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bg.json
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{
"language": "Bulgarian",
"source_url": "http:\/\/mirrors.ctan.org\/language\/hyph-utf8\/tex\/generic\/hyph-utf8\/patterns\/tex\/hyph-bg.tex",
"copyright": [
"% copyright: Copyright (C) 2000, 2004, 2017 Anton Zinoviev",
"% title: Hyphenation patterns for Bulgarian",
"% version: 21 October 2017",
"% language:",
"% name: Bulgarian",
"% tag: bg",
"% notice: >",
"% This file is part of the hyph-utf8 package.",
"% See http:\/\/www.hyphenation.org\/tex for more information.",
"% The Bulgarian patterns used to come from another file,",
"% by Georgi Boshnakov, named bghyphen.tex",
"% authors:",
"% -",
"% name: Anton Zinoviev",
"% contact: anton:lml.bas.bg",
"% licence:",
"% text: > # Seems equivalent to 3-clause BSD",
"% This software may be used, modified, copied, distributed, and sold,",
"% both in source and binary form provided that the above copyright",
"% notice and these terms are retained. The name of the author may not",
"% be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software",
"% without prior permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDES \"AS IS\" AND",
"% ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT",
"% SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT",
"% OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.",
"% hyphenmins:",
"% typesetting:",
"% left: 2",
"% right: 2",
"% changes: See below",
"% texlive:",
"% encoding: t2a",
"% message: Bulgarian hyphenation patterns",
"% description: Hyphenation patterns for Bulgarian in T2A and UTF-8 encodings.",
"% babelname: bulgarian",
"% ==========================================",
"% Copyright (C) 2000,2004,2017 by Anton Zinoviev <anton@lml.bas.bg>",
"%",
"% This software may be used, modified, copied, distributed, and sold,",
"% both in source and binary form provided that the above copyright",
"% notice and these terms are retained. The name of the author may not",
"% be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software",
"% without prior permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDES \"AS IS\" AND",
"% ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT",
"% SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT",
"% OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.",
"%",
"% Bulgarian hyphenation patterns",
"%",
"% Generated by .\/hyph-bg.sh --safe-morphology --standalone-tex",
"%",
"% Both left and right hyphenmins should be set to 2.",
"%",
"% % Automated Bulgarian Hyphenation",
"% % Anton Zinoviev",
"% % 21 October 2017",
"%",
"% Principles of the Bulgarian hyphenation",
"% =======================================",
"%",
"% One specificity of the Bulgarian language is that the average length",
"% of the words is greater than in English. When typesetting a Bulgarian",
"% text, hyphenation is more important than when typesetting an English",
"% text. Knuth's algorithm for line-breaking is such that in most",
"% English paragraphs no hyphenation will be used. With a Bulgarian",
"% text, however, even the Knuth's algorithm will use hyphenation in most",
"% paragraphs. Hyphenation becomes an absolute necessity if we want to",
"% obtain nice, justified paragraphs when using a software with dumb",
"% line-breaking algorithm, such as LibreOffice.",
"%",
"% According to Decree 936 of the Council of Ministers promulgated on 27",
"% November 1950, the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian",
"% Academy of Sciences is authorised to publish the rules of the",
"% orthography of the Bulgarian language (within certain limits).",
"%",
"% Hyphenation rules between 1945 and 1983",
"% ---------------------------------------",
"%",
"% Between 1945 and 1983 Bulgarian used syllable hyphenation with two",
"% morphological exceptions: hyphenation is preferred between a prefix",
"% and a stem and at the boundary of compound words. The following were",
"% the rules governing the hyphenation:",
"%",
"% 1. One letter does not stay alone. Words of one syllable can not be",
"% hyphenated.",
"% 2. No hyphenation before or after ь.",
"% 3. In a sequence of vowels at least one vowel stays before the",
"% hyphen.",
"% 4. A single consonant between two vowels links with the second vowel.",
"% For example по-ле \/po-le\/, ра-бо-та \/ra-bo-ta\/.",
"% 5. In a sequence of consonants between two vowels, at least one",
"% consonant stays with the second vowel. For example те-сто \/te-sto\/",
"% or тес-то \/tes-to\/.[^b]",
"% 6. In a sequence of consonants between two vowels, if the first",
"% consonant is sonorant (й \/y\/, л \/l\/, м \/m\/, н \/n\/, р \/r\/), then it",
"% stays with the first vowel. For example гер-дан \/ger-dan\/, сен-ки",
"% \/sen-ki\/.",
"% 7. The hyphenation separates two successive equal consonants. For",
"% example времен-но \/vremen-no\/, пролет-та \/prolet-ta\/.",
"% 8. When the letters дж \/dzh\/ and дз \/dz\/ denote a single consonant,",
"% then they are not separated. For example боя-джия \/boya-dzhiya\/",
"% but not бояд-жия \/boyad-zhiya\/. When these letters denote two",
"% consonants, then the normal rules apply: над-живявам",
"% \/nad-zhivyavam\/.",
"% 9. Word prefixes may not be broken. Compound words are hyphenated",
"% either at the boundary of the components or the hyphenation rules",
"% are applied to each of the components separately. For example:",
"% пред-упреждавам \/pred-uprezhdavam\/ (not пре-дупреждавам",
"% \/pre-duprezhdavam\/), пред-известие \/pred-izvestie\/ (not",
"% пре-дизвестие \/pre-dizvestie\/), за-движвам \/za-dvizhvam\/ (not",
"% зад-вижвам \/zad-vizhvam\/), авто-клуб \/avto-klub\/ (not авток-луб",
"% \/avtok-lub\/), вакуум-апарат \/vakuum-aparat\/ (not вакуу-мапарат",
"% \/vakuu-maparat\/).",
"%",
"% In some rare cases the proper application of rule 9 depends on the",
"% semantics of the word. For example пре-дреша \/pre-dresha\/ 'change",
"% clothes' but пред-реша \/pred-resha\/ 'predetermine' or прес-пите",
"% \/pres-pite\/ 'the snow-drifts' but пре-спите \/pre-spite\/ 'sleep for a",
"% while\/overnight'.",
"%",
"% [^b]: In several publications this rule is formulated with the",
"% additional restriction that the sequence of consonants begins with",
"% an obstruent. I believe this restriction is unintentional. It",
"% makes no sense to forbid a hyphenation of the form AB-A but to",
"% permit ABB-A (A denotes a vowel and B – a consonant).",
"%",
"% Hyphenation rules between 1983 and 2012",
"% ---------------------------------------",
"%",
"% The Orthographic dictionary published by the Institute for Bulgarian",
"% language in 1983 introduced new hyphenation rules. The complexity of",
"% the previous rules was the main reason for the change. The new rules",
"% aimed at two objectives: simplicity and unambiguity.",
"%",
"% The new rules are:",
"%",
"% 1. A consonant between two vowels links with the second vowel. For",
"% example ви-со-чи-на \/vi-so-chi-na\/.",
"% 2. In a sequence of two or more consonants between two vowels, at",
"% least one consonant stays with first vowel and at least one with",
"% the second vowel. For example сес-тра \/ses-tra\/ and сест-ра",
"% \/sest-ra\/.",
"% 3. Two equal consonants are separated. For example плен-ник",
"% \/plen-nik\/.",
"% 4. In a sequence of two or more vowels, the first vowel stays before",
"% the hyphen. For example пре-одолея \/pre-odoleya\/ and прео-долея",
"% \/preo-doleya\/.",
"% 5. In a sequence of three or more vowels, the last vowel stays after",
"% the hyphen. For example мао-изъм \/mao-izam\/ but not маои-зъм",
"% \/maoi-zam\/.",
"% 6. The letter й \/y\/ between a vowel and a consonant stays with the",
"% vowel. For example май-ка \/may-ka\/.",
"% 7. When a sequence of two or more consonants follows й \/y\/ then at",
"% least one consonant links with й \/y\/. For example айс-берг",
"% \/ays-berg\/ (not ай-сберг \/ay-sberg\/).",
"% 8. The letter й \/y\/ between two vowels links with the second vowel.",
"% For example ма-йор \/ma-yor\/.",
"% 9. No hyphenation before or after ь.",
"% 10. When the letters дж \/dzh\/ denote a single consonant, then they are",
"% not separated. For example су-джук \/su-dzhuk\/ (not суд-жук",
"% \/sud-zhuk\/) but над-живея \/nad-zhiveya\/.",
"% 11. There must be at least one vowel before and after the hyphen.",
"% 12. One letter does not stay alone.",
"%",
"% The total disregard of the morphology by these rules leads to some",
"% strange results. For example пре-дизвестие \/pre-dizvestie\/ is",
"% permitted and пред-известие \/pred-izvestie\/ is forbidden, зад-вижвам",
"% \/zad-vizhvam\/ is permitted and за-движвам \/za-dvizhvam\/ is forbidden,",
"% авток-луб \/avtok-lub\/ is permitted and авто-клуб \/avto-klub\/ is",
"% forbidden, вакуу-мапарат \/vakuu-maparat\/ is permitted and",
"% вакуум-апарат \/vakuum-aparat\/ is forbidden. Because of this, the new",
"% rules were not universally accepted. The old rules are still",
"% mentioned in various places in Internet, they are included even in",
"% some grammar books published by the publishing houses of the Ministry",
"% of Education and of Sofia University. The software developers,",
"% however, soon came into love with the new hyphenation rules.",
"%",
"% Hyphenation rules after 2012",
"% ----------------------------",
"%",
"% In 2012 new rules came into force. There are two differences with",
"% respect to the previous rules:",
"%",
"% 1. Rule 5 of the previous rules is revoked. For example маои-зъм",
"% \/maoi-zam\/ becomes a valid hyphenation.",
"% 2. The new rules permit morphologically based hyphenation (however it",
"% is not obligatory). For example пред-известие \/pred-izvestie\/,",
"% за-движвам \/za-dvizhvam\/, авто-клуб \/avto-klub\/, вакуум-апарат",
"% \/vakuum-aparat\/ are valid hyphenations.",
"%",
"% Good hyphenation is a complex matter and it seems the linguists at the",
"% Institute for Bulgarian Language have recognised this. They no longer",
"% attempt to provide universal rules about everything. Instead, they",
"% provide some very permissible rules while the good application of",
"% these rules is leaved to the discretion and the experience of the",
"% printers and the developers of hyphenation software.",
"%",
"% It makes sense to use at least two different sets of hyphenation rules",
"% for Bulgarian. In most cases a more restrictive version should be",
"% used, one which attempts to eliminate the controversial cases of",
"% hyphenation. When typesetting a Bulgarian text in a narrow newspaper",
"% column, however, it will be appropriate to use more liberal",
"% hyphenation rules. It should be noted that one of the reasons for the",
"% hyphenation reform in 1983 was the desire to fix the chaotic",
"% hyphenation in the Bulgarian newspapers at that time.",
"%",
"% Computer implementations",
"% ========================",
"%",
"% Mathematical analysis of the Bulgarian hyphenation",
"% --------------------------------------------------",
"%",
"% The earliest mathematical analysis of the Bulgarian hyphenation rules",
"% belongs to Veska Noncheva.[^1] In 1988 she proposed a mathematical",
"% formalisation of the hyphenation rules in a table with 22 rows.[^2]",
"%",
"% [^1]: <http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Veska_Noncheva>",
"%",
"% [^2]: Нончева В. Алгоритъм за автоматично пренасяне на думи в",
"% българския език. Математика и математическо",
"% образование. Сб. доклади на 17. ПК на СМБ. С., БАН, 1988, 479-482.",
"%",
"% In the same year Eugene Belogay[^3] proposed an alternative",
"% formalisation with only 9 rules.[^4] Belogay proved that his rules are",
"% consistent and that they form a minimal set. The rules of Belogay",
"% have negative character – every hyphenation which is not forbidden by",
"% a rule is possible hyphenation.",
"%",
"% [^3]: <http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/belogay>",
"%",
"% [^4]: Белогай Е. Алгоритъм за автоматично пренасяне на думи. Компютър",
"% за вас (1988) 3, 12-14.",
"%",
"% The following are the first 7 rules, as formulated by Belogay:",
"%",
"% 1. Б-А",
"% 2. А-ББ",
"% 3. Б-ТТ, ТТ-Б",
"% 4. ААА-Б",
"% 5. й-ББ",
"% 6. Б-ь",
"% 7. д-ж",
"%",
"% Here А denotes an arbitrary vowel letter, Б denotes an arbitrary",
"% consonant letter (including ь and й), ТТ denotes a sequence of two",
"% equal consonant letters and the letters й, ь, д and ж denote",
"% themselves. For example the rule \"Б-А\" says that we are not permitted",
"% to separate a consonant letter from immediately following vowel",
"% letter.",
"%",
"% The eighth rule of Belogay says that hyphenation is forbidden before",
"% the first and after the last vowel letter. The ninth rule of Belogay",
"% says that hyphenation is forbidden immediately after the first or",
"% immediately before the last letter of the word.",
"%",
"% Notice that is is very easy to translate the rules of Belogay in the",
"% form, required for the hyphenation algorithm of Knuth and Liang used",
"% in TeX.[^a] Let us remind that this algorithm matches the word with a",
"% set of string patterns in which the odd numbers say hyphenation is",
"% permitted in this position and even numbers say the hyphenation is",
"% forbidden. When two patterns give conflicting numbers for the same",
"% position, then the greater number wins.",
"%",
"% First, since the rules of Belogay are negative (they say where",
"% hyphenation is forbidden, not where it is permitted), we have to",
"% permit the hyphenation everywhere:",
"%",
"% 1. А1",
"% 2. Б1",
"%",
"% Then, the first seven rules of Belogay obtain the form:",
"%",
"% 1. Б2А",
"% 2. А2ББ",
"% 3. Б2ТТ ТТ2Б",
"% 4. ААА2Б",
"% 5. й2ББ",
"% 6. Б2ь",
"% 7. д2ж",
"%",
"% Since no Bulgarian word starts with more that four consonants and no",
"% Bulgarian word ends with more than three consonants, the eighth rule",
"% of Belogay can be translated in the following way:",
"%",
"% 1. .Б2",
"% 2. .ББ2",
"% 3. .БББ2",
"% 4. 2Б.",
"% 5. 2ББ.",
"%",
"% The ninth rule of Belogay means that left and right hyphen mins should",
"% be set to 2.",
"%",
"% The work of Eugene Belogay was not limited to merely a mathematical",
"% analysis of the Bulgarian hyphenation rules. In his paper he",
"% published a short algorithm in Pascal which implements these rules.",
"% It didn't take long for this algorithm to be used in various text",
"% processing software. The algorithm of Belogay was famous for many",
"% years. Even as late as 1997 in one book about TeX, the author didn't",
"% care to give any explanations but simply wrote about \"the algorithm of",
"% Belogay\" as something well known to the reader.[^5]",
"%",
"% [^a]: Liang, Franklin Mark. Word Hy-phen-a-tion by",
"% Com-put-er (Doctoral Dissertation). Stanford University, 1983",
"%",
"% [^5]: Василев В. Ултимативният ТеХ. Удоволствието да правим",
"% предпечатна подготовка сами. София, Интела, 1997, 36",
"%",
"% Bulgarian hyphenation in TeX",
"% ----------------------------",
"%",
"% One unfortunate design decision of Knuth was that the hyphenation",
"% algorithm of TeX applied the hyphenation patterns not to the input",
"% character codes but to the internal codes of the glyphs in the font.",
"% This created a problem for the Cyrillic languages because in TeX the",
"% Cyrillic fonts did not have standardised encoding. Perhaps this is",
"% one of the reasons why the earliest implementations of the Bulgarian",
"% hyphenation in TeX did not rely on the internal hyphenation algorithm",
"% of TeX. Instead, external tools were used to insert soft hyphens in",
"% all Bulgarian words. For example such a tool would replace the word",
"% сричкопренасяне \/srichkoprenasyane\/ with",
"% срич\\\\-коп\\\\-ре\\\\-на\\\\-ся\\\\-не \/srich\\\\-kop\\\\-re\\\\-na\\\\-sya\\\\-ne\/.",
"% The saying \"To every disadvantage there is a corresponding advantage\"",
"% is true – since Cyrillic and Latin letters use different character",
"% codes, an external tool could easily insert soft hyphens in all",
"% Bulgarian words while leaving the TeX commands intact.",
"%",
"% The earliest known attempt to use the hyphenation algorithm of TeX for",
"% Bulgarian was made by Ognyan Tonev in 1990.[^6] He described his work",
"% as \"a not very good translation of the rules. I work in this",
"% direction. But I don't have a 100% working complect of patterns. So,",
"% the copy I send to you[^7] is only a beta-version.\" The hyphenation",
"% patterns of Tonev don't work correctly and it seems he never completed",
"% his work.",
"%",
"% [^6]: The author of this text was unable to find current information",
"% about Ognyan Tonev in Internet. Apparently in 1990 he worked in",
"% the Center of Informatics and Computer Technology of the Bulgarian",
"% Academy of Sciences.",
"%",
"% [^7]: To Yannis Haralambous,",
"% <http:\/\/perso.telecom-bretagne.eu\/yannisharalambous>",
"%",
"% The first usable Bulgarian hyphenation patterns for TeX were developed",
"% by Georgi Boshnakov[^8] in 1994. In order to solve the encoding",
"% problem, Boshnakov had developed TeX fonts supporting the MIK encoding",
"% (the prevalent encoding at that time in Bulgaria). This allowed him",
"% to introduce a fully working implementation only a few months after",
"% LaTeX2e became the official LaTeX version. Later Boshnakov modified",
"% his work with the Babel system. The hyphenation patterns of Boshnakov",
"% did their job well enough, so that for almost quarter a century after",
"% their initial creation, they remained the only Bulgarian hyphenation",
"% patterns in the standard distributions of TeX and CTAN.",
"%",
"% [^8]: <http:\/\/www.maths.manchester.ac.uk\/~gb\/>",
"%",
"% There are some similarities between the patterns of Boshnakov and the",
"% patterns of Belogay. The following are the main differences.",
"%",
"% First, Boshnakov used an ingenious and more compact implementation of",
"% the second and the third rule. Instead of {А2ББ, Б2ТТ, ТТ2Б}, or",
"% 8×22×22+22×22+22×22=4840 patterns in total, Boshnakov has patterns of",
"% the form 2Б3Б2 and 4Т3Т4, or only 22×22=484 in total, with the same",
"% effect.",
"%",
"% The second main difference between the patterns of Boshnakov and the",
"% patterns of Belogay concerns the letter combination дж \/dzh\/. In",
"% Bulgarian this letter combination can denote either a single",
"% consonant, or a sequence of two consonants and the hyphenation rules",
"% change respectively. Unfortunately, it is impossible to know the",
"% meaning of дж \/dzh\/ without a vocabulary. The solution of Belogay was",
"% a cautious one – his rules do the hyphenation in a way which will be",
"% correct regardless of whether дж \/dzh\/ is a single consonant or a",
"% sequence of two consonant. On the other hand, the approach of",
"% Boshnakov is a bold one – since дж \/dzh\/ is more often a single",
"% consonant, his rules assume that it is always a single consonant. The",
"% number of the cases when this decision leads to bad hyphenations is",
"% insignificant in comparison with the cases in which we obtain improved",
"% hyphenation.",
"%",
"% The third main difference between the patterns of Boshnakov and the",
"% patterns of Belogay concerns the eighth rule – its implementation in",
"% the rules of Boshnakov is rather limited which leads to wrong",
"% hyphenations like бри-дж \/bri-dzh\/. A full implementation of this",
"% rule would require 11660 patterns in total and this would be too much",
"% for the computers in 1994.",
"%",
"% Later developments",
"% ------------------",
"%",
"% In 1995 Atanas Topalov defended a Masters thesis in the Faculty of",
"% Mathematics and Informatics at Sofia University titled \"Algorithms and",
"% software about text processing\".[^9] One of the main topics in his",
"% thesis was the Bulgarian hyphenation. Topalov criticised vehemently",
"% the official hyphenation rules and their total disregard of the",
"% morphology. He wrote:",
"%",
"% > If we look at the history of the problems of the hyphenation, we",
"% > will discover something very strange. Instead of the expected",
"% > involvement with the depths and aspiration for more admissible and",
"% > satisfactory style, we can find a growing tendency for",
"% > simplification. One unpleasant discovery is that the development of",
"% > the hyphenation software stays firmly on the principle \"let us do",
"% > the easiest thing\". The earliest works which have been studied are",
"% > from 1978. It turned out that they present the best approach",
"% > concerning the automated hyphenation. The authors have chosen the",
"% > most difficult but the most correct (from literary point of view)",
"% > method for hyphenation, namely the morphological approach.",
"%",
"% Topalov proposed his own hyphenation algorithm. The hyphenation it",
"% generated was smooth and easy to read. One obvious defect of the",
"% algorithm of Topalov was that it contradicted the official hyphenation",
"% rules at that time. One can argue, however, that his algorithm is",
"% compatible with the current hyphenation rules.",
"%",
"% [^9]: The thesis of Atanas Topalov can be accessed at the author's",
"% website <http:\/\/www.mind-print.com>",
"%",
"% In 1999 Svetla Koeva[^10] wrote a paper about the automated Bulgarian",
"% hyphenation.[^11] At that time she was a junior member of the",
"% Department of Computational Linguistics at the Institute for Bulgarian",
"% Language but now she is a director of the whole institute. The paper",
"% of Koeva contains a list of hyphenation patterns which can be used as",
"% a basis of automated hyphenation. In 2004 with the help of Stoyan",
"% Mihov[^12] the rules of Koeva were formalised with regular relations",
"% and rewriting rules. They were implemented in a software product",
"% named ItaEst which provided Bulgarian hyphenation and grammar checking",
"% for various software products of Microsoft and Apple.",
"%",
"% [^10]: <http:\/\/dcl.bas.bg\/svetla_koeva\/>",
"%",
"% [^11]: Коева, Светла. Правила за пренасяне на части от думите на нов",
"% ред. Български език. 1999\/2000, 1, 84-86",
"%",
"% [^12]: <http:\/\/lml.bas.bg\/~stoyan\/>",
"%",
"% The main differences between the hyphenation of Koeva and the official",
"% hyphenation rules effective after 2012 is that the separation of a",
"% long sequence of consonants between two vowels is done according to",
"% the rules valid before 1983. For example се-стра \/se-stra\/ and",
"% ай-сберг \/ay-sberg\/ are permitted. The main difference between the",
"% hyphenation of Koeva and the official hyphenation rules effective",
"% before 1983 is that the rules of Koeva disregard the morphology of the",
"% words. The following rule of Koeva is specific: in a sequence of two",
"% sonorant consonants between two vowels, we are permitted to separate",
"% the first vowel from the first consonant, for example материа-лна",
"% \/materia-lna\/.",
"%",
"% In 2000 Anton Zinoviev[^13] created new hyphenation patterns for TeX.",
"% He didn't know about the previous work of Boshnakov and he didn't",
"% bother to make his work available in the various TeX distributions and",
"% CTAN. His work was used mostly by the local Linux enthusiasts and the",
"% colleagues of Zinoviev. In 2001 Radostin Radnev[^14] created a free",
"% grammar dictionary of Bulgarian[^15] where he used the hyphenation",
"% patterns of Zinoviev. From there the work of Zinoviev propagated to",
"% OpenOffice, LibreOffice and various online dictionaries, including",
"% <http:\/\/bg.wiktionary.org> and <http:\/\/rechnik.chitanka.info>.",
"%",
"% [^13]: The author of this text.",
"%",
"% [^14]: <http:\/\/bg.linkedin.com\/in\/radostinradnev>",
"%",
"% [^15]: <http:\/\/bgoffice.sourceforge.net\/>",
"%",
"% The following are the main differences between the hyphenation of",
"% Zinoviev and the hyphenation of Boshnakov.",
"%",
"% First, the eighth rule of Belogay is fully implemented.",
"%",
"% Second, the rules of Zinoviev try to detect when the letters дж \/dzh\/",
"% (and дз \/dz\/) denote a single consonant and when they denote a",
"% sequence of two consonants. By default, however, Zinoviev (like",
"% Boshnakov) assumes that дж \/dzh\/ is a single consonant and hyphenates",
"% accordingly.",
"%",
"% Third, the rules of Zinoviev disable some cases of unpleasant",
"% hyphenations:",
"%",
"% 1. In a consonant sequence like тст \/tst\/, the two equal consonants т",
"% \/t\/ are separated. For example братст-во \/bratst-vo\/ is forbidden",
"% while братс-тво \/brats-tvo\/ and брат-ство \/brat-stvo\/ are",
"% permitted.",
"% 2. The hyphenation is forbidden after a sonorant consonant following",
"% an obstruent consonant. For example отм-ра \/otm-ra\/ is forbidden",
"% and от-мра \/ot-mra\/ is permitted.",
"% 3. The hyphenation separates two consecutive kindred voiced\/voiceless",
"% consonants. For example субп-родукт \/subp-roduct\/ is forbidden and",
"% суб-продукт \/sub-product\/ is permitted.",
"%",
"% At the start of his work on the Bulgarian hyphenation, Zinoviev had",
"% the opportunity to discuss the hyphenation with Svetla Koeva. He",
"% remembers that some cases of unpleasant hyphenation were suggested to",
"% him by Koeva. Unfortunately, he hasn't taken notes so now he doesn't",
"% know which cases of unpleasant hyphenation have been suggested to him",
"% by Koeva and which are his own findings.",
"%",
"% The present work",
"% ================",
"%",
"% Motivation",
"% ----------",
"%",
"% The present work was carried out on the initiative of the leader of",
"% the Bulgarian localisation team of Mozilla, who contacted Zinoviev,",
"% Boshnakov and the maintainers of the TeX hyphenation patterns.[^17]",
"% This work pursues the following main objectives:",
"%",
"% 1. to update the hyphenation patterns in accordance with the current",
"% hyphenation rules;",
"% 2. to generate the hyphenation patterns by a publicly available",
"% script;",
"% 3. to make the hyphenation patterns customisable;",
"% 4. to provide documentation for the future developers.",
"%",
"% [^16]: <http:\/\/mozillians.org\/en-US\/u\/stoyan\/>",
"%",
"% [^17]: <http:\/\/hyphenation.org>",
"%",
"% The current official hyphenating rules for Bulgarian are rather",
"% liberal. Very often, in a long sequence of consonants we are",
"% permitted to split the word at any position, for example аген-т-с-т-во",
"% \/agen-t-s-t-vo\/. This is prone to many unusual and unexpected results",
"% that interrupt the attention of the reader or deceive his expectations",
"% during the movement of his eyes to the next line. On the other hand,",
"% in order to produce nice justified paragraphs there is no need for so",
"% many hyphenation possibilities. It would be sufficient even if only",
"% one possible separation between any two syllables was permitted.",
"%",
"% Therefore, it makes sense to use a more restrictive version of the",
"% Bulgarian hyphenation, one which eliminates the controversial cases of",
"% hyphenation. Only when typesetting a Bulgarian text in a very narrow",
"% newspaper column it will be appropriate to use a more liberal version.",
"% It should be noted that some specialised English dictionaries also",
"% separate the word-division positions into two categories – preferred",
"% positions and less recommended positions.",
"%",
"% There are two methods to determine the optimal division within a",
"% sequence of consonants between two vowels:",
"%",
"% * we can hyphenate according to the syllables in the word or",
"% * we can hyphenate morphologically.",
"%",
"% Hyphenation according to the syllables in the word",
"% --------------------------------------------------",
"%",
"% Let us look at the properties of the Bulgarian syllables. All",
"% syllables have the following structure:",
"%",
"% > onset - nucleus - code",
"%",
"% The nucleus in Bulgarian is always a vowel. Both the onset and the",
"% code are (possibly empty) sequences of consonants.",
"%",
"% The Bulgarian syllables adhere to the Sonority Sequencing Principle.",
"% According to this principle, the consonants within the onset have",
"% raising sonority and the consonants within the code have decreasing",
"% sonority.",
"%",
"% Several grammar books agree that the following sonority scale is valid",
"% for Bulgarian:",
"%",
"% > voiceless obtrusive < voiced obtrusive < sonorant consonant < vowel",
"%",
"% According to the investigations of the author, the only exception to",
"% this law is due to the letter в \/v\/ which is a voiced obtrusive but it",
"% can be used also as a voiceless obtrusive. This exception is due to a",
"% spelling particularity of the Bulgarian language. Whenever the letter",
"% в \/v\/ seemingly violates the Sonority Sequencing Principle, in the",
"% spoken language this letter is read as ф \/f\/, that is as a voiceless",
"% obtrusive (for example the word отвсякъде \/otvsyakade\/ is read as",
"% отфсякъде \/otfsyakade\/).[^18]",
"%",
"% [^18]: No Primitive Slavonic word contains the phoneme ф \/f\/.",
"% Therefore, we can safely assume that in the Primitive Slavonic",
"% language the consonant ф \/f\/ was a positional variant of the consonant",
"% в \/v\/.",
"%",
"% The author has found that the sonorant consonants in Bulgarian have",
"% their own sonority scale:",
"%",
"% > м \/m\/ < н \/n\/ < л \/l\/ < р \/r\/ < й \/y\/",
"%",
"% Only a few words such as жанр \/zhanr\/ and химн \/himn\/ violate this",
"% scale. Such words are always loan-words and their pronunciation is",
"% somewhat problematic for the native Bulgarian speakers.",
"%",
"% In addition to the Sonority Sequencing Principle, the consonant",
"% clusters within the Bulgarian syllable adhere to the following",
"% additional principles:",
"%",
"% 1. Both in the onset and in the code, the labial and dorsal plosives",
"% precede the coronal plosives and affricates.",
"% 2. If the onset or the code contains two plosives or affricates, then",
"% there are no fricatives between them. Few words with the Latin",
"% root 'text' are exceptions: контекст \/kontekst\/.",
"% 3. If the onset or the code contains two fricatives other than в \/v\/,",
"% then there are no plosives or affricates between them.",
"% 4. If the onset or the code contains two plosives or affricates, then",
"% they both have equal sonority (both are voiced, or both are",
"% voiceless).",
"% 5. If the onset or the code contains two fricatives other than в \/v\/,",
"% then they both have equal sonority (both are voiced, or both are",
"% voiceless).",
"% 6. Neither the onset, nor the code may contain two labial plosives, or",
"% two coronal plosives or affricates or two dorsal plosives.",
"% 7. Neither the onset, nor the code may contain two equal consonants",
"% with the exception of в \/v\/ (for example втвърди \/vtvardi\/).[^19]",
"%",
"% [^19]: Actually, the letter в \/v\/ is not a real exception because in",
"% all such cases this letter denotes two different consonants – в \/v\/",
"% and ф \/f\/. Only in the Russian loan-word взвод \/vzvod\/ the two",
"% letters в \/v\/ denote a repeating consonant в \/v\/.",
"%",
"% From all these properties of the Bulgarian syllable we can deduce the",
"% following hyphenation rules:",
"%",
"% 1. In a sequence МК where М is a consonant with higher sonority than",
"% K, we are not permitted to hyphenate before М. Exception: when М",
"% is в \/v\/ and К is a voiceless consonant.",
"% 2. In a sequence КМ where М is a consonant with higher sonority than",
"% K, we are not permitted to hyphenate after М.",
"% 3. In a sequence KBT where K and T are plosives or affricates and B is",
"% fricative, we separate K from T.",
"% 4. In a sequence CKB where K is a plosive or affricate and C and B are",
"% fricatives other than в \/v\/, we separate C from B.",
"% 5. If in a consonant sequence a coronal plosive or affricate Т is",
"% followed by a labial or dorsal plosive К, then we separate Т from К.",
"% 6. If a consonant sequence contains two plosives or affricates, one",
"% voiced and one voiceless, then we separate them.",
"% 7. If a consonant sequence contains two fricatives other than в \/v\/,",
"% one voiced and one voiceless, then we separate them.",
"% 8. If a consonant sequence contains two labial plosives or two coronal",
"% plosives or affricates or two dorsal plosives then they are",
"% separated.",
"% 9. If a consonant sequence contains two equal consonants (not",
"% necessarily consecutive), then they are separated.",
"%",
"% With so many prohibitive rules, a question arises: if we apply all",
"% these rules, aren't we going to eliminate too many hyphenation",
"% possibilities? The answer is no. It can be demonstrated that between",
"% any two consecutive syllables at least one separation point will be",
"% permitted.",
"%",
"%",
"% Hyphenation according to the morphology",
"% ---------------------------------------",
"%",
"% Between 1983 and 2012 the official orthographic rules of the",
"% Bulgarian language forbade morphologically based hyphenation. After",
"% 2012 such hyphenation is permitted (but not obligatory).",
"%",
"% The most important case when it is very desirable to use",
"% morphologically based hyphenation is the case of the compound words.",
"% Divisions such as авток-луб \/avtok-lub\/ and вакуу-мапарат",
"% \/vakuu-maparat\/ are extremely irritating even if they are formally",
"% correct. Unfortunately, we do not have a vocabulary of the compound",
"% Bulgarian words that would permit us to produce rules for automated",
"% hyphenation. Therefore, the current Bulgarian hyphenation patterns do",
"% not attempt to apply morphological hyphenation to such words.",
"%",
"% Second in importance (but far more significant in terms of numbers) is",
"% the case with the word prefixes. While the eyes of the reader still",
"% look at the start of the word, the word is still unknown to him. At",
"% this point, it is very important not to deceive his expectations. For",
"% example, when the reader sees над- \/nad-\/ at the end of the line, he",
"% will expect that this is the prefix над- \/nad-\/ with semantics 'attain",
"% more than'. This expectation will be fooled if this wasn't really a",
"% prefix, but a deceiving (while formally correct) hyphenation of the",
"% word надремя \/nadremya\/ 'have dozed enough' where the real prefix is",
"% not над- \/nad-\/ but на- \/na-\/ with semantics 'achieve a state after",
"% accumulation'. Such hyphenation distracts the reader and makes the",
"% reading more difficult.",
"%",
"% Third in importance is the case with the word suffixes. With respect",
"% to the hyphenation rules we can divide the suffixes into three",
"% categories:",
"%",
"% 1. Suffixes starting with a vowel, for example -ар \/-ar\/. It is not",
"% appropriate to follow the morphology with such suffixes because",
"% this will contradict the whole hyphenation tradition of the",
"% Bulgarian language. For example крав-ар \/krav-ar\/ is unwarranted.",
"% 2. Suffixes starting with one consonant, for example -ка \/-ka\/.",
"% Usually with such suffixes the syllable boundary in the word",
"% coincides with morpheme boundary so no specific cares are",
"% necessary, for example кравар-ка \/kravar-ka\/. The exceptions are",
"% rare, for example: обек-тната \/obek-tnata\/ instead of обект-ната",
"% \/obekt-nata\/.",
"% 3. Suffixes starting with more than one consonant (-ски \/-ski\/, -ство",
"% \/-stvo\/). It is possible to use morphological hyphenation rules",
"% with such suffixes.",
"%",
"% Even if it is possible to use morphological hyphenation with the",
"% suffixes of the third category, it turns out, this is not as useful as",
"% it is with the case of the prefixes. When the eyes of the reader have",
"% reached this part of the word, the word is already more or less known",
"% to the reader. Therefore, at this point the morphological hyphenation",
"% does not provide any significant advantages in comparison to the",
"% simpler hyphenation based only on the syllables in the word. Consider",
"% for example the word геройс-тво \/geroys-tvo\/ with suffix -ство",
"% \/-stvo\/. When the reader sees геройс- \/geroys-\/ at the end of the",
"% line this will give him an early clue that the suffix of the word is",
"% -ство \/-stvo\/. Such non-morphological hyphenation does not deceive",
"% the expectations of the reader. On the contrary, it makes the reading",
"% easier because it gives clues to the reader about what follows on the",
"% next line.",
"%",
"% Because of these considerations, the current Bulgarian hyphenation",
"% patterns do not attempt to use morphological hyphenation with respect",
"% to the suffixes of the words. Though it would be useful to implement",
"% rules about the suffixes of the second cateogory. Hopefully, some",
"% future version will have such rules.",
"%",
"% Occasionally,[^20] a fourth morphological requirement is stated: that",
"% hyphenation should conform with the boundary between the word and the",
"% definitive articles -та \/-ta\/ and -те \/-te\/ (postfixed in Bulgarian).",
"% There is no need to pay attention to this rule because it seems to be",
"% satisfied by its own nature. The author has searched in a dictionary",
"% with over 860000 Bulgarian words for cases when the hyphenation rules",
"% would hyphenate badly with respect to the definitive article. He was",
"% unable to find even one such case with the hyphenation rules valid",
"% after 1983 and only about 10 cases with the rules valid before 1983",
"% (one of them is живопи-ста \/zhivopi-sta\/ instead of живопис-та",
"% \/zhivopis-ta\/).",
"%",
"% One unavoidable characteristic of any morphologically based automated",
"% hyphenation is that it can create wrong hyphenations. Because of",
"% this, one useful option is to use the morphology in a safe way – to",
"% use it in order to forbid bad hyphenations but to create no new",
"% hyphenation possibilities solely on the basis of the morphology.",
"%",
"% Take for example the word дозрея \/dozreya\/ 'ripen fully'. According",
"% to the phonological rules, we should hyphenate it as доз-рея",
"% \/doz-reya\/. According to the morphology, however, we should hyphenate",
"% as до-зрея \/do-zreyq\/ because this word is formed with the prefix до-",
"% \/do-\/ with semantics 'complete or supplement' and this semantics would",
"% be lost if the reader sees доз- \/doz-\/ at the end of the line.",
"% Therefore, there are three methods to hyphenate this word:",
"%",
"% 1. доз-рея \/doz-reya\/ when morphology is not used;",
"% 2. до-зрея \/do-zreya\/ when morphology is fully used;",
"% 3. дозрея \/dozreya\/ (no hyphenation) when morphology is used in a safe",
"% way.",
"%",
"% The option to use the morphology in a safe way is very attractive when",
"% the software uses a smart line-breaking algorithm which can produce",
"% good results even with less hyphenation possibilities. TeX is one",
"% such software. It should be noted that this option does not eliminate",
"% too many hyphenation possibilities because the morpheme boundaries",
"% most of the time are also syllable boundaries.",
"%",
"% [^20]: Правописен и правоговорен наръчник. Състав. Иван Хаджов,",
"% Цв. Минков; Ред. Ив. Хаджов и др. София, Бълг. кн., 1945",
"%",
"% The following are results of a statistics about the quality of the",
"% morphological rules (the number after the sign ± is the expected",
"% standard deviation of our estimations):",
"%",
"% With the option `--morphology`:",
"%",
"% * in 0.1% ±0.3% of the dictionary words the morphological patterns",
"% create very wrong hyphenation;",
"% * in 89.8% ±0.1% of the dictionary words the morphological patterns",
"% hyphenate identically with the case when no morphology patterns are",
"% used;",
"% * in 0.3% ±0.2% of the dictionary words the morphological patterns",
"% hyphenate differently in comparison to the case when no morphology",
"% patterns are used and the word is hyphenated in a way which",
"% contradicts the morphology;",
"% * in 0.6% ±0.1% of the dictionary words the morphological patterns",
"% hyphenate differently in comparison to the case when no morphology",
"% patterns are used and there is a possible hyphenation which is",
"% compatible with the word morphology but which is nevertheless",
"% forbidden by the morphology patterns.",
"%",
"% With the option `--safe-morphology`:",
"%",
"% * in 0% of the dictionary words the morphological patterns create very",
"% wrong hyphenation;",
"% * in 90.0% ±0.1% of the dictionary words the morphological patterns",
"% hyphenate identically with the case when no morphology patterns are",
"% used;",
"% * in 0.3% ±0.2% of the dictionary words the morphological patterns",
"% hyphenate differently in comparison to the case when no morphology",
"% patterns are used and the word is hyphenated in a way which",
"% contradicts the morphology;",
"% * in 0.6% ±0.1% of the dictionary words the morphological patterns",
"% hyphenate differently in comparison to the case when no morphology",
"% patterns are used and there is a possible hyphenation which is",
"% compatible both with the word morphology and with the syllable",
"% boundaries but which is nevertheless forbidden by the morphology",
"% patterns.",
"%",
"% Notice that the morphological patterns create a different hyphenation",
"% only in about 10% of the words. The following explanation can be",
"% given for this surprising fact. First, the natural evolution of the",
"% human languages tends to simplify the complex sequences of consonants.",
"% Therefore, no morpheme contains a complex sequence of consonants. And",
"% second, the Bulgarian orthography is morphological. This means that",
"% the morphemes are written according to their actual pronunciation,",
"% however the simplifications in the spoken languages which take place",
"% at the morpheme boundaries are not taken into account in the",
"% orthography. The independent operation of these two factors leads to",
"% the result that most of the time the morpheme boundaries coincide with",
"% the conventional syllable boundaries. The main exception to this is",
"% when a morpheme starts with a vowel, in this case its syllable will",
"% include one or more consonants of the preceeding morpheme. The second",
"% exception is when a morpheme ends with a vowel and the next morpheme",
"% starts with a sequence of two or more consonants.",
"%",
"% Usage of the script `hyph-bg.sh`",
"% --------------------------------",
"%",
"% The `hyph-bg.sh` is all-in-one script which can generate both",
"% documentation (this text) and Bulgarian hyphenation patterns. When",
"% given the option `--help` the script gives short usage instructions:",
"%",
"% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~",
"% hyph-bg.sh --help",
"% Show this info",
"% hyph-bg.sh [--doc-html | --doc-latex | --doc-txt]",
"% Print documentation in various formats",
"% hyph-bg.sh [other options]",
"% Generate Bulgarian hyphenation patterns",
"%",
"% Options when generating hyphenation patterns:",
"%",
"% --standalone-tex",
"% Produce hyphenation patterns for TeX with \\patterns{ ... }.",
"%",
"% --no-hyphen-mins",
"% Hyphenation patterns which do not require hyphen mins.",
"% Otherwise: both left and right hyphen mins should be set to 2.",
"%",
"% --safe-dz",
"% Do not try to guess whether DZ is a single consonant or not.",
"% Only use hyphenation which will be correct in both cases.",
"%",
"% --permissible",
"% Permit any formally correct hyphenation, including unnatural",
"% divisions, such as studen-tstvo. Useful for educational tools",
"% or when typesetting Bulgarian text in a very short column.",
"%",
"% --morphology",
"% Apply morphology when hyphenating, for example: za-dvizhvam.",
"% May hyphenate incorrectly in some cases.",
"%",
"% --safe-morphology",
"% Apply morphology when hyphenating. Never hyphenates incorrectly",
"% but may prohibit some correct hyphenations.",
"%",
"% --no-morphology",
"% Disregard the morphology. Default.",
"%",
"% --1945",
"% Hyphenate according to the rules effective between 1945 and 1982",
"%",
"% --1983",
"% Hyphenate according to the rules effective between 1983 and 2011",
"%",
"% --2012",
"% Hyphenate according to the rules effective after 2012. Default.",
"% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~",
"%",
"% The following are the recommended ways to generate hyphenation",
"% patterns by this script:",
"%",
"% `hyph-bg.sh --standalone-tex --safe-morphology`",
"% : For TeX. Apply the morphology in a safe way when the software",
"% uses a smart line-breaking algorithm.",
"%",
"% `hyph-bg.sh`",
"% : For most other software.",
"%",
"% `hyph-bg.sh --no-hyphen-mins`",
"% : The current versions of Mozilla (as of 2017) seem to ignore the",
"% hyphen mins in words that contain a dash.",
"%",
"% `hyph-bg.sh --morphology`",
"% : For professional typography with human proof-reader.",
"%",
"% `hyph-bg.sh --permissible`",
"% : For educational tools and online dictionaries which can show only one",
"% kind of hyphenation.",
"%",
"% Notice that some specialised English dictionaries separate the",
"% word-division positions into two categories – preferred positions and",
"% less recommended positions. It would be best if the Bulgarian online",
"% dictionaries could do the same. For example hyphen \"-\" can be used to",
"% display the preferred positions and dot \".\" – the less recommended",
"% positions. If a word-division position is permitted only by the",
"% patterns of `hyph-bg.sh --permissible`, then this position is less",
"% recommended.",
"%",
"\\message{Bulgarian hyphenation patterns (options: --safe-morphology --standalone-tex, version 21 October 2017)}"
],
"exceptions": [],
"patterns": {
"_антиа": "0000004",
"_антиб": "0000004",
"_антив": "0000004",
"_антиг": "0000004",
"_антид": "0000004",
"_антие": "0000004",
"_антиж": "0000004",
"_антиз": "0000004",
"_антии": "0000004",
"_антий": "0000004",
"_антик": "0000004",
"_антил": "0000004",
"_антим": "0000004",
"_антин": "0000004",
"_антио": "0000004",
"_антип": "0000004",
"_антир": "0000004",
"_антис": "0000004",
"_антит": "0000004",
"_антиу": "0000004",
"_антиф": "0000004",
"_антих": "0000004",
"_антиц": "0000004",
"_антиш": "0000004",
"_антищ": "0000004",
"_антиъ": "0000004",
"_антию": "0000004",
"_антия": "0000004",
"_бб": "0008",
"_бв": "0008",
"_бг": "0008",
"_бд": "0008",
"_бж": "0008",
"_бз": "0008",
"_бк": "0008",
"_бл": "0008",
"_бм": "0008",
"_бн": "0008",
"_бп": "0008",
"_бр": "0008",
"_бс": "0008",
"_бт": "0008",
"_бф": "0008",
"_бх": "0008",
"_бц": "0008",
"_бч": "0008",
"_бш": "0008",
"_бщ": "0008",
"_вб": "0008",
"_вбб": "00008",
"_вбв": "00008",
"_вбг": "00008",
"_вбд": "00008",
"_вбж": "00008",
"_вбз": "00008",
"_вбк": "00008",
"_вбл": "00008",
"_вбм": "00008",
"_вбн": "00008",
"_вбп": "00008",
"_вбр": "00008",
"_вбс": "00008",
"_вбт": "00008",
"_вбф": "00008",
"_вбх": "00008",
"_вбц": "00008",
"_вбч": "00008",
"_вбш": "00008",
"_вбщ": "00008",
"_вв": "0008",
"_ввб": "00008",
"_ввв": "00008",
"_ввг": "00008",
"_ввд": "00008",
"_ввж": "00008",
"_ввз": "00008",
"_ввк": "00008",
"_ввл": "00008",
"_ввм": "00008",
"_ввн": "00008",
"_ввп": "00008",
"_ввр": "00008",
"_ввс": "00008",
"_ввт": "00008",
"_ввф": "00008",
"_ввх": "00008",
"_ввц": "00008",
"_ввч": "00008",
"_ввш": "00008",
"_ввщ": "00008",
"_вг": "0008",
"_вгб": "00008",
"_вгв": "00008",
"_вгг": "00008",
"_вгд": "00008",
"_вгж": "00008",
"_вгз": "00008",
"_вгк": "00008",
"_вгл": "00008",