from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-internet-protocols/">[3]</a></sup> but when we web scrape, we will concern ourselves primarily with <strong>HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)</strong>. There are 9 types:<sup class="reference" id="ref04"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods" title="Mozilla (2023). HTTP request methods. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods">[4]</a></sup></p>
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<ul>
<li>GET</li>
<li>HEAD</li>
<li>POST</li>
<li>PUT</li>
<li>DELETE</li>
<li>CONNECT</li>
<li>OPTIONS</li>
<li>TRACE</li>
<li>PATCH</li>
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[3] GeeksforGeeks (2023). Types of Internet Protocols. Retrieved from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-internet-protocols/" <br/>
[4] Mozilla (2023). HTTP request methods. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods" <br/>
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<p>Luckily for us web scrapers, we do not need to memorize all nine types. Ninety nine percent of the time, we will only concern ourselves with <strong>GET</strong> and <strong>POST</strong> requests.</p>
<ul>
<li>"The <strong>GET</strong> method requests a representation of the specified resource. Requests using GET should only retrieve data."<sup class="reference" id="ref05"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods" title="Mozilla (2023). HTTP request methods. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li>"The <strong>POST</strong> method submits an entity to the specified resource, often causing a change in state or side effects on the server."<sup class="reference" id="ref06"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods" title="Mozilla (2023). HTTP request methods. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods">[6]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<p>Don't worry if you're confused. It's easy to tell which type you need to use. And today, we'll do a demo using both.</p>

<p style="font-size:10px">
[5] Mozilla (2023). HTTP request methods. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods" <br/>
[6] Ibid. <br/>
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<h2 id="Accessing-a-website"><strong>Accessing a website</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Accessing-a-website">¶</a></h2><p>When you enter a URL (e.g., www.brookings.edu) into your browser, several things happen:</p>
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<ol>
<li>DNS lookup</li>
<li>Initial HTTP request</li>
<li>Server response</li>
<li>Parsing HTML + additional requests</li>
<li>Assembling the page</li>
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<h3 id="Step-1:-DNS-Lookup"><strong>Step 1: DNS Lookup</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Step-1:-DNS-Lookup">¶</a></h3><p>Your browser first translates the human-readable URL (e.g. <a href="http://brookings.edu/">http://brookings.edu/</a>) into an IP address (e.g. 137.135.107.235) using a Domain Name System (DNS) lookup.<sup class="footnote" id="ref07"><a href="" title="Fun fact: we talked about internet protocols in the previous section, but only described HTTP, which is most relevant to this application. DNS is another type of internet protocol.">[7]</a></sup></p>
<p>Think of the DNS search like the phone book that links a name of a store to a street address. The street address, in this case, is an IP address which points to the server where the website is hosted. <sup class="reference" id="ref08"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works" title="Mozilla (2023). How the web works. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works">[8]</a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="ref09"><a href="https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/" title="Cloudflare. What is DNS? Retrieved from https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/">[9]</a></sup></p>

<p style="font-size:10px">
[7] Fun fact: we talked about internet protocols in the previous section, but only described HTTP, which is most relevant to this application. DNS is another type of internet protocol.
[8] Mozilla (2023). How the web works. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works
<br/>
[9] Cloudflare. What is DNS? Retrieved from https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/<br/>
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<h3 id="Step-2:-HTTP-Request"><strong>Step 2: HTTP Request</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Step-2:-HTTP-Request">¶</a></h3><p>Now that your browser has the IP address of website, it sends an HTTP request to the server at this IP address. This request asks for the main HTML file of the website.</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-X<span class="w"> </span>GET<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'https://www.brookings.edu/'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;...'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.9'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'cookie: _fbp=REDACTED; hubspotutk=REDACTED; ...'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'priority: u=0, i'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'referer: https://www.google.com/'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-ch-ua: "Google Chrome";v="REDACTED", "Chromium";v="REDACTED", "Not.A/Brand";v="REDACTED"'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-ch-ua-platform: "Windows"'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-fetch-dest: document'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-fetch-mode: navigate'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-fetch-site: cross-site'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-fetch-user: ?1'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'upgrade-insecure-requests: 1'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/125.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'</span>
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<p>Can you identify what type of request this is?</p>
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<h3 id="Step-3:-Server-Response"><strong>Step 3: Server Response</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Step-3:-Server-Response">¶</a></h3><p>The server processes this request and sends back the requested HTML file. This file contains the basic structure of the webpage.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;!</span>DOCTYPE<span class="w"> </span>html&gt;
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">html</span> <span class="n">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"en-US"</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>

<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
	<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">meta</span> <span class="n">charset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"UTF-8"</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
	<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">meta</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"viewport"</span> <span class="n">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover"</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
	<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">meta</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'robots'</span> <span class="n">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1'</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">link</span> <span class="n">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"alternate"</span> <span class="n">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://www.brookings.edu/"</span> <span class="n">hreflang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"en"</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">link</span> <span class="n">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"alternate"</span> <span class="n">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://www.brookings.edu/es/"</span> <span class="n">hreflang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"es"</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">link</span> <span class="n">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"alternate"</span> <span class="n">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://www.brookings.edu/ar/"</span> <span class="n">hreflang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"ar"</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">link</span> <span class="n">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"alternate"</span> <span class="n">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://www.brookings.edu/zh/"</span> <span class="n">hreflang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"zh"</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">link</span> <span class="n">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"alternate"</span> <span class="n">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://www.brookings.edu/fr/"</span> <span class="n">hreflang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"fr"</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">link</span> <span class="n">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"alternate"</span> <span class="n">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://www.brookings.edu/ko/"</span> <span class="n">hreflang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"ko"</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">link</span> <span class="n">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"alternate"</span> <span class="n">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://www.brookings.edu/ru/"</span> <span class="n">hreflang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"ru"</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>

	<span class="o">&lt;!</span>--<span class="w"> </span>This<span class="w"> </span>site<span class="w"> </span>is<span class="w"> </span>optimized<span class="w"> </span>with<span class="w"> </span>the<span class="w"> </span>Yoast<span class="w"> </span>SEO<span class="w"> </span>plugin<span class="w"> </span>v22.0<span class="w"> </span>-<span class="w"> </span>https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/<span class="w"> </span>--&gt;
	<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">Brookings</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">Quality</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">Independence</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">Impact</span><span class="o">.&lt;/</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
	<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">meta</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"description"</span> <span class="n">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, DC. Our mission is to conduct in-depth research that leads to new ideas for solving problems facing society at the local, national and global level."</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
	<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">link</span> <span class="n">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"canonical"</span> <span class="n">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://www.brookings.edu/"</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
	<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">meta</span> <span class="nb">property</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"og:locale"</span> <span class="n">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"en_US"</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
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<h3 id="Step-4:-Parsing-HTML-+-additional-requests"><strong>Step 4: Parsing HTML + additional requests</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Step-4:-Parsing-HTML-+-additional-requests">¶</a></h3><p>Your browser starts <strong>parsing</strong> the HTML file: reading its instructions to turn it into a user-friendly webpage.</p>
<p>Oftentimes, this code contains references to additional external resources it needs to display the webpage, such as:</p>
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<li><strong>CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)</strong>: To set default aesthetics like fonts, colors, and line spacing</li>
<li><strong>JavaScript code</strong>: To add interactivity and dynamic content</li>
<li><strong>Images and videos</strong>: To incorporate multimedia content</li>
<li><strong>API (Application Programming Interface) responses</strong>: To obtain data from servers, often in JSON format, to display on the webpage</li>
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<p>As your browser encounters <strong>additional references to files</strong> in the HTML code, it <strong>makes HTTP requests</strong> to the server to retrieve them.</p>
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<h3 id="Step-5:-Assembling-the-page"><strong>Step 5: Assembling the page</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Step-5:-Assembling-the-page">¶</a></h3><p>After downloading all the external resources needed to build the webpage, your browser will compile and execute any JavaScript code that it received.</p>
<p>With all the downloaded elements in place, the browser processes the HTML, the CSS style sheets, and combines it with other resources (such as downloaded fonts, photos, videos, and data downloaded from APIs) to <strong>paint</strong> the webpage to your screen.<sup class="reference" id="ref10"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Performance/How_browsers_work" title="Mozilla (2023). Populating the page: how browsers work. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Performance/How_browsers_work">[10]</a></sup></p>

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[10] Mozilla (2023). Populating the page: how browsers work. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Performance/How_browsers_work" <br/>
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<p><img alt="An image of the brookings.edu homepage" src="slides_content/images/brookings-edu-screenshot.png"/></p>
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<h1 id="Web-scraping-basics">Web scraping basics<a class="anchor-link" href="#Web-scraping-basics">¶</a></h1><p>There are several ways to collect data online. The strategy you choose must be catered to the website in question.</p>
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<h2 id="Types-of-web-scraping"><strong>Types of web scraping</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Types-of-web-scraping">¶</a></h2><p>I like to categorize web data collection techniques by the point in the client-server interaction that they interact.</p>
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<li><strong>DNS lookup</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Initial HTTP request</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Server response</strong><ul>
<li><strong>HTML scraping</strong> parses the main HTML file for the webpage to extract data.</li>
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<li><strong>Parsing HTML + additional requests</strong><ul>
<li>Technically not classified as "web scraping," <strong>APIs</strong> are a neat way to access data. They are usually requested at this point in the client-server interaction.</li>
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<li><strong>Assembling the page</strong><ul>
<li><strong>Selenium</strong> behaves like a browser to view content that is otherwise not available in HTML files, because it is dynamically rendered using JavaScript code.</li>
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<h1 id="Sample-code:-Web-requests-&amp;-HTML-parsing">Sample code: Web requests &amp; HTML parsing<a class="anchor-link" href="#Sample-code:-Web-requests-&amp;-HTML-parsing">¶</a></h1><p>Knowing how to make HTTP requests using the Python <code>requests</code> library and parsing HTML responses are two foundational skills in our web scraping toolkit that will help us tackle more complicated tasks later.</p>
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<h2 id="Live-demo">Live demo<a class="anchor-link" href="#Live-demo">¶</a></h2><p>Follow along with the <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lorae/web-scraping-tutorial/main/sample_code/requests_bs4_scraping.py">code</a></p>
<p>File path: <code>web-scraping-tutorial/sample_code/requests_bs4_scraping.py</code></p>
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<h2 id="HTTP-requests-with-requests">HTTP requests with <code>requests</code><a class="anchor-link" href="#HTTP-requests-with-requests">¶</a></h2><p>If you don't already have these packages installed, start by installing them.<sup class="footnote" id="ref11"><a href="https://python-poetry.org/" title="It's a best practice to use environments to control package dependencies. This project uses Poetry: https://python-poetry.org/">[11]</a></sup></p>
<p>To install the packages, type the following prompt into your terminal:</p>
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<p>NOTE: If you're following along with this Jupyter notebook in your IDE (such as VSCode or JupyterLab), please skip the following terminal command. Instead, type <code>poetry shell</code> into the terminal.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pip</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">requests</span> <span class="n">beautifulsoup4</span>
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<p>Now that we've confirmed installation, we import the needed libraries.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">requests</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">bs4</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span>
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[11] It's a best practice to use environments to control package dependencies. This project uses Poetry: https://python-poetry.org/ <br/>
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<p>Time to get scraping. Recall the earlier GET request we saw? It had a lot of information in it, in the form of <strong>headers</strong>.</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-X<span class="w"> </span>GET<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'https://www.brookings.edu/'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;...'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.9'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'cookie: _fbp=REDACTED; hubspotutk=REDACTED; ...'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'priority: u=0, i'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'referer: https://www.google.com/'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-ch-ua: "Google Chrome";v="REDACTED", "Chromium";v="REDACTED", "Not.A/Brand";v="REDACTED"'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-ch-ua-platform: "Windows"'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-fetch-dest: document'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-fetch-mode: navigate'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-fetch-site: cross-site'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'sec-fetch-user: ?1'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'upgrade-insecure-requests: 1'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
<span class="w">  </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/125.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'</span>
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<p>As you can see, headers contain quite a bit of information. Unless otherwise required, I try to keep my headers on the lighter side.</p>
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<p>These are the headers I usually provide in my HTTP requests. Sometimes, I get blocked - in which case, I change the user-agent string slightly.</p>
<p>Note that headers must be formatted as a dictionary.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">my_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="s1">'User-Agent'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="s1">'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) '</span>
        <span class="s1">'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) '</span>
        <span class="s1">'Chrome/122.0.6261.112 Safari/537.36'</span>
    <span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="s1">'Accept'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="s1">'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,'</span>
        <span class="s1">'image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,'</span>
        <span class="s1">'application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7'</span>
    <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
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<p>Today, we'll be scraping a website that I created to practice on! Our URL is:
<a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/">https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/</a></p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">my_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/"</span>
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<p><img alt="A screenshot of the web scraping tutorial website." src="slides_content/images/website-screenshot.png"/></p>
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<p>We're interested specifically in scraping the company names and profit per employee of the entries in the table in the webpage.</p>
<p>In order to do this, we have to first get the HTML file for the website.</p>
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<p>In these next steps, we bundle our arguments together into an instance of the <code>Request</code> object from the <code>requests</code> library. We then initialize the session, prepare the request for sending, and save the response.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">session_arguments</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'GET'</span><span class="p">,</span> 
                                     <span class="n">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">my_url</span><span class="p">,</span> 
                                     <span class="n">headers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">my_headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">prepared_request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prepare_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">session_arguments</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">response</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prepared_request</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>Let's see what the response was. A response code of 200 indicates a successful response, with the server returning the required resource.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status_code</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>200
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<p>Success!</p>
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<p>More interestingly, let's look at the response content.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang="en"&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset="UTF-8"&gt;
    &lt;meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;Web Scraping Resources&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="web_content/css/styles.css"&gt;
    &lt;link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@400;700&amp;display=swap" rel="stylesheet"&gt;
    &lt;script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/PapaParse/5.3.0/papaparse.min.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
    &lt;div class="container"&gt;
        &lt;h1&gt;Scrape this website!&lt;/h1&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;Welcome! Are you interested in learning how to gather data from the internet? This website was designed as a trial ground to practice skills covered in Lorae Stojanovic's presentation to the Brookings Data Network on June 20, 2024, &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html"&gt;"Web Scraping with Python"&lt;/a&gt;. The presentation includes &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html"&gt;slides&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html"&gt;code to scrape this website&lt;/a&gt;, and a &lt;a href="https://github.com/lorae/web-scraping-tutorial"&gt;GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt; encapsulating the entire project, including the webpage that you're currently reading.&lt;/p&gt;

        &lt;p&gt;The presentation covers foundational topics related to web scraping with Python, such as:&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;ul&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;How your browser &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/2/5"&gt;interacts with external resources&lt;/a&gt; to access and display a website&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/4/2"&gt;Using the &lt;code&gt;requests&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/a&gt; to access static web content via HTTP requests&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/4/9"&gt;Parsing HTML code&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;beautifulsoup4&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/5"&gt;Accessing dynamic content&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;selenium&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/6/1"&gt;Inspecting network requests&lt;/a&gt; to locate hidden APIs&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/6/10"&gt;Accessing APIs&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;requests&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;/ul&gt;

        &lt;p&gt;Feel free to explore the code accompanying the presentation, which scrapes data from this website using three methods:&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;ul&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;HTTP requests and HTML parsing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;Selenium webdriver&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;Direct API access&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;/ul&gt;

        &lt;p&gt;Go forth and explore!&lt;/p&gt;

        &lt;h2&gt;Top US Companies by Profit per Employee&lt;/h2&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;Profit per employee is calculated by dividing a company's yearly profit by its number of full-time staff. Data are courtesy of the &lt;a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/profit-per-employee-top-u-s-companies-ranking/"&gt;Visual Capitalist&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="https://companiesmarketcap.com/"&gt;Companies Market Cap&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;table class="styled-table"&gt;
            &lt;thead&gt;
                &lt;tr class="header-row"&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell rank"&gt;Rank&lt;/th&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell company"&gt;Company&lt;/th&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell industry"&gt;Industry&lt;/th&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;Profit per Employee&lt;/th&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell market-cap"&gt;Market Cap, June 2024&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
            &lt;/thead&gt;
            &lt;tbody&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;ConocoPhillips&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,970,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$127.38 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Fannie Mae&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Financials&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,510,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$5.16 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Freddie Mac&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Financials&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,190,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$22.71 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Valero&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,180,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$49.39 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Occidental Petroleum&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,110,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$54.31 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Cheniere Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$921,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$36.88 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;ExxonMobil&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$899,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$490.67 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Phillips 66&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$848,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$57.59 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Marathon Petroleum&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$815,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$60.75 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Chevron&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$809,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$280.40 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;PBF Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$798,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$5.10 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Enterprise Products&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$752,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$61.45 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Apple&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$609,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$3,245 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Broadcom&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$575,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$839.05 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;HF Sinclair&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$560,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$10.01 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;D. R. Horton&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Construction&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$433,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$45.90 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;AIG&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Financials&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$392,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$49.19 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;18&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Lennar&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Construction&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$384,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$40.93 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;19&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Energy Transfer&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$379,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$52.18 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;20&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Pfizer&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Healthcare&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$378,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$155.32 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;21&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Netflix&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$351,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$295.45 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;22&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Microsoft&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$329,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$3,317 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;23&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Alphabet&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$315,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$2,170 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;24&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Meta&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$268,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$1,266 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;25&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Qualcomm&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$254,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$253.43 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
            &lt;/tbody&gt;
        &lt;/table&gt;
        &lt;h2&gt;Learning resources&lt;/h2&gt;
        &lt;div class="promo-grid__promos" id="resources-container"&gt;
            &lt;!-- Data will be populated here --&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;script&gt;
        let resourcesData = [];
        
        async function fetchResources() {
            const response = await fetch('web_content/data/web-scraping-resources.json');
            resourcesData = await response.json();
            displayResources(resourcesData);
        }

        function displayResources(data) {
            const container = document.getElementById('resources-container');
            container.innerHTML = '';
            data.forEach(resource =&gt; {
                const card = document.createElement('div');
                card.className = 'digest-card';

                const topSection = document.createElement('div');
                topSection.className = 'digest-card__top';

                const image = document.createElement('img');
                image.className = 'digest-card__image';
                image.src = resource.image;
                image.alt = `${resource.title} image`;
                topSection.appendChild(image);

                const textContainer = document.createElement('div');
                textContainer.className = 'digest-card__text';

                const title = document.createElement('div');
                title.className = 'digest-card__title';
                title.innerHTML = `&lt;a href="${resource.link}"&gt;${resource.title}&lt;/a&gt;`;
                textContainer.appendChild(title);

                const date = document.createElement('div');
                date.className = 'digest-card__date';
                date.innerHTML = `&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;${resource.date}&lt;/span&gt;`;
                textContainer.appendChild(date);

                const authors = document.createElement('div');
                authors.className = 'digest-card__items';
                authors.innerHTML = `&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;${resource.authors.map(author =&gt; `&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="${author.link}"&gt;${author.name}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;`).join(', ')}`;
                textContainer.appendChild(authors);

                topSection.appendChild(textContainer);
                card.appendChild(topSection);

                const description = document.createElement('div');
                description.className = 'digest-card__summary';
                description.textContent = resource.description;
                card.appendChild(description);

                const keywords = document.createElement('div');
                keywords.className = 'digest-card__keywords';
                keywords.innerHTML = `&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;${resource.keywords.join(', ')}`;
                card.appendChild(keywords);

                container.appendChild(card);
            });
        }

        fetchResources();

        // Function to fetch and display GDP data
        async function fetchGDPData() {
            const response = await fetch('web_content/data/gdp-data.csv');
            const data = await response.text();
            const parsedData = Papa.parse(data, { header: true }).data;

            const labels = parsedData.map(row =&gt; row.Date);
            const gdpValues = parsedData.map(row =&gt; parseFloat(row.GDP));

            const ctx = document.getElementById('gdpChart').getContext('2d');
            new Chart(ctx, {
                type: 'line',
                data: {
                    labels: labels,
                    datasets: [{
                        label: 'US GDP',
                        data: gdpValues,
                        borderColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)',
                        backgroundColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 0.2)',
                        borderWidth: 1
                    }]
                },
                options: {
                    responsive: true,
                    scales: {
                        x: {
                            display: true,
                            title: {
                                display: true,
                                text: 'Year'
                            }
                        },
                        y: {
                            display: true,
                            title: {
                                display: true,
                                text: 'GDP (in billions)'
                            }
                        }
                    },
                    plugins: {
                        tooltip: {
                            enabled: true,
                            mode: 'nearest',
                            intersect: false,
                            callbacks: {
                                label: function(context) {
                                    let label = context.dataset.label || '';
                                    if (label) {
                                        label += ': ';
                                    }
                                    if (context.parsed.y !== null) {
                                        label += new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', { style: 'currency', currency: 'USD' }).format(context.parsed.y);
                                    }
                                    return label;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
        }

        fetchGDPData();
    &lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;div class = "container"&gt;
        &lt;h2&gt;Interactive Graph&lt;/h2&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;The following graph contains United States nominal Gross Domestic Product data from Q1 1947 to Q1 2024. Data is courtesy of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis "FRED" service. &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;div class="container"&gt;
            &lt;canvas id="gdpChart" width="400" height="200"&gt;&lt;/canvas&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;

</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></section><section>
<div class="jp-Cell jp-MarkdownCell jp-Notebook-cell">
<div class="jp-Cell-inputWrapper" tabindex="0">
<div class="jp-Collapser jp-InputCollapser jp-Cell-inputCollapser">
</div>
<div class="jp-InputArea jp-Cell-inputArea"><div class="jp-InputPrompt jp-InputArea-prompt">
</div><div class="jp-RenderedHTMLCommon jp-RenderedMarkdown jp-MarkdownOutput" data-mime-type="text/markdown">
<h2 id="HTML-parsing-with-beautifulsoup4">HTML parsing with <code>beautifulsoup4</code><a class="anchor-link" href="#HTML-parsing-with-beautifulsoup4">¶</a></h2><p>The response from the website may look like a mess, but don't worry. <strong>There's a package that makes picking data from the HTML code easy: It's called <code>beautifulsoup4</code>.</strong> We'll use it in conjunction with a helpful browser tool called "<strong>Inspect element</strong>".</p>
<p>(And, later in this presentation, we'll use "<strong>View page source</strong>" and "<strong>Network requests</strong>": Two other old favorites.)</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment">
<div class="jp-Cell jp-MarkdownCell jp-Notebook-cell">
<div class="jp-Cell-inputWrapper" tabindex="0">
<div class="jp-Collapser jp-InputCollapser jp-Cell-inputCollapser">
</div>
<div class="jp-InputArea jp-Cell-inputArea"><div class="jp-InputPrompt jp-InputArea-prompt">
</div><div class="jp-RenderedHTMLCommon jp-RenderedMarkdown jp-MarkdownOutput" data-mime-type="text/markdown">
<p><strong>Simply right click anywhere on the website with your browser open, and select the "Inspect element" option.</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></section><section>
<div class="jp-Cell jp-MarkdownCell jp-Notebook-cell">
<div class="jp-Cell-inputWrapper" tabindex="0">
<div class="jp-Collapser jp-InputCollapser jp-Cell-inputCollapser">
</div>
<div class="jp-InputArea jp-Cell-inputArea"><div class="jp-InputPrompt jp-InputArea-prompt">
</div><div class="jp-RenderedHTMLCommon jp-RenderedMarkdown jp-MarkdownOutput" data-mime-type="text/markdown">
<p><img alt="Inspect element screenshot" src="slides_content/images/inspect-element-static-screenshot.png"/></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="jp-Cell jp-MarkdownCell jp-Notebook-cell">
<div class="jp-Cell-inputWrapper" tabindex="0">
<div class="jp-Collapser jp-InputCollapser jp-Cell-inputCollapser">
</div>
<div class="jp-InputArea jp-Cell-inputArea"><div class="jp-InputPrompt jp-InputArea-prompt">
</div><div class="jp-RenderedHTMLCommon jp-RenderedMarkdown jp-MarkdownOutput" data-mime-type="text/markdown">
<p>The data we want is contained in a <code>&lt;tr&gt;</code> element with class <code>data-row</code>. And after further inspection, we find that the company name is in a <code>&lt;td&gt;</code> child element with classes <code>data-cell</code> and <code>company</code>. The profit per employee is a sibling <code>&lt;td&gt;</code> element with classes <code>data-cell</code> and <code>profit-per-employee</code>.</p>
<p><img alt="Inspect sub-element screenshot" src="slides_content/images/inspect-sub-element-static-screenshot.png"/></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="jp-Cell jp-MarkdownCell jp-Notebook-cell">
<div class="jp-Cell-inputWrapper" tabindex="0">
<div class="jp-Collapser jp-InputCollapser jp-Cell-inputCollapser">
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<div class="jp-InputArea jp-Cell-inputArea"><div class="jp-InputPrompt jp-InputArea-prompt">
</div><div class="jp-RenderedHTMLCommon jp-RenderedMarkdown jp-MarkdownOutput" data-mime-type="text/markdown">
<p>Let's parse the HTML of the response from the web server.</p>
</div>
</div>
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</div><div class="jp-Cell jp-CodeCell jp-Notebook-cell">
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<div class="jp-InputPrompt jp-InputArea-prompt">In [7]:</div>
<div class="jp-CodeMirrorEditor jp-Editor jp-InputArea-editor" data-type="inline">
<div class="cm-editor cm-s-jupyter">
<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">soup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'html.parser'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">soup</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="jp-Cell-outputWrapper">
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<pre>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;

&lt;html lang="en"&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
&lt;meta charset="utf-8"/&gt;
&lt;meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/&gt;
&lt;title&gt;Web Scraping Resources&lt;/title&gt;
&lt;link href="web_content/css/styles.css" rel="stylesheet"/&gt;
&lt;link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@400;700&amp;amp;display=swap" rel="stylesheet"/&gt;
&lt;script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/PapaParse/5.3.0/papaparse.min.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;div class="container"&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Scrape this website!&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Welcome! Are you interested in learning how to gather data from the internet? This website was designed as a trial ground to practice skills covered in Lorae Stojanovic's presentation to the Brookings Data Network on June 20, 2024, &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html"&gt;"Web Scraping with Python"&lt;/a&gt;. The presentation includes &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html"&gt;slides&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html"&gt;code to scrape this website&lt;/a&gt;, and a &lt;a href="https://github.com/lorae/web-scraping-tutorial"&gt;GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt; encapsulating the entire project, including the webpage that you're currently reading.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The presentation covers foundational topics related to web scraping with Python, such as:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How your browser &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/2/5"&gt;interacts with external resources&lt;/a&gt; to access and display a website&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/4/2"&gt;Using the &lt;code&gt;requests&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/a&gt; to access static web content via HTTP requests&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/4/9"&gt;Parsing HTML code&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;beautifulsoup4&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/5"&gt;Accessing dynamic content&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;selenium&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/6/1"&gt;Inspecting network requests&lt;/a&gt; to locate hidden APIs&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/6/10"&gt;Accessing APIs&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;requests&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Feel free to explore the code accompanying the presentation, which scrapes data from this website using three methods:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;HTTP requests and HTML parsing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;Selenium webdriver&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;Direct API access&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Go forth and explore!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Top US Companies by Profit per Employee&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Profit per employee is calculated by dividing a company's yearly profit by its number of full-time staff. Data are courtesy of the &lt;a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/profit-per-employee-top-u-s-companies-ranking/"&gt;Visual Capitalist&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="https://companiesmarketcap.com/"&gt;Companies Market Cap&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class="styled-table"&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr class="header-row"&gt;
&lt;th class="header-cell rank"&gt;Rank&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th class="header-cell company"&gt;Company&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th class="header-cell industry"&gt;Industry&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th class="header-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;Profit per Employee&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th class="header-cell market-cap"&gt;Market Cap, June 2024&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;ConocoPhillips&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,970,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$127.38 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Fannie Mae&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Financials&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,510,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$5.16 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Freddie Mac&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Financials&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,190,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$22.71 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Valero&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,180,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$49.39 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Occidental Petroleum&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,110,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$54.31 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Cheniere Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$921,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$36.88 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;ExxonMobil&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$899,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$490.67 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Phillips 66&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$848,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$57.59 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Marathon Petroleum&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$815,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$60.75 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Chevron&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$809,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$280.40 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;PBF Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$798,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$5.10 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Enterprise Products&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$752,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$61.45 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Apple&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$609,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$3,245 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Broadcom&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$575,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$839.05 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;HF Sinclair&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$560,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$10.01 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;D. R. Horton&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Construction&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$433,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$45.90 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;AIG&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Financials&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$392,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$49.19 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;18&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Lennar&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Construction&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$384,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$40.93 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;19&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Energy Transfer&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$379,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$52.18 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;20&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Pfizer&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Healthcare&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$378,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$155.32 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;21&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Netflix&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$351,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$295.45 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;22&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Microsoft&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$329,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$3,317 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;23&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Alphabet&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$315,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$2,170 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;24&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Meta&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$268,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$1,266 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;25&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Qualcomm&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$254,000&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$253.43 B&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Learning resources&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class="promo-grid__promos" id="resources-container"&gt;
&lt;!-- Data will be populated here --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;script&gt;
        let resourcesData = [];
        
        async function fetchResources() {
            const response = await fetch('web_content/data/web-scraping-resources.json');
            resourcesData = await response.json();
            displayResources(resourcesData);
        }

        function displayResources(data) {
            const container = document.getElementById('resources-container');
            container.innerHTML = '';
            data.forEach(resource =&gt; {
                const card = document.createElement('div');
                card.className = 'digest-card';

                const topSection = document.createElement('div');
                topSection.className = 'digest-card__top';

                const image = document.createElement('img');
                image.className = 'digest-card__image';
                image.src = resource.image;
                image.alt = `${resource.title} image`;
                topSection.appendChild(image);

                const textContainer = document.createElement('div');
                textContainer.className = 'digest-card__text';

                const title = document.createElement('div');
                title.className = 'digest-card__title';
                title.innerHTML = `&lt;a href="${resource.link}"&gt;${resource.title}&lt;/a&gt;`;
                textContainer.appendChild(title);

                const date = document.createElement('div');
                date.className = 'digest-card__date';
                date.innerHTML = `&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;${resource.date}&lt;/span&gt;`;
                textContainer.appendChild(date);

                const authors = document.createElement('div');
                authors.className = 'digest-card__items';
                authors.innerHTML = `&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;${resource.authors.map(author =&gt; `&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="${author.link}"&gt;${author.name}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;`).join(', ')}`;
                textContainer.appendChild(authors);

                topSection.appendChild(textContainer);
                card.appendChild(topSection);

                const description = document.createElement('div');
                description.className = 'digest-card__summary';
                description.textContent = resource.description;
                card.appendChild(description);

                const keywords = document.createElement('div');
                keywords.className = 'digest-card__keywords';
                keywords.innerHTML = `&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;${resource.keywords.join(', ')}`;
                card.appendChild(keywords);

                container.appendChild(card);
            });
        }

        fetchResources();

        // Function to fetch and display GDP data
        async function fetchGDPData() {
            const response = await fetch('web_content/data/gdp-data.csv');
            const data = await response.text();
            const parsedData = Papa.parse(data, { header: true }).data;

            const labels = parsedData.map(row =&gt; row.Date);
            const gdpValues = parsedData.map(row =&gt; parseFloat(row.GDP));

            const ctx = document.getElementById('gdpChart').getContext('2d');
            new Chart(ctx, {
                type: 'line',
                data: {
                    labels: labels,
                    datasets: [{
                        label: 'US GDP',
                        data: gdpValues,
                        borderColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)',
                        backgroundColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 0.2)',
                        borderWidth: 1
                    }]
                },
                options: {
                    responsive: true,
                    scales: {
                        x: {
                            display: true,
                            title: {
                                display: true,
                                text: 'Year'
                            }
                        },
                        y: {
                            display: true,
                            title: {
                                display: true,
                                text: 'GDP (in billions)'
                            }
                        }
                    },
                    plugins: {
                        tooltip: {
                            enabled: true,
                            mode: 'nearest',
                            intersect: false,
                            callbacks: {
                                label: function(context) {
                                    let label = context.dataset.label || '';
                                    if (label) {
                                        label += ': ';
                                    }
                                    if (context.parsed.y !== null) {
                                        label += new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', { style: 'currency', currency: 'USD' }).format(context.parsed.y);
                                    }
                                    return label;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
        }

        fetchGDPData();
    &lt;/script&gt;
&lt;div class="container"&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Interactive Graph&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The following graph contains United States nominal Gross Domestic Product data from Q1 1947 to Q1 2024. Data is courtesy of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis "FRED" service. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class="container"&gt;
&lt;canvas height="200" id="gdpChart" width="400"&gt;&lt;/canvas&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;

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<p>Once it's a BeautifulSoup object, it's pretty easy to get the data you want. The key is selecting the right elements using the correct tags.</p>
<p>We'll use <code>for</code> loops for this.</p>
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<div class="jp-InputPrompt jp-InputArea-prompt">In [8]:</div>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Select elements corresponding to table rows</span>
<span class="n">elements</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tr.data-row'</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="c1"># Initialize lists for data output</span>
<span class="n">Companies</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">PPEs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>

<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">el</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">elements</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">company</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">el</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'td'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">class_</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'company'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>
    <span class="n">ppe</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">el</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'td'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">class_</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'profit-per-employee'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>
    
    <span class="c1"># Add data to lists</span>
    <span class="n">Companies</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">company</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">PPEs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ppe</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Companies</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PPEs</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>['ConocoPhillips', 'Fannie Mae', 'Freddie Mac', 'Valero', 'Occidental Petroleum', 'Cheniere Energy', 'ExxonMobil', 'Phillips 66', 'Marathon Petroleum', 'Chevron', 'PBF Energy', 'Enterprise Products', 'Apple', 'Broadcom', 'HF Sinclair', 'D. R. Horton', 'AIG', 'Lennar', 'Energy Transfer', 'Pfizer', 'Netflix', 'Microsoft', 'Alphabet', 'Meta', 'Qualcomm']
['$1,970,000', '$1,510,000', '$1,190,000', '$1,180,000', '$1,110,000', '$921,000', '$899,000', '$848,000', '$815,000', '$809,000', '$798,000', '$752,000', '$609,000', '$575,000', '$560,000', '$433,000', '$392,000', '$384,000', '$379,000', '$378,000', '$351,000', '$329,000', '$315,000', '$268,000', '$254,000']
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<p>Wow, we're pros! Should we try another one? Let's get titles and links of learning resources listed on the website. First we <strong>inspect element</strong> to find the element and class:</p>
<p><img alt="Inspect element screenshot" src="slides_content/images/inspect-element-javascript-screenshot.png"/></p>
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<p>Data on web scraping learning resources are continained in a <code>&lt;div&gt;</code> element with class <code>digest-card</code>. The title of the resource is in a child <code>&lt;div&gt;</code> element with class <code>digest-card__title</code>: more specifically, the text is stored in an <code>&lt;a&gt;</code> element, with the hyperlink stored in the <code>href</code> attribute.</p>
<p><img alt="Inspect sub-element screenshot" src="slides_content/images/inspect-sub-element-javascript-screenshot.png"/></p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Scrape titles and links</span>
<span class="n">elements</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'div.digest-card__title a'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Initialize lists</span>
<span class="n">Titles</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">Links</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">el</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">elements</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">el</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="c1"># Obtain the link to the resource</span>
    <span class="n">link</span> <span class="o">=</span>  <span class="n">el</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'href'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># 'href' is a HTML lingo for hyperlinks.</span>
    <span class="c1"># Obtain the title of the resource</span>
    <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">el</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>

    <span class="c1"># Append the entries to each list</span>
    <span class="n">Titles</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">Links</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">link</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="c1"># Print the results</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Titles</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Links</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>[]
[]
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<p>Why didn't this work?</p>
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<p>This part of the webpage is rendered using JavaScript! This is becoming an increasingly common occurence on today's web, which is why pure HTML scraping is becoming less and less feasible.</p>
<p>How do you know JavaScript is the culprit?</p>
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<ul>
<li>Your code has no syntax errors yet doesn't pick up elements from the HTML code</li>
<li>"<strong>View page source</strong>" shows no hard-coded elements</li>
<li>"<strong>Network requests</strong>" reveal the JavaScript files used to populate the page</li>
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<h1 id="Sample-code:-selenium">Sample code: <code>selenium</code><a class="anchor-link" href="#Sample-code:-selenium">¶</a></h1><p><code>selenium</code> is a tool in Python (and many other programming languages) that allows users to <strong>access dynamic web content by automating web browser interactions</strong>.<sup class="footnote" id="ref11"><a href="https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/getting_started/" title="Selenium documentation can be found here: https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/getting_started/">[12]</a></sup></p>
<p>It simulates a real user browsing the web, which enables it to <strong>capture JavaScript-rendered content and other dynamic elements</strong> that one-off HTTP requests cannot access.</p>

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[12] Selenium documentation can be found here: https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/getting_started/ <br/>
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<h2 id="Live-demo">Live demo<a class="anchor-link" href="#Live-demo">¶</a></h2><p>Follow along with the <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lorae/web-scraping-tutorial/main/sample_code/selenium_scraping.py">code</a></p>
<p>File path: <code>web-scraping-tutorial/sample_code/selenium_scraping.py</code></p>
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<h2 id="But-first,-a-note...">But first, a note...<a class="anchor-link" href="#But-first,-a-note...">¶</a></h2><p>Selenium is just a tool to <em>get</em> an HTML file. Once you obtain the file, you parse it exactly the same way as we did in the previous section: using a tool of choice, like Beautiful Soup.</p>
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<p>Let's start by importing the needed modules.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">selenium</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">webdriver</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">selenium.webdriver.chrome.service</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Service</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">selenium.webdriver.common.by</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">By</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">selenium.webdriver.chrome.options</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Options</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">webdriver_manager.chrome</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ChromeDriverManager</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">bs4</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span>
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<p><code>selenium</code> can run on many browsers, like Chrome and Firefox. For simplicity, we will use Chrome today.</p>
<p>In order for the code to work, you must have Chrome installed on your computer.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Set up Chrome options</span>
<span class="n">chrome_options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Options</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">chrome_options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"--headless"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>If you don't turn on "headless" mode, your browser will pop up on your screen when you run the code.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Set up Chrome driver</span>
<span class="n">service</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Service</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ChromeDriverManager</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">install</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">driver</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">webdriver</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Chrome</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">service</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">service</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">chrome_options</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="c1"># Open the website</span>
<span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/"</span>
<span class="n">driver</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="c1"># Get the HTML content of the page</span>
<span class="n">html_content</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">driver</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">page_source</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html_content</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&lt;html lang="en"&gt;&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset="UTF-8"&gt;
    &lt;meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;Web Scraping Resources&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="web_content/css/styles.css"&gt;
    &lt;link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@400;700&amp;amp;display=swap" rel="stylesheet"&gt;
    &lt;script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/PapaParse/5.3.0/papaparse.min.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
    &lt;div class="container"&gt;
        &lt;h1&gt;Scrape this website!&lt;/h1&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;Welcome! Are you interested in learning how to gather data from the internet? This website was designed as a trial ground to practice skills covered in Lorae Stojanovic's presentation to the Brookings Data Network on June 20, 2024, &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html"&gt;"Web Scraping with Python"&lt;/a&gt;. The presentation includes &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html"&gt;slides&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html"&gt;code to scrape this website&lt;/a&gt;, and a &lt;a href="https://github.com/lorae/web-scraping-tutorial"&gt;GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt; encapsulating the entire project, including the webpage that you're currently reading.&lt;/p&gt;

        &lt;p&gt;The presentation covers foundational topics related to web scraping with Python, such as:&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;ul&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;How your browser &lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/2/5"&gt;interacts with external resources&lt;/a&gt; to access and display a website&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/4/2"&gt;Using the &lt;code&gt;requests&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/a&gt; to access static web content via HTTP requests&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/4/9"&gt;Parsing HTML code&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;beautifulsoup4&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/5"&gt;Accessing dynamic content&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;selenium&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/6/1"&gt;Inspecting network requests&lt;/a&gt; to locate hidden APIs&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/6/10"&gt;Accessing APIs&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;requests&lt;/code&gt; package&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;/ul&gt;

        &lt;p&gt;Feel free to explore the code accompanying the presentation, which scrapes data from this website using three methods:&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;ul&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;HTTP requests and HTML parsing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;Selenium webdriver&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
            &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;Direct API access&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;/ul&gt;

        &lt;p&gt;Go forth and explore!&lt;/p&gt;

        &lt;h2&gt;Top US Companies by Profit per Employee&lt;/h2&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;Profit per employee is calculated by dividing a company's yearly profit by its number of full-time staff. Data are courtesy of the &lt;a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/profit-per-employee-top-u-s-companies-ranking/"&gt;Visual Capitalist&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="https://companiesmarketcap.com/"&gt;Companies Market Cap&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;table class="styled-table"&gt;
            &lt;thead&gt;
                &lt;tr class="header-row"&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell rank"&gt;Rank&lt;/th&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell company"&gt;Company&lt;/th&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell industry"&gt;Industry&lt;/th&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;Profit per Employee&lt;/th&gt;
                    &lt;th class="header-cell market-cap"&gt;Market Cap, June 2024&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
            &lt;/thead&gt;
            &lt;tbody&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;ConocoPhillips&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,970,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$127.38 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Fannie Mae&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Financials&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,510,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$5.16 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Freddie Mac&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Financials&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,190,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$22.71 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Valero&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,180,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$49.39 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Occidental Petroleum&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$1,110,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$54.31 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Cheniere Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$921,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$36.88 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;ExxonMobil&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$899,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$490.67 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Phillips 66&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$848,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$57.59 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Marathon Petroleum&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$815,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$60.75 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Chevron&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$809,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$280.40 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;PBF Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$798,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$5.10 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Enterprise Products&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$752,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$61.45 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Apple&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$609,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$3,245 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Broadcom&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$575,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$839.05 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;HF Sinclair&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$560,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$10.01 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;D. R. Horton&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Construction&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$433,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$45.90 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;AIG&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Financials&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$392,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$49.19 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;18&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Lennar&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Construction&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$384,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$40.93 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;19&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Energy Transfer&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Energy&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$379,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$52.18 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;20&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Pfizer&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Healthcare&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$378,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$155.32 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;21&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Netflix&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$351,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$295.45 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;22&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Microsoft&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$329,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$3,317 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;23&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Alphabet&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$315,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$2,170 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;24&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Meta&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$268,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$1,266 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
                &lt;tr class="data-row"&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell rank"&gt;25&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell company"&gt;Qualcomm&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell industry"&gt;Tech&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell profit-per-employee"&gt;$254,000&lt;/td&gt;
                    &lt;td class="data-cell market-cap"&gt;$253.43 B&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;/tr&gt;
            &lt;/tbody&gt;
        &lt;/table&gt;
        &lt;h2&gt;Learning resources&lt;/h2&gt;
        &lt;div class="promo-grid__promos" id="resources-container"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/upward-connected-scatter.jpg" alt="Introduction to Data Science Using Python image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/DistrictDataLabs/Brookings_Python_DS"&gt;Introduction to Data Science Using Python&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;June 5, 2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://districtdatalabs.silvrback.com/"&gt;District Data Labs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A GitHub repository containing slides and code introducing an audience with no Python experience to data science tools in Python.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;Python, data science, data structures, loops, list comprehension, conditional evaluation, functions, Pandas, DataFrames, data visualization, plotly, hypothesis tests, regression analysis, machine learning&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/document.jpg" alt="Webscraping in R (and a little Python and Excel too) image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://example.com/secret"&gt;Webscraping in R (and a little Python and Excel too)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;February 22, 2023&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;Valerie Wirtschafter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;Mimi Majumder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A thorough introductory guide to web scraping for R users, suitable for an absolute beginner. Explains using CSS selectors, scheduling jobs, and scraping tables, images, and PDFs, among other topics.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;copy-paste, APIs, DOM parsing, HTML, CSS, polite, rvest, paginated webpages, cronR, pdftools, requests, BeautifulSoup, Excel&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/laptop-web.jpg" alt="Populating the page: how browsers work image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Performance/How_browsers_work"&gt;Populating the page: how browsers work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;July 20, 2023&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Performance/How_browsers_work/contributors.txt"&gt;MDN contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A concise blog post, aimed at developers, that explains how browsers provide their users with a web experience.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;DNS lookup, TCP handshake, TLS negotiation, HTTP GET request, response, parsing, DOM tree, CSSOM tree, JavaScript compilation, render, paint&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/router.jpg" alt="What is DNS? | How DNS works image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/"&gt;What is DNS? | How DNS works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A blog post explaining the DNS resolution process. A useful starting point for laypeople interested in learning more about the process.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;DNS server, IP address, recursive DNS resolver, DNS lookup, DNS caching&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/writing-website-with-image.jpg" alt="How the web works image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works"&gt;How the web works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;November 17, 2023&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works/contributors.txt"&gt;MDN contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A high-level blog post accessible to beginners, aimed at developers, that explains how a phone or computer browser displays a webpage. Part of a longer series of blog posts that may be helpful for those hoping to learn more about browsers in depth.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;clients, servers, requests, responses, TCP, IP address, DNS, HTTP, component files, code files, assets, packets&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/computer.jpg" alt="A Practical Introduction to Web Scraping in Python image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://realpython.com/python-web-scraping-practical-introduction/"&gt;A Practical Introduction to Web Scraping in Python&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://realpython.com/python-web-scraping-practical-introduction/#author"&gt;David Amos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A tutorial aimed at beginners to web scraping with some prior knowledge of Python. Focuses mainly on building skills with HTML parsing using BeautifulSoup and interacting with the browser using MechanicalSoup. After this tutorial, users will likely be ready to learn to use Selenium.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;HTML, regex, regular expressions, BeautifulSoup, MechanicalSoup&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/book.jpg" alt="Automate the Boring Stuff: Web Scraping (Chapter 12) image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://automatetheboringstuff.com/2e/chapter12/"&gt;Automate the Boring Stuff: Web Scraping (Chapter 12)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://realpython.com/python-web-scraping-practical-introduction/#author"&gt;Al Sweigart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A free online textbook introducing users to concepts in Python. This chapter assumes basic proficiency in Python from reading previous chapters. Walks users through inspecting the HTML code underlying websites using developer tools on the web browser, parsing the content using BeautifulSoup, and rendering interactive pages using a Selenium webdriver.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;requests, GET requests, HTML, View page source, Inspect element, Developer tools, HTML elements, BeautifulSoup, select method, Selenium&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/laptop-web.jpg" alt="Getting Started (with Selenium) image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/getting_started/"&gt;Getting Started (with Selenium)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;January 12, 2022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;Generalized documentation for Selenium using multiple programming languages (like Python), including installing the library and organizing and executing Selenium code. Includes several lines of sample code illustrating how to start and end a session, find elements, and take action on elements.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;webdrivers, browsers, waits, elements, interactions, sample code, Python&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/building-blocks.jpg" alt="Getting started with the web image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web"&gt;Getting started with the web&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;February 4, 2024&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/contributors.txt"&gt;MDN contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A high-quality series of blog posts that guides skills levels ranging from absolute beginners to those with more intermediate understanding through the process of building a website. Comprised of short, accessible blog posts covering many topics, including how the web works, and introductions to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Aimed at developers, but serves as useful background for more general audiences and those interested in understanding the web better for web scraping.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;HTML, CSS, JavaScript, tools and testing&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/single-page-file.jpg" alt="roundup image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web"&gt;roundup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;June 16, 2024&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="#"&gt;Lorae Stojanovic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;Lorae's (the creater of this website) GitHub repository which scrapes pre-print academic economics papers from 20+ sources; presents titles, abstracts, authors and hyperlinks on an online dashboard. Auto-updates daily using GitHub Actions workflow. May be helpful sample code for those interested in web scraping in Python or automating their scraping using GitHub Actions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;web scraping, Python, GitHub Actions, Streamlit&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/chat-box.jpg" alt="Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.tidytextmining.com/"&gt;Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://juliasilge.com/"&gt;Julia Silge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://varianceexplained.org/"&gt;David Robinson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A free, open-source book by the authors of the `tidytext` R package that introduces text mining in R. The authors provide extensive examples of text analysis in action, including sentiment analysis, the tf-idf statistic, n-grams, and document-term matrics. Real examples use data from Twitter archives, NASA datasets, and more.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;tidytext, unnest_tokens(), sentiments dataset, tf-idf statistic, n-grams, document-term matrices, tidy() method&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/chat-box.jpg" alt="Text as Data image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://cbail.github.io/textasdata/Text_as_Data.html"&gt;Text as Data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.chrisbail.net/"&gt;Chris Bail&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A free, online course by a Professor of Sociology, Public Policy, and Data Science at Duke University. The course materials - which involve programming in R - are available on his GitHub page. His course covers topics such as APIs, basic text analysis, dictionary-based text analysis, topic modeling, text networks, and word embeddings.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, text as data, screen-scraping, APIs, basic text analysis, dictionary-based text analysis, topic modeling, text networks, word embeddings&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/newspaper.jpg" alt="Text as Data (Spring 2021, NYU) image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/ArthurSpirling/text-as-data-class-spring2021"&gt;Text as Data (Spring 2021, NYU)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;January 8, 2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/ArthurSpirling"&gt;Arthur Sprling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;An NYU course taught in spring 2021, aimed at students who have taken at least one class in statistics or inference and who have a basic knowledge of calculus, progability, densities, distributions, statistical tests, hypothesis testing, maximum likelihood, and generalized linear models. The course is applied and uses R as a programming language.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, vector space model of a document, bag of words, word distributions, lexical diversity, sentiment, machine learning, support vector machines, k-NN models, random forests/trees, bursts and memes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/newspaper.jpg" alt="Web Scraping with R image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://steviep42.github.io/webscraping/book"&gt;Web Scraping with R&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;February 8, 2022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/steviep42"&gt;Steve Pittard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A book explaining how to web scrape using R. Walks users through extensive code and real-life examples scraping websites such as IMDB, PubMed, and AAUP Faculty Compensation. Chapters are fairly self-contained and cover topics such as static page scraping, XML and JSON, APIs, and sentiment analysis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, vector space model of a document, bag of words, word distributions, lexical diversity, sentiment, machine learning, support vector machines, k-NN models, random forests/trees, bursts and memes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/screen-lots-of-clicking.jpg" alt="D-Lab Python Web Scraping Workshop image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Web-Scraping"&gt;D-Lab Python Web Scraping Workshop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/tomvannuenen"&gt;Tom van Neunen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/pssachdeva"&gt;Pratik Sachdeva&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;This GitHub repository contains links to Google Slides and Jupyter slides with sample code and practice problems that are used in an interactive workshop taught by UC Berkeley's D-Lab. The material covers basic web scraping methods using Python such as the requests and beautifulsoup4 packages.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, Python, requests, BeautifulSoup, beautifulsoup4, lxml, JSON, HTML tags, href elements&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/phone-with-location.jpg" alt="D-Lab Python Geospatial Fundamentals Workshop image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Geospatial-Fundamentals-Legacy"&gt;D-Lab Python Geospatial Fundamentals Workshop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/hikari-murayama"&gt;Hikari Murayama&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/pattyf"&gt;Patty Frontiera&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/erthward"&gt;Drew Terasaki Hart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/pssachdeva"&gt;Pratik Sachdeva&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/aculich"&gt;Aaron Culich&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 6-hour introduction to working with geospatial data in Python. Learn how to import, visualize, and analyze geospatial data using GeoPandas in Python.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, Python, spatial DataFrames, GeoPandas, GeoDataFrames, matplotlib, vector spatial data, geoprocessing, color palettes, data classification&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/hierarchy-graph.jpg" alt="D-Lab Python Machine Learning Workshop image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Machine-Learning"&gt;D-Lab Python Machine Learning Workshop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Machine-Learning?tab=readme-ov-file#contributors"&gt;D-Lab contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 6 hour introduction to machine learning in Python. Learn how to perform classification, regression, clustering, and do model selection using scikit-learn in Python.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, Python, machine learning, regression, regularization, preprocessing, classification, scikit-learn&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/quotation-marks.jpg" alt="D-Lab Python Text Analysis Workshop image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Text-Analysis"&gt;D-Lab Python Text Analysis Workshop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Text-Analysis?tab=readme-ov-file#contributors"&gt;D-Lab contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 12 hour introduction to text analysis with Python. Learn how to perform bag-of-words, sentiment analysis, topic modeling, word embeddings, and more, using scikit-learn, NLTK, Gensim, and spaCy in Python.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, Python, text analysis, bag-of-words, sentiment analysis, topic modeling, word embeddings, scikit-learn, NLTK, Gensim, spaCy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/horizontal-nodes.jpg" alt="D-Lab Python Deep Learning Workshop image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Deep-Learning"&gt;D-Lab Python Deep Learning Workshop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/seanmperez"&gt;Sean Perez&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/seangariando"&gt;seangariando&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 6 hour introduction to deep learning with Python. Convey the basics of deep learning in Python using keras on image datasets. Students are empowered with a general grasp of deep learning, example code that they can modify, a working computational environment, and resources for further study.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, Python, deep learning, Jupyter, dataset splitting, feed forward neural networks, vanilla neural networks, convolutional neural networks, image classification&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/upward-graph.jpg" alt="D-Lab Python Data Visualization Workshop image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Data-Visualization"&gt;D-Lab Python Data Visualization Workshop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Data-Visualization/graphs/contributors"&gt;D-Lab contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 3 hour introduction to data visualization with Python. 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Learn how to create variables, distinguish data types, use methods, and work with Pandas, using Python and Jupyter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, Python, variables, data types, methods, Pandas, Jupyter&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/woman-programming.jpg" alt="D-Lab Python Intermediate Workshop image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Intermediate"&gt;D-Lab Python Intermediate Workshop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Intermediate?tab=readme-ov-file#contributors"&gt;D-Lab contributors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 3-part, 6 hour workshop diving deeper into Python. Learn how to create functions, use if-statements and for-loops, and work with Pandas, using Python and Jupyter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, Python, functions, if-statements, for-loops, Pandas, Jupyter&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/floppy-disk.jpg" alt="D-Lab Python Data Wrangling Workshop image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Data-Wrangling"&gt;D-Lab Python Data Wrangling Workshop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/peter-amerkhanian"&gt;Peter Amerkhanian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/pssachdeva"&gt;Pratik Sachdeva&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/tomvannuenen"&gt;Tom van Nuenen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/Akesari12"&gt;Aniket Kesari&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's Python data wrangling workshop. Learn how to use the Pandas library, wrangle DataFrame objects, read CSV files, index data, deal with missing data, sort values, merge DataFrames, perform complex grouping, and more.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;GitHub, Python, Pandas, DataFrames, read_csv(), describe(), indexing, missing values, NA values, merging, groupby(), grouping&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__top"&gt;&lt;img class="digest-card__image" src="web_content/images/governance-parthenon.jpg" alt="Legality and Ethics of Web Scraping image"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__text"&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__title"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324907302_Legality_and_Ethics_of_Web_Scraping"&gt;Legality and Ethics of Web Scraping&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__date"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;September 2018&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__items"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Author(s) - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=""&gt;Vlad Krotov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=""&gt;Leiser Silva&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__summary"&gt;A conference paper presented by Vlad Krotov of Murray State University and Leiser Silva of the University of Houston in the Twenty-Fourth Americas Conference on Information Systems in New Orleans in September 2018. The 5-page PDF, accessible for free, reviews the U.S. legal literature on the subject and discusses legality and ethics of web scraping and web crawling.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="digest-card__keywords"&gt;&lt;span class="digest-card__label"&gt;Keywords: &lt;/span&gt;big data, web data, web scraping, web crawling, law, ethics&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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                card.appendChild(keywords);

                container.appendChild(card);
            });
        }

        fetchResources();

        // Function to fetch and display GDP data
        async function fetchGDPData() {
            const response = await fetch('web_content/data/gdp-data.csv');
            const data = await response.text();
            const parsedData = Papa.parse(data, { header: true }).data;

            const labels = parsedData.map(row =&gt; row.Date);
            const gdpValues = parsedData.map(row =&gt; parseFloat(row.GDP));

            const ctx = document.getElementById('gdpChart').getContext('2d');
            new Chart(ctx, {
                type: 'line',
                data: {
                    labels: labels,
                    datasets: [{
                        label: 'US GDP',
                        data: gdpValues,
                        borderColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)',
                        backgroundColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 0.2)',
                        borderWidth: 1
                    }]
                },
                options: {
                    responsive: true,
                    scales: {
                        x: {
                            display: true,
                            title: {
                                display: true,
                                text: 'Year'
                            }
                        },
                        y: {
                            display: true,
                            title: {
                                display: true,
                                text: 'GDP (in billions)'
                            }
                        }
                    },
                    plugins: {
                        tooltip: {
                            enabled: true,
                            mode: 'nearest',
                            intersect: false,
                            callbacks: {
                                label: function(context) {
                                    let label = context.dataset.label || '';
                                    if (label) {
                                        label += ': ';
                                    }
                                    if (context.parsed.y !== null) {
                                        label += new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', { style: 'currency', currency: 'USD' }).format(context.parsed.y);
                                    }
                                    return label;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
        }

        fetchGDPData();
    &lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;div class="container"&gt;
        &lt;h2&gt;Interactive Graph&lt;/h2&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;The following graph contains United States nominal Gross Domestic Product data from Q1 1947 to Q1 2024. Data is courtesy of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis "FRED" service. &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;div class="container"&gt;
            &lt;canvas id="gdpChart" width="622" height="311" style="display: block; box-sizing: border-box; height: 311px; width: 622px;"&gt;&lt;/canvas&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;


&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;
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<p>We did it! Now we have HTML content, just as before. But there's a crucial difference: our dynamic content is pre-loaded into the HTML code.</p>
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<p>Let's try re-running the code from the previous section to this new HTML output. Hopefully, we can access the dynamic elements of the webpage.</p>
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<div class="jp-InputPrompt jp-InputArea-prompt">In [12]:</div>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Use BeautifulSoup to parse the html_content</span>
<span class="n">soup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html_content</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'html.parser'</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="c1"># Scrape titles and links</span>
<span class="n">elements</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'div.digest-card__title a'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Initialize lists</span>
<span class="n">Titles</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">Links</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">el</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">elements</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="c1"># Obtain the link to the resource</span>
    <span class="n">link</span> <span class="o">=</span>  <span class="n">el</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'href'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># 'href' is a HTML lingo for hyperlinks.</span>
    <span class="c1"># Obtain the title of the resource</span>
    <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">el</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>

    <span class="c1"># Append the entries to each list</span>
    <span class="n">Titles</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">Links</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">link</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Print the results</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Titles</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Links</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>['Introduction to Data Science Using Python', 'Webscraping in R (and a little Python and Excel too)', 'Populating the page: how browsers work', 'What is DNS? | How DNS works', 'How the web works', 'A Practical Introduction to Web Scraping in Python', 'Automate the Boring Stuff: Web Scraping (Chapter 12)', 'Getting Started (with Selenium)', 'Getting started with the web', 'roundup', 'Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach', 'Text as Data', 'Text as Data (Spring 2021, NYU)', 'Web Scraping with R', 'D-Lab Python Web Scraping Workshop', 'D-Lab Python Geospatial Fundamentals Workshop', 'D-Lab Python Machine Learning Workshop', 'D-Lab Python Text Analysis Workshop', 'D-Lab Python Deep Learning Workshop', 'D-Lab Python Data Visualization Workshop', 'D-Lab Python Fundamentals Workshop', 'D-Lab Python Intermediate Workshop', 'D-Lab Python Data Wrangling Workshop', 'Legality and Ethics of Web Scraping']
['https://github.com/DistrictDataLabs/Brookings_Python_DS', 'https://example.com/secret', 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Performance/How_browsers_work', 'https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/', 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works', 'https://realpython.com/python-web-scraping-practical-introduction/', 'https://automatetheboringstuff.com/2e/chapter12/', 'https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/getting_started/', 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web', 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web', 'https://www.tidytextmining.com/', 'https://cbail.github.io/textasdata/Text_as_Data.html', 'https://github.com/ArthurSpirling/text-as-data-class-spring2021', 'https://steviep42.github.io/webscraping/book', 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Web-Scraping', 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Geospatial-Fundamentals-Legacy', 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Machine-Learning', 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Text-Analysis', 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Deep-Learning', 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Data-Visualization', 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Fundamentals', 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Intermediate', 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Data-Wrangling', 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324907302_Legality_and_Ethics_of_Web_Scraping']
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<p>We did it!</p>
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<h1 id="Sample-code:-APIs">Sample code: APIs<a class="anchor-link" href="#Sample-code:-APIs">¶</a></h1><p>APIs - when available - are <strong>my favorite way to collect data</strong> from the internet. They're also a bit of a <em>secret</em> method - there's not many tutorials on using hidden APIs for web scraping!</p>
<p>You're already familiar with the main tool you'll need for this: the <code>requests</code> package.</p>
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<h2 id="Live-demo">Live demo<a class="anchor-link" href="#Live-demo">¶</a></h2><p>Follow along with the <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lorae/web-scraping-tutorial/main/sample_code/api_requests.py">code</a></p>
<p>File path: <code>web-scraping-tutorial/sample_code/api_requests.py</code></p>
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<h2 id="Viewing-network-requests">Viewing network requests<a class="anchor-link" href="#Viewing-network-requests">¶</a></h2><p>Remember the dyamically-rendered content we saw in the last section, and how we had to use <code>selenium</code> to access it?</p>
<p><strong>Sometimes, there's a simpler way</strong>: we can import the data directly, without opening a browser or dealing with any HTML at all.</p>
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<p><strong>API access isn't always possible</strong>. We'll have to inspect the HTTP requests that our browser sends to the server and the responses sent from the server to our browser to determine whether there's any information that we can intercept.</p>
<p>The easiest way to view this activity is to access the <strong>network requests pane</strong>.</p>
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<p>With your browser open on the webpage in question,</p>
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<ol>
<li>right click,</li>
<li>select "Inspect element",</li>
<li>then select the "Network" tab.</li>
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<p><img alt="The network requests pane is open but empty." src="slides_content/images/network-requests-before-loading.png"/></p>
<p>Here, the network requests pane is open but empty. Since the website already loaded, the requests are done.</p>
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<p>To view the requests as they happen, simply refresh the webpage with the network requests tab open.</p>
<p><img alt="The network requests pane is open and monitoring activity." src="slides_content/images/network-requests-after-loading.png"/></p>
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<p>Recall the procedure that the browser uses to access data:</p>
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<li>DNS lookup</li>
<li>Initial HTTP request</li>
<li>Server response</li>
<li>Parsing HTML + additional requests</li>
<li>Assembling the page</li>
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<p>The first request we see is the <strong>initial HTTP request</strong> (<strong>step 2</strong>). The response from the server is the initial HTML file (<strong>step 3</strong>), which your browser begins to parse.</p>
<p><img alt="The initial HTTP request" src="slides_content/images/first-http-request-screenshot.png"/></p>
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<p>As your browser parses this HTML file, it encounters additional references that it needs, causing it to make more requests for external resources (<strong>step 4</strong>).</p>
<p><img alt="The remaining requests." src="slides_content/images/more-http-requests-screenshot.png"/></p>
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<h2 id="Monitoring-network-requests">Monitoring network requests<a class="anchor-link" href="#Monitoring-network-requests">¶</a></h2><p>Websites make many requests, and API requests are often subtle. It can be tricky to tell which - if any- exchange the information you seek, since their titles are often uninformative.</p>
<p><strong>I typically start by sorting requests by <code>Type</code></strong>. API requests tend to be of type <code>xhr</code> or <code>fetch</code>, but this is not a hard and fast rule.</p>
<p>You can also look at the <strong>title of the request</strong> and its <strong>headers</strong>. If the request contains the string "api" in it, that can be a good tell.</p>
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<p>When in doubt, inspect the responses. Do they contain the data you seek?</p>
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<p>For especially tough cases, poking around where you think APIs might be used on the frontend, such as <strong>navigating forward on a menu, displaying more years on an interactive graph, or searching for things in the website's the search bar</strong> can help.</p>
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<p>If those actions trigger an API request, the network requests pane will show new entries at the bottom.</p>
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<h2 id="Live-demo:-Find-the-API-requests">Live demo: Find the API requests<a class="anchor-link" href="#Live-demo:-Find-the-API-requests">¶</a></h2><p>Link: <a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/">https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/</a></p>
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<p>This website uses 2 API requests, which each load a file:</p>
<ul>
<li>web-scraping-resources.json</li>
<li>gdp-data.csv</li>
</ul>
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<p>Let's learn how to access these files using the <code>requests</code> package.</p>
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<h2 id="Using-requests-to-access-APIs">Using <code>requests</code> to access APIs<a class="anchor-link" href="#Using-requests-to-access-APIs">¶</a></h2><p><strong>Fun fact</strong>: If the request is a GET request, you can oftentimes request the API quickly and cheaply by copying and pasting the request URL into your browser's navigation bar.</p>
<p>(In my experience, this works about 80% of the time.)</p>
<p>Translating this process to Python code is very easy.</p>
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<p>Let's start by importing the <code>requests</code> library and assigning some headers.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">requests</span>

<span class="n">my_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="s1">'User-Agent'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="s1">'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) '</span>
        <span class="s1">'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) '</span>
        <span class="s1">'Chrome/122.0.6261.112 Safari/537.36'</span>
    <span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="s1">'Accept'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="s1">'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,'</span>
        <span class="s1">'image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,'</span>
        <span class="s1">'application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7'</span>
    <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
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<p>Next, we copy the request URL.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">my_request_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/web_content/data/web-scraping-resources.json"</span>
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<p>We then proceed exactly as we did earlier in this presentation:</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">session_arguments</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'GET'</span><span class="p">,</span> 
                                     <span class="n">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">my_request_url</span><span class="p">,</span> 
                                     <span class="n">headers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">my_headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">prepared_request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prepare_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">session_arguments</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">response</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prepared_request</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>But this time, the response is not HTML code that we have to clean.  Instead, it's a file in a JSON format.<sup class="footnote" id="ref12"><a href="https://www.w3schools.com/whatis/whatis_json.asp" title="JSON, or JavaScript Object Notation, is a file format commonly used for transferring data over the internet. If you web scrape, you will encounter it frequently. For more information, visit: https://www.w3schools.com/whatis/whatis_json.asp">[12]</a></sup></p>
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<p>Accessing the data is in this format is very strightforward. We simply retrieve it using the <code>json()</code> method of the response object.</p>

<p style="font-size:10px">
[12] JSON, or JavaScript Object Notation, is a file format commonly used for transferring data over the internet. If you web scrape, you will encounter it frequently. For more information, visit: https://www.w3schools.com/whatis/whatis_json.asp <br/>
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<span class="n">json_data</span>
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<pre>[{'title': 'Introduction to Data Science Using Python',
  'date': 'June 5, 2020',
  'link': 'https://github.com/DistrictDataLabs/Brookings_Python_DS',
  'authors': [{'name': 'District Data Labs',
    'link': 'https://districtdatalabs.silvrback.com/'}],
  'description': 'A GitHub repository containing slides and code introducing an audience with no Python experience to data science tools in Python.',
  'keywords': ['Python',
   'data science',
   'data structures',
   'loops',
   'list comprehension',
   'conditional evaluation',
   'functions',
   'Pandas',
   'DataFrames',
   'data visualization',
   'plotly',
   'hypothesis tests',
   'regression analysis',
   'machine learning'],
  'source': 'GitHub',
  'image': 'web_content/images/upward-connected-scatter.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Webscraping in R (and a little Python and Excel too)',
  'date': 'February 22, 2023',
  'link': 'https://example.com/secret',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Valerie Wirtschafter', 'link': '#'},
   {'name': 'Mimi Majumder', 'link': '#'}],
  'description': 'A thorough introductory guide to web scraping for R users, suitable for an absolute beginner. Explains using CSS selectors, scheduling jobs, and scraping tables, images, and PDFs, among other topics.',
  'keywords': ['copy-paste',
   'APIs',
   'DOM parsing',
   'HTML',
   'CSS',
   'polite',
   'rvest',
   'paginated webpages',
   'cronR',
   'pdftools',
   'requests',
   'BeautifulSoup',
   'Excel'],
  'source': 'Brookings Internal',
  'image': 'web_content/images/document.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Populating the page: how browsers work',
  'date': 'July 20, 2023',
  'link': 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Performance/How_browsers_work',
  'authors': [{'name': 'MDN contributors',
    'link': 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Performance/How_browsers_work/contributors.txt'}],
  'description': 'A concise blog post, aimed at developers, that explains how browsers provide their users with a web experience.',
  'keywords': ['DNS lookup',
   'TCP handshake',
   'TLS negotiation',
   'HTTP GET request',
   'response',
   'parsing',
   'DOM tree',
   'CSSOM tree',
   'JavaScript compilation',
   'render',
   'paint'],
  'source': 'Mozilla Developer Network',
  'image': 'web_content/images/laptop-web.jpg'},
 {'title': 'What is DNS? | How DNS works',
  'date': '',
  'link': 'https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/',
  'authors': [{'name': '', 'link': '#'}],
  'description': 'A blog post explaining the DNS resolution process. A useful starting point for laypeople interested in learning more about the process.',
  'keywords': ['DNS server',
   'IP address',
   'recursive DNS resolver',
   'DNS lookup',
   'DNS caching'],
  'source': 'Cloudflare',
  'image': 'web_content/images/router.jpg'},
 {'title': 'How the web works',
  'date': 'November 17, 2023',
  'link': 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works',
  'authors': [{'name': 'MDN contributors',
    'link': 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works/contributors.txt'}],
  'description': 'A high-level blog post accessible to beginners, aimed at developers, that explains how a phone or computer browser displays a webpage. Part of a longer series of blog posts that may be helpful for those hoping to learn more about browsers in depth.',
  'keywords': ['clients',
   'servers',
   'requests',
   'responses',
   'TCP',
   'IP address',
   'DNS',
   'HTTP',
   'component files',
   'code files',
   'assets',
   'packets'],
  'source': 'Mozilla Developer Network',
  'image': 'web_content/images/writing-website-with-image.jpg'},
 {'title': 'A Practical Introduction to Web Scraping in Python',
  'date': '',
  'link': 'https://realpython.com/python-web-scraping-practical-introduction/',
  'authors': [{'name': 'David Amos',
    'link': 'https://realpython.com/python-web-scraping-practical-introduction/#author'}],
  'description': 'A tutorial aimed at beginners to web scraping with some prior knowledge of Python. Focuses mainly on building skills with HTML parsing using BeautifulSoup and interacting with the browser using MechanicalSoup. After this tutorial, users will likely be ready to learn to use Selenium.',
  'keywords': ['HTML',
   'regex',
   'regular expressions',
   'BeautifulSoup',
   'MechanicalSoup'],
  'source': 'Real Python',
  'image': 'web_content/images/computer.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Automate the Boring Stuff: Web Scraping (Chapter 12)',
  'date': '',
  'link': 'https://automatetheboringstuff.com/2e/chapter12/',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Al Sweigart',
    'link': 'https://realpython.com/python-web-scraping-practical-introduction/#author'}],
  'description': 'A free online textbook introducing users to concepts in Python. This chapter assumes basic proficiency in Python from reading previous chapters. Walks users through inspecting the HTML code underlying websites using developer tools on the web browser, parsing the content using BeautifulSoup, and rendering interactive pages using a Selenium webdriver.',
  'keywords': ['requests',
   'GET requests',
   'HTML',
   'View page source',
   'Inspect element',
   'Developer tools',
   'HTML elements',
   'BeautifulSoup',
   'select method',
   'Selenium'],
  'source': 'Real Python',
  'image': 'web_content/images/book.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Getting Started (with Selenium)',
  'date': 'January 12, 2022',
  'link': 'https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/getting_started/',
  'authors': [{'name': '', 'link': '#'}],
  'description': 'Generalized documentation for Selenium using multiple programming languages (like Python), including installing the library and organizing and executing Selenium code. Includes several lines of sample code illustrating how to start and end a session, find elements, and take action on elements.',
  'keywords': ['webdrivers',
   'browsers',
   'waits',
   'elements',
   'interactions',
   'sample code',
   'Python'],
  'source': 'Selenium',
  'image': 'web_content/images/laptop-web.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Getting started with the web',
  'date': 'February 4, 2024',
  'link': 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web',
  'authors': [{'name': 'MDN contributors',
    'link': 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/contributors.txt'}],
  'description': 'A high-quality series of blog posts that guides skills levels ranging from absolute beginners to those with more intermediate understanding through the process of building a website. Comprised of short, accessible blog posts covering many topics, including how the web works, and introductions to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Aimed at developers, but serves as useful background for more general audiences and those interested in understanding the web better for web scraping.',
  'keywords': ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'tools and testing'],
  'source': 'Mozilla Developer Network',
  'image': 'web_content/images/building-blocks.jpg'},
 {'title': 'roundup',
  'date': 'June 16, 2024',
  'link': 'https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Lorae Stojanovic', 'link': '#'}],
  'description': "Lorae's (the creater of this website) GitHub repository which scrapes pre-print academic economics papers from 20+ sources; presents titles, abstracts, authors and hyperlinks on an online dashboard. Auto-updates daily using GitHub Actions workflow. May be helpful sample code for those interested in web scraping in Python or automating their scraping using GitHub Actions.",
  'keywords': ['web scraping', 'Python', 'GitHub Actions', 'Streamlit'],
  'source': 'GitHub',
  'image': 'web_content/images/single-page-file.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach',
  'date': '2023',
  'link': 'https://www.tidytextmining.com/',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Julia Silge', 'link': 'https://juliasilge.com/'},
   {'name': 'David Robinson', 'link': 'http://varianceexplained.org/'}],
  'description': 'A free, open-source book by the authors of the `tidytext` R package that introduces text mining in R. The authors provide extensive examples of text analysis in action, including sentiment analysis, the tf-idf statistic, n-grams, and document-term matrics. Real examples use data from Twitter archives, NASA datasets, and more.',
  'keywords': ['tidytext',
   'unnest_tokens()',
   'sentiments dataset',
   'tf-idf statistic',
   'n-grams',
   'document-term matrices',
   'tidy() method'],
  'source': '',
  'image': 'web_content/images/chat-box.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Text as Data',
  'date': '2023',
  'link': 'https://cbail.github.io/textasdata/Text_as_Data.html',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Chris Bail', 'link': 'https://www.chrisbail.net/'}],
  'description': 'A free, online course by a Professor of Sociology, Public Policy, and Data Science at Duke University. The course materials - which involve programming in R - are available on his GitHub page. His course covers topics such as APIs, basic text analysis, dictionary-based text analysis, topic modeling, text networks, and word embeddings.',
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'text as data',
   'screen-scraping',
   'APIs',
   'basic text analysis',
   'dictionary-based text analysis',
   'topic modeling',
   'text networks',
   'word embeddings'],
  'source': 'Duke University',
  'image': 'web_content/images/chat-box.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Text as Data (Spring 2021, NYU)',
  'date': 'January 8, 2021',
  'link': 'https://github.com/ArthurSpirling/text-as-data-class-spring2021',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Arthur Sprling',
    'link': 'https://github.com/ArthurSpirling'}],
  'description': 'An NYU course taught in spring 2021, aimed at students who have taken at least one class in statistics or inference and who have a basic knowledge of calculus, progability, densities, distributions, statistical tests, hypothesis testing, maximum likelihood, and generalized linear models. The course is applied and uses R as a programming language.',
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'vector space model of a document',
   'bag of words',
   'word distributions',
   'lexical diversity',
   'sentiment',
   'machine learning',
   'support vector machines',
   'k-NN models',
   'random forests/trees',
   'bursts and memes'],
  'source': 'New York University',
  'image': 'web_content/images/newspaper.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Web Scraping with R',
  'date': 'February 8, 2022',
  'link': 'https://steviep42.github.io/webscraping/book',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Steve Pittard',
    'link': 'https://github.com/steviep42'}],
  'description': 'A book explaining how to web scrape using R. Walks users through extensive code and real-life examples scraping websites such as IMDB, PubMed, and AAUP Faculty Compensation. Chapters are fairly self-contained and cover topics such as static page scraping, XML and JSON, APIs, and sentiment analysis.',
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'vector space model of a document',
   'bag of words',
   'word distributions',
   'lexical diversity',
   'sentiment',
   'machine learning',
   'support vector machines',
   'k-NN models',
   'random forests/trees',
   'bursts and memes'],
  'source': 'New York University',
  'image': 'web_content/images/newspaper.jpg'},
 {'title': 'D-Lab Python Web Scraping Workshop',
  'date': '2024',
  'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Web-Scraping',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Tom van Neunen',
    'link': 'https://github.com/tomvannuenen'},
   {'name': 'Pratik Sachdeva', 'link': 'https://github.com/pssachdeva'}],
  'description': "This GitHub repository contains links to Google Slides and Jupyter slides with sample code and practice problems that are used in an interactive workshop taught by UC Berkeley's D-Lab. The material covers basic web scraping methods using Python such as the requests and beautifulsoup4 packages.",
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'Python',
   'requests',
   'BeautifulSoup',
   'beautifulsoup4',
   'lxml',
   'JSON',
   'HTML tags',
   'href elements'],
  'source': 'UC Berkeley D-Lab',
  'image': 'web_content/images/screen-lots-of-clicking.jpg'},
 {'title': 'D-Lab Python Geospatial Fundamentals Workshop',
  'date': '2022',
  'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Geospatial-Fundamentals-Legacy',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Hikari Murayama',
    'link': 'https://github.com/hikari-murayama'},
   {'name': 'Patty Frontiera', 'link': 'https://github.com/pattyf'},
   {'name': 'Drew Terasaki Hart', 'link': 'https://github.com/erthward'},
   {'name': 'Pratik Sachdeva', 'link': 'https://github.com/pssachdeva'},
   {'name': 'Aaron Culich', 'link': 'https://github.com/aculich'}],
  'description': "This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 6-hour introduction to working with geospatial data in Python. Learn how to import, visualize, and analyze geospatial data using GeoPandas in Python.",
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'Python',
   'spatial DataFrames',
   'GeoPandas',
   'GeoDataFrames',
   'matplotlib',
   'vector spatial data',
   'geoprocessing',
   'color palettes',
   'data classification'],
  'source': 'UC Berkeley D-Lab',
  'image': 'web_content/images/phone-with-location.jpg'},
 {'title': 'D-Lab Python Machine Learning Workshop',
  'date': '2024',
  'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Machine-Learning',
  'authors': [{'name': 'D-Lab contributors',
    'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Machine-Learning?tab=readme-ov-file#contributors'}],
  'description': "This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 6 hour introduction to machine learning in Python. Learn how to perform classification, regression, clustering, and do model selection using scikit-learn in Python.",
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'Python',
   'machine learning',
   'regression',
   'regularization',
   'preprocessing',
   'classification',
   'scikit-learn'],
  'source': 'UC Berkeley D-Lab',
  'image': 'web_content/images/hierarchy-graph.jpg'},
 {'title': 'D-Lab Python Text Analysis Workshop',
  'date': '2022',
  'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Text-Analysis',
  'authors': [{'name': 'D-Lab contributors',
    'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Text-Analysis?tab=readme-ov-file#contributors'}],
  'description': "This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 12 hour introduction to text analysis with Python. Learn how to perform bag-of-words, sentiment analysis, topic modeling, word embeddings, and more, using scikit-learn, NLTK, Gensim, and spaCy in Python.",
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'Python',
   'text analysis',
   'bag-of-words',
   'sentiment analysis',
   'topic modeling',
   'word embeddings',
   'scikit-learn',
   'NLTK',
   'Gensim',
   'spaCy'],
  'source': 'UC Berkeley D-Lab',
  'image': 'web_content/images/quotation-marks.jpg'},
 {'title': 'D-Lab Python Deep Learning Workshop',
  'date': '2022',
  'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Deep-Learning',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Sean Perez', 'link': 'https://github.com/seanmperez'},
   {'name': 'seangariando', 'link': 'https://github.com/seangariando'}],
  'description': "This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 6 hour introduction to deep learning with Python. Convey the basics of deep learning in Python using keras on image datasets. Students are empowered with a general grasp of deep learning, example code that they can modify, a working computational environment, and resources for further study.",
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'Python',
   'deep learning',
   'Jupyter',
   'dataset splitting',
   'feed forward neural networks',
   'vanilla neural networks',
   'convolutional neural networks',
   'image classification'],
  'source': 'UC Berkeley D-Lab',
  'image': 'web_content/images/horizontal-nodes.jpg'},
 {'title': 'D-Lab Python Data Visualization Workshop',
  'date': '2022',
  'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Data-Visualization',
  'authors': [{'name': 'D-Lab contributors',
    'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Data-Visualization/graphs/contributors'}],
  'description': "This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 3 hour introduction to data visualization with Python. Learn how to create histograms, bar plots, box plots, scatter plots, compound figures, and more, using matplotlib and seaborn.",
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'Python',
   'data visualization',
   'histograms',
   'bar plots',
   'box plots',
   'scatter plots',
   'compound figures',
   'matplotlib',
   'seaborn'],
  'source': 'UC Berkeley D-Lab',
  'image': 'web_content/images/upward-graph.jpg'},
 {'title': 'D-Lab Python Fundamentals Workshop',
  'date': '2024',
  'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Fundamentals',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Tom van Nuenen',
    'link': 'https://github.com/tomvannuenen'},
   {'name': 'Pratik Sachdeva', 'link': 'https://github.com/pssachdeva'},
   {'name': 'Aaron Culich', 'link': 'https://github.com/aculich'}],
  'description': "This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 3-part, 6 hour introduction to Python. Learn how to create variables, distinguish data types, use methods, and work with Pandas, using Python and Jupyter.",
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'Python',
   'variables',
   'data types',
   'methods',
   'Pandas',
   'Jupyter'],
  'source': 'UC Berkeley D-Lab',
  'image': 'web_content/images/man-programming.jpg'},
 {'title': 'D-Lab Python Intermediate Workshop',
  'date': '2024',
  'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Intermediate',
  'authors': [{'name': 'D-Lab contributors',
    'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Intermediate?tab=readme-ov-file#contributors'}],
  'description': "This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's 3-part, 6 hour workshop diving deeper into Python. Learn how to create functions, use if-statements and for-loops, and work with Pandas, using Python and Jupyter.",
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'Python',
   'functions',
   'if-statements',
   'for-loops',
   'Pandas',
   'Jupyter'],
  'source': 'UC Berkeley D-Lab',
  'image': 'web_content/images/woman-programming.jpg'},
 {'title': 'D-Lab Python Data Wrangling Workshop',
  'date': '2024',
  'link': 'https://github.com/dlab-berkeley/Python-Data-Wrangling',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Peter Amerkhanian',
    'link': 'https://github.com/peter-amerkhanian'},
   {'name': 'Pratik Sachdeva', 'link': 'https://github.com/pssachdeva'},
   {'name': 'Tom van Nuenen', 'link': 'https://github.com/tomvannuenen'},
   {'name': 'Aniket Kesari', 'link': 'https://github.com/Akesari12'}],
  'description': "This GitHub repository contains the materials related to UC Berkey's D-Lab's Python data wrangling workshop. Learn how to use the Pandas library, wrangle DataFrame objects, read CSV files, index data, deal with missing data, sort values, merge DataFrames, perform complex grouping, and more.",
  'keywords': ['GitHub',
   'Python',
   'Pandas',
   'DataFrames',
   'read_csv()',
   'describe()',
   'indexing',
   'missing values',
   'NA values',
   'merging',
   'groupby()',
   'grouping'],
  'source': 'UC Berkeley D-Lab',
  'image': 'web_content/images/floppy-disk.jpg'},
 {'title': 'Legality and Ethics of Web Scraping',
  'date': 'September 2018',
  'link': 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324907302_Legality_and_Ethics_of_Web_Scraping',
  'authors': [{'name': 'Vlad Krotov', 'link': ''},
   {'name': 'Leiser Silva', 'link': ''}],
  'description': 'A conference paper presented by Vlad Krotov of Murray State University and Leiser Silva of the University of Houston in the Twenty-Fourth Americas Conference on Information Systems in New Orleans in September 2018. The 5-page PDF, accessible for free, reviews the U.S. legal literature on the subject and discusses legality and ethics of web scraping and web crawling.',
  'keywords': ['big data',
   'web data',
   'web scraping',
   'web crawling',
   'law',
   'ethics'],
  'source': 'ResearchGate',
  'image': 'web_content/images/governance-parthenon.jpg'}]</pre>
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<p>We can easily access the entries we need as follows.</p>
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<div class="highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Now json_data is a list of dictionaries, each representing an article/resource</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">article</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">json_data</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">article</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">]</span>

    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>Introduction to Data Science Using Python
Webscraping in R (and a little Python and Excel too)
Populating the page: how browsers work
What is DNS? | How DNS works
How the web works
A Practical Introduction to Web Scraping in Python
Automate the Boring Stuff: Web Scraping (Chapter 12)
Getting Started (with Selenium)
Getting started with the web
roundup
Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach
Text as Data
Text as Data (Spring 2021, NYU)
Web Scraping with R
D-Lab Python Web Scraping Workshop
D-Lab Python Geospatial Fundamentals Workshop
D-Lab Python Machine Learning Workshop
D-Lab Python Text Analysis Workshop
D-Lab Python Deep Learning Workshop
D-Lab Python Data Visualization Workshop
D-Lab Python Fundamentals Workshop
D-Lab Python Intermediate Workshop
D-Lab Python Data Wrangling Workshop
Legality and Ethics of Web Scraping
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<p>If the request is a POST request, or if it requires more complex headers, this strategy will not work.</p>
<p>In that case, I recommend using a free software like <a href="https://www.postman.com/">Postman</a>. The process is simple:</p>
<ol>
<li>Right click on the request in the network requests pane.</li>
<li>Select "Copy as cURL"</li>
<li>Paste the request into Postman</li>
<li>Auto generate Python code by clicking the <code>&lt;/&gt;</code> button</li>
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<p><img alt="copy as cURL" src="slides_content/images/copy-as-cURL.png"/></p>
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<h1 id="That's-it!">That's it!<a class="anchor-link" href="#That's-it!">¶</a></h1><p>Resources from this presentation:</p>
<ul>
<li>My <a href="https://github.com/lorae/web-scraping-tutorial">GitHub repository</a> containing all slides, sample code, and website source code</li>
<li>Link to <a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/advanced-web-scraping.slides.html#/">this presentation</a></li>
<li>Link to the <a href="https://github.com/lorae/web-scraping-tutorial/tree/main/sample_code">sample code</a></li>
<li>Link to the web scraping <a href="https://lorae.github.io/web-scraping-tutorial/">instructional website</a></li>
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<h2 id="Any-questions?">Any questions?<a class="anchor-link" href="#Any-questions?">¶</a></h2>
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