题库.md

NEU

Part 1

1. Steve, an engineer in a construction company, is at present working on a home construction project. The home is being built for the Robinson family, the owners of the home. Steve is working with his project team and support staff to ensure the project is completed on time. In such a scenario, the project sponsor is _____.

	a.	the project team
	b.	the support staff
*	c.	the Robinson family
	d.	Steve

2. Decisions and actions taken in one knowledge area at a certain time rarely affect other knowledge areas. (F)
3. It is mandatory for project managers working on large information technology projects to be experts in the field of information technology. (F)
4. Which systems development life cycle model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined?

	a.	Prototyping life cycle
	b.	RAD life cycle
	c.	Spiral life cycle
*	d.	Waterfall life cycle

5. What term is used for the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date?

	a.	backward pass
*	b.	total slack
	c.	forward pass
	d.	free float

6. Which characteristic highlights a difference between projects and operations?

	a.	Operations are undertaken to create unique products, services, or results whereas projects are not.
*	b.	Projects are temporary endeavors whereas an organization’s operations are ongoing in nature.
	c.	Operations have well-defined objectives whereas projects do not need to have a unique purpose.
	d.	Projects are undertaken to sustain an organization’s business whereas operations are not.

7. Individual projects always address strategic goals(战术目标) whereas portfolio management(组合管理) addresses tactical goals(战略目标).(F)
8. Which approach to product development is currently used by many organizations so a predictive set of steps is used as an overall means to coordinate more detailed steps that are adaptively managed?

	a.	Predictive
*	b.	Hybrid
	c.	Incremental
	d.	Adaptive

9. The cost performance index can be used to calculate the _____ which gives an approximate cost of completing a project based on performance to date. # estimate at completion (EAC)
10. Which dependencies do AOA network diagrams use?

	a.	start-to-start
	b.	finish-to-finish
*	c.	finish-to-start
	d.	start-to-finish

11. What type of management includes the processes required to ensure that a project team completes a project within an approved budget?

	a.	project quality management
	b.	project time management
	c.	project scope management
*	d.	project cost management

12. Which statement best defines schedule variance?

	a.	earned value minus the actual cost
*	b.	earned value minus the planned value
	c.	planned value plus the earned value
	d.	planned value plus the rate of performance

13. A Gantt chart is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a ____ format.

	a.	bar graph
*	b.	calendar
	c.	line graph
	d.	pie chart

14. The _____ is based on the fact that any complex system at any point in time often has only one aspect or constraint that limits its ability to achieve more of its goal. # Theory of Constraints (TOC)
15. Monitoring and controlling processes overlap all of the other project management process groups.(T)
16. The ultimate goal of developing a realistic project schedule is to provide a basis for monitoring project progress for the _____ dimension of the project. # time
17. Which are outputs of the executing process of project integration management?

*	a.	Deliverables
	b.	Resource calendars
	c.	Enterprise environmental factor updates
	d.	Issue logs

18. Project work is most successful in an organizational culture where activities are organized around individuals. (F)
19. Kick-off meeting(启动会议) agendas(议程) are usually recorded in a Word document. (T)
20. Which process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end?

	a.	planning
	b.	monitoring
*	c.	closing
	d.	executing

21. Which term refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project?

	a.	Input
	b.	Resource
	c.	System
*	d.	Deliverable

22. ___ is the difference between planned and actual performance. # Variance

23. What is a work breakdown structure? What are the inputs and tools used for creating one?

    Definition:

    A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.

    Inputs:

    The project scope management plan, scope statement, requirements documentation,enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.

    Tools:

    The main tool or technique is decomposition—that is, subdividingproject deliverables into smaller pieces

24. _____ are short descriptions written by customers of what they need a Scrum system to do for them. # User stories

25. Project schedules grow out of basic documents such as the project charter. (T)

    项目进度表源于基本文件，如项目章程。

26. ___ states that if something can go wrong, it will. # Murphy's Law

27. The project cost management knowledge area maps to which process group through the activities of estimating costs and budget determination?

	a.	monitoring and controlling
	b.	initiating
	c.	executing
*	d.	planning

28. ___ tools, a step up from low-end tools, are designed to handle larger projects, multiple users, and multiple projects. # Midrange >p25
29. The ideal outcome of the _____ process group is to complete a project successfully by delivering the agreed-upon project scope within time, cost, and quality constraints. # monitoring and controlling
30. The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project. (F)
31. A(n) _____ describes how things should be done. # methodology >p64
32. A sprint review is a meeting in which the team demonstrates to the product owner what it has completed during the sprint. (T)
33. Which problem-solving approach requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs?

	a.	Linear programming
	b.	Principal component analysis
*	c.	Systems analysis
	d.	Independent component analysis

34. In Scrum, a(n) _____ is a useful object created by people. # artifact

35. The technique of fast tracking can result in lengthening the project schedule. (T)

36. Why is top management commitment crucial for project managers?

    Project managers need adequate resources. The best way to kill a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project. If project managers have top management commitment, they will also have adequate resources and not be distracted by events that do not affect their specific projects.

    Project managers often require approval for unique project needs in a timely manner. For example, on large information technology projects, top management must understand that unexpected problems may result from the nature of the products being produced and the specific skills of the people on the project team. For example, the team might need additional hardware and software halfway through the project for proper testing, or the project manager might need to offer special pay and benefits to attract and retain key project personnel. With top management commitment, project managers can meet these specific needs in a timely manner.

    Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization. Since most information technology projects cut across functional areas, top management must help project managers deal with the political issues that often arise in these types of situations. If certain functional managers are not responding to project managers' requests for necessary information, top management must step in to encourage functional managers to cooperate.

    Project managers often need someone to mentor and coach them on leadership issues. Many information technology project managers come from technical positions and are inexperienced as managers. Senior managers should take the time to pass on advice on how to be good leaders. They should encourage new project managers to take classes to develop leadership skills and allocate the time and funds for them to do so.

37. Many project management activities occur as part of the planning process group. (T)

38. Which statement best defines cost variance?

*	a.	earned value minus the actual cost
	b.	planned value minus the rate of performance
	c.	planned value plus actual costs
	d.	rate of performance minus earned value

39. Internal stakeholders include groups affected by the project such as government officials or concerned citizens. (F)
40. The output of the stakeholder management strategy results is a project charter. (F)
41. Which document should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project?

	a.	Gantt chart
	b.	project charter
	c.	WBS
*	d.	scope statement(范围说明书)

42. What process provides enterprise environmental factors as an output?

	a.	project integration management
*	b.	project human resource management
	c.	project quality management
	d.	project procurement management

43. The scope of a project is clear and specific from the start. (F)

44. Every project should have a well-defined objective. (T)

45. What are milestones? Describe.

    A project milestone is a way to observe, measure and monitor the progress and/or performance of a project. Milestones in general exist as intermediate stages that must be fulfilled before reaching a final goal or objective. In terms of their usefulness, milestones can be defined and provide a foundation from which to monitor progress. They can also serve as proof for explaining and reporting the status of a project. Key characteristics of milestones include their frequency and potential for providing opportunities for course corrections and learning experiences. Milestones can also be used to maintain accountability and motivate staff.

    Milestones are the most important and visible events in a project and normally have no duration. It often takes several activities and a lot of work to complete a milestone, but the milestone itself is like a marker to help in identifying necessary activities.

46. Describe the process of scope validation.

    The process of formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables. Includes reviewing deliverables with the customer or sponsor to ensure that they are completed to satisfaction, and obtaining formal acceptance of deliverables by the customer/sponsor.

47. Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with which process in project scope management?

	a.	monitoring and controlling
	b.	closing
*	c.	planning
	d.	executing

48. The _____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, joint requirements planning, and joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation.

	a.	spiral life cycle
	b.	waterfall life cycle
*	c.	RAD life cycle
	d.	prototyping life cycle

49. Which output documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed?

*	a.	requirements management plan
	b.	project scope statement
	c.	WBS
	d.	requirements traceability matrix

50. An organization usually commits more money as a project continues, therefore a management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals. (T)

Part 2

1. Which goal distinguishes project management and portfolio management?

	a.	Portfolio management asks questions like, “Are we carrying out projects efficiently?” whereas project management asks questions such as “Are we investing in the right areas?”
*	b.	Project management addresses specific, short-term goals whereas portfolio management focuses on long-term goals.
	c.	Portfolio management is an easy task whereas project management is a more difficult task.
	d.	Project management involves making wise investment decisions whereas portfolio management does not.

2. _____ costing considers the total cost of ownership, or development plus support costs, for a project. # Life cycle costing

   生命周期成本是对贯穿于整个项目生命周期的成本状况的总体认识。

   对于一个项目而言，生命周期成本考虑的是一个项目的总拥有成本，即开发成本加上维护成本。

3. A(n) _____ Gantt chart compares planned and actual project schedule information. # tracking

4. Newtech Inc. hires John for the position of a software programmer to work on their new project. Salary paid to John by Newtech Inc. would be an example of which type of costs?

	a.	sunk
	b.	indirect
*	c.	direct
	d.	intangible

5. The _____ life cycle model is used when risk must be tightly controlled and when changes must be restricted after the requirements are defined. # waterfall
6. What is one of the main outputs of the initiation process?

	a.	identifying the project sponsor
	b.	creating the work breakdown structure
	c.	selecting the project manager
*	d.	developing the project charter

7. What processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase?

*	a.	Initiating
	b.	Planning
	c.	Executing
	d.	Monitoring and controlling

8. High-end tools are generally licensed on a(n) _____ basis. # per-user >p26

9. Analogous estimates are called activity-based costing. (F)

   Analogous estimates(top-down estimates)

   基于活动成本法(bottom-up estimates)

10. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework is incompatible with the PMBOK process. (F)

11. Which is true about the agile method?

*	a.	It uses several iterations or deliveries of software instead of waiting until the end of the project to provide a product.
	b.	It is used when a project team wants to provide a potentially shippable product earlier rather than later.
	c.	It is often used when a project team can express the scope early in the product life cycle.
	d.	It is used when project teams want to use the predicative approach to a project.

12. The critical path on a project can change as the project progresses. (T)
13. The project management plan is the output of which project planning process?

*	a.	integration management
	b.	quality management
	c.	procurement management
	d.	scope management

14. The introduction of new software makes basic tools, such as Gantt charts and network diagrams, inexpensive and easy to create. (T)
15. In which development life cycle do stakeholders define and approve the detailed scope before the start on an iteration?

	a.	Hybrid
	b.	Iterative
	c.	Incremental
*	d.	Adaptive

16. Describe critical path analysis. How is the critical path calculated?

    Critical path analysis is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration. This important tool can help combat project schedule overruns. A critical path for a project is the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which the project can be completed. It is the longest path through the network diagram and has the least amount of slack or float. To find the critical path for a project, one must first develop a good network diagram, which, in turn, requires a good activity list based on the work breakdown structure. Once a network diagram is created, one must also estimate the duration of each activity to determine the critical path. Calculating the critical path involves adding the durations for all activities on each path through the network diagram. The longest path is the critical path.

17. A drawback of the project management software is that it does not have the capacity to calculate the critical path(s) for a project. (F)

18. Which of the following is true of the project life cycle?

	a.	More resources are usually needed during the initial phases of a project than during the middle or final phases.
*	b.	In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.
	c.	It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases than the latter phases.
	d.	In the later phases of the project life cycle, the level of uncertainty is usually the highest.

19. List and describe the five process management groups.

    Initiating processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase. Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project. Therefore, you cannot equate process groups with project phases. Recall that there can be different project phases, but all projects will include all five process groups. For example, project managers and teams should reexamine the business need for the project during every phase of the project life cycle to determine if the project is worth continuing. Initiating processes are also required to end a project. Someone must initiate activities to ensure that the project team completes all the work, documents lessons learned, assigns project resources, and that the customer accepts the work.

    Planning processes include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs. There are several plans for projects, such as the scope management plan, schedule management plan, cost management plan, procurement management plan, and so on, defining each knowledge area as it relates to the project at that point in time. For example, a project team must develop a plan to define the work that needs to be done for the project, to schedule activities related to that work, to estimate costs for performing the work, to decide what resources to procure to accomplish the work, and so on. To account for changing conditions on the project and in the organization, project teams often revise plans during each phase of the project life cycle.

    Executing processes include coordinating people and other resources to carry out the various plans and produce the products, services, or results of the project or phase. Examples of executing processes include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements.

    Monitoring and controlling processes include regularly measuring and monitoring progress to ensure that the project team meets the project objectives. The project manager and staff monitor and measure progress against the plans and take corrective action when necessary. A common monitoring and controlling process is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track.

    Closing processes include formalizing acceptance of the project or project phase and ending it efficiently. Administrative activities are often involved in this process group, such as archiving project files, closing out contracts, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project.

20. The best way to sustain a project is to withhold(决绝给予) the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project. (F)

21. IT project managers must be able to present and discuss project information both in financial and technical terms. (T)

22. Which is a similarity between the crashing and fast tracking?

	a.	both spread out tasks over a long period of time to ensure the quality of work is maintained
	b.	both invariably result in increases in total project costs
*	c.	both can shorten the time needed to finish a project
	d.	both are network diagramming techniques used primarily to predict total project duration

23. What are tangible and intangible costs? Distinguish between direct and indirect costs and give examples of each.

    Tangible and intangible costs and benefits are categories for determining how well an organization can define the estimated costs and benefits for a project. Tangible costs or benefits are those costs or benefits that an organization can easily measure in dollars. Conversely, intangible costs or benefits are costs or benefits that are difficult to measure in monetary terms. Intangible benefits for projects often include items like goodwill, prestige, and general statements of improved productivity that an organization cannot easily translate into dollar amounts. Because intangible costs and benefits are difficult to quantify, they are often harder to justify.

    Direct costs are costs that can be directly related to producing the products and services of the project. One can attribute direct costs directly to a certain project. Project managers should focus on direct costs, since they can control them. For example, direct costs include the salaries of people working full time on the project and the cost of hardware and software purchased specifically for the project. Indirect costs are costs that are not directly related to the products or services of the project, but are indirectly related to performing the project. For example, the cost of electricity, paper towels, and so on in a large building housing a thousand employees who work on many projects would be indirect costs. Indirect costs are allocated to projects, and project managers have very little control over them.

24. In project schedule management, what is the next step after defining project activities?

	a.	estimating activity duration
	b.	controlling the schedule
	c.	planning schedule management
*	d.	determining their dependencies

25. Duration estimates can be provided as a discrete number, a range, or as a(n) _____. # three-point estimate

26. The project management plan and project funding requirements(项目资金需求) are inputs of the process of controlling costs. (T)

27. Sprint planning is part of the basic ______. # Scrum framework

28. Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization. (T)

29. If cost variance is a positive number, it means that performing the work costs more than planned. (F) > p207

30. In a(n) _____ relationship, the “from” activity must start before the “to” activity can be finished. # start-to-finish

31. List and briefly describe the main processes involved in project schedule management.

    Planning schedule management.

    Defining activities

    sequencing activities

    estimating activity duration

    developing the schedule

    controlling the schedule

    > p162

32. Which technique is used for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost?

*	a.	crashing(赶工)
	b.	critical chain scheduling
	c.	feeding buffers
	d.	dependency

33. A negative schedule variance means that it took less time than planned to perform the work. (F)
34. If an important supplier goes out of business, management reserves(管理储备金) can be set aside to cover the resulting costs. (T)
35. _____ is a project management methodology that defines 45 separate subprocesses and organizes these into eight process groups. # PRINCE2 or PRojects IN Controlled Environments
36. Which process involves allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline for measuring performance? > Chapter 7 7.1.2

	a.	finalizing policies for project costs
	b.	estimating costs
*	c.	determining the budget
	d.	controlling costs

37. A(n) _____ for a project is the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which the project can be completed. # critical path
38. Which approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items?

*	a.	top-down
	b.	analogy
	c.	bottom-up
	d.	mind mapping

39. Earned value management is a tool primarily used in resource management. (F)
40. Which statement is true of analogous estimates?

	a.	They are the only technique which do not require expert judgement.
	b.	Their main disadvantage is that they cost more than other techniques.
*	c.	They are most reliable when previous projects are similar in fact with current projects.
	d.	They use project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs.

41. Fast tracking is an example of a tool used in _____ management.

	a.	risk
	b.	communication
	c.	quality
*	d.	schedule

42. The primary output of the planning cost management process is a change request. (F)
43. Analogous estimates are the most accurate technique to estimate costs. (F)
44. Start-to-finish relationships are the most frequently used dependencies between activities.(F)
45. “What is the project’s budget?” This is an example of a project’s _____ constraint. # cost
46. Reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track, is a common part of which process?

	a.	closing
	b.	executing
*	c.	monitoring and controlling
	d.	planning

47. What is a work breakdown structure?

    - It is representative of work as an activity and this work has a tangible result (deliverable).

    - It is a project management technique or tool for defining and organizing the scope of a project.

    - It is arranged with a hierarchical structure.

48. Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing _____ and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries. # schedule

    Today's project management involves much more, and people in every industry and every country manage projects.

49. What is a systems development life cycle? What are some of the predictive models associated with the systems development life cycle?

    A systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework for describing the phases involved in developing information systems. Some popular models of a systems development life cycle include the waterfall model, the spiral model, the incremental build model, the prototyping model, and the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. These life cycle models are examples of a predictive life cycle, meaning that the scope of the project can be clearly articulated and the schedule and cost can be accurately predicted.

50. A(n) _____ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item. # WBS dictionary

Part 3

1. Projects should be developed in increments. (T)

   A project is developed using progressive elaboration. Projects are often defined broadly when they begin, and as time passes, the specific details of the project become clearer.

2. Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project. (T)

3. Which is an output of schedule control?

*	a.	change requests
	b.	resource requirements
	c.	milestones lists
	d.	activity attributes

4. _____ includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project. # Project scope management

5. List and describe each of the ten project management knowledge areas.

   (1) Project scope management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.

   (2) Project time management includes estimating how long it will take to complete the work, developing an acceptable project schedule, and ensuring timely completion of the project.

   (3) Project cost management consists of preparing and managing the budget for the project.

   (4) Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.

   (5) Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project.

   (6) Project communications management involves generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information.

   (7) Project risk management includes identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks related to the project.

   (8) Project procurement management involves acquiring or procuring goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.

   (9) Project stakeholder management includes identifying and analyzing stakeholder needs while managing and controlling their engagement throughout the life of the project.

   (10) Project integration management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas.

6. Which of the following refers to a set of principles that guides decision making based on personal values of what is considered right and wrong?

	a.	Politics
	b.	Laws
*	c.	Ethics
	d.	Civics

7. Which is an output of the process of controlling costs?

	a.	scope baselines
	b.	basis of estimates
	c.	project funding requirements
*	d.	cost forecasts

8. A _____ is a tool used in risk management.

	a.	work breakdown structure
	b.	critical path analysis
*	c.	probability matrix
	d.	project organizational chart

9. Project management _____ describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. # knowledge areas
10. A(n) _____ is a framework for describing the phases of developing information systems. # Systems Development Life Cycle or SDLC
11. Which process uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems?

*	a.	JAD
	b.	Use case modeling
	c.	RAD
	d.	Prototyping

12. Describe each of the three major types of organizational structure.

1. A functional organizational structure is the hierarchy most people think of when picturing an organizational chart.
2. A project organizational structure also is hierarchical, but instead of functional managers or vice presidents reporting to the CEO, program managers report to the CEO.Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete the projects within their programs.
3. A matrix organizational structure represents the middle ground between functional and project structures. Personnel often report both to a functional manager and one or more project managers.

13. Which of the following questions reflects the strategic goals of project portfolio management?

	a.	Are we carrying out projects well?
	b.	Are we investing in the right areas?
	c.	Do stakeholders know what they should be doing?
	d.	Are projects on time and on budget?

14. The importance of stakeholders’ needs and expectations is limited to the beginning of a project. (F)
15. The kick-off meeting is always held before the business case and project charter are completed. (F)
16. In a Gantt chart, thick black bars represent milestones achieved in a project. (F)
17. The _____ frame of an organization relates to the company’s culture. # symbolic
18. Which process involves developing an approximation of the costs of resources needed to complete a project?

	a.	finalising the cost baseline
*	b.	estimating costs
	c.	controlling costs
	d.	determining the budget

19. Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other?

*	a.	Unit integration
	b.	Member identity
	c.	People focus
	d.	Group emphasis

20. The _____ frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.

	a.	human resources
	b.	structural
	c.	political
	d.	symbolic

21. The _____ frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.

*	a.	human resources
	b.	structural
	c.	political
	d.	symbolic

22. The last phase of the traditional project life cycle is the implementation phase. (F)
23. _____ software development can be used for software development or in any environment in which the requirements are unknown or change quickly. #Agile
24. Program managers are change agents. (T)
25. The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced. (T)
26. Mind mapping can be used for developing WBSs using which approach?

	a.	analogy approach only
	b.	any approach
*	c.	top-down or bottom-up approach
	d.	bottom-up or analogy approach

27. Some organizations prescribe the form and content for WBSs for particular projects. These are known as _____. # guidelines
28. Which type of dependencies are inherent in the nature of work being performed on a project?

	a.	random
	b.	external
*	c.	mandatory
	d.	discretionary

29. Which tool can best help in efficient communication management?

	a.	Fast tracking
	b.	Requests for quotes
	c.	Impact matrices
*	d.	Kick-off meetings

30. In a bottom-up estimate, the size of the individual work items is one of the factors that drives the accuracy of the estimates. (T)
31. The pre-initiation phase of a project using the Scrum method does not involve project charters, stakeholder management strategy, and kick-off meetings. (F)
32. Variances are calculated by subtracting the actual cost from which value?

	a.	planned value
	b.	schedule variance
	c.	rate of performance
*	d.	earned value

33. Which of the following is true of program managers?

	a.	They report to project managers who represent the next level in the hierarchy.
	b.	They recognize that managing a program is simpler than managing a project.
	c.	They are responsible solely for the delivery of project results.
*	d.	They provide leadership and direction for project managers heading the projects within a program.

34. A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed. # requirements traceability matrix
35. One of the main reasons why project management is challenging is because of the factor of uncertainty. (T)
36. The _____ includes the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary. # scope baseline
37. What does the process of controlling costs primarily involve?

	a.	finalising the procedures for project costs
*	b.	managing changes to the project budget
	c.	determining the policies for project costs
	d.	determining a basis for estimates

38. Which method is used for determining the estimated annual costs and benefits for a project?

	a.	Requirements analysis
*	b.	Cash flow analysis
	c.	Present value analysis
	d.	Critical path analysis

39. SMART criteria are guidelines suggesting that milestones should be _____. # specific, measurable, assignable, realistic, and time -framed
40. Which organization provides certification as a Project Management Professional?

	a.	PMC
	b.	PMP
	c.	PMS
*	d.	PMI

41. Subdividing the project deliverables into smaller pieces is known as _____. # decomposition

42. After defining project activities, the next step in project schedule management is developing the schedule. (F)

43. A drawback of the precedence diagramming method is that it cannot be used unless dummy activities are employed. (F)

    AOA

44. The scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors. (F)

    The scope baseline includes the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.

45. In project schedule management, which process involves estimating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities?

*	a.	estimating activity durations
	b.	sequencing activities
	c.	planning schedule management
	d.	defining activities

46. In the _____ approach to creating a WBS, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible. # bottom-up
47. _____ refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior. # Control
48. In project schedule management, the ultimate goal of which process is to provide a basis for monitoring project progress for the time dimension of the project?

	a.	defining activities
	b.	estimating activity resources
	c.	sequencing activities
*	d.	developing a schedule

49. One of the first reality checks on scheduling that a project manager should make is to review the _____ .# draft schedule
50. The _____ is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule. # activity list

Part 4

1. The role of a _____ is to provide direction and funding for a project.

	a.	support staff member
	b.	project team
*	c.	project sponsor
	d.	project manager

2. A backward pass through the network diagram determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity. (F)
3. According to the symbolic frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means. (T)
4. A(n) _____ refers to a product or service, such as a report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project. # deliverable(可交付成果)
5. What type of estimate is used for making many purchasing decisions for which accurate estimates are required and for estimating final project costs?

	a.	final
*	b.	definitive
	c.	budgetary
	d.	rough order of magnitude

6. _____ is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger. # Scope creep
7. Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession?

	a.	Group emphasis
	b.	Unit integration
*	c.	Member identity
	d.	People focus

8. Which characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization?

	a.	Member identity
	b.	Unit integration
	c.	Group emphasis
*	d.	People focus

9. The term "_____" refers to work done in organizations to sustain the business. #operations
10. _____ are a means of measuring software size based on what the software does for end users. # Function points
11. Intangible costs can be easily measured in monetary terms. (F)
12. What important Scrum artifact is used to graphically display progress on each sprint during the monitoring and controlling process?

	a.	sprint backlog
*	b.	burndown chart
	c.	WBS
	d.	product backlog

13. Which is a disadvantage for virtual teams compared to traditional teams?

*	a.	Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information
	b.	Increased costs for office space and support
	c.	Reduced dependence on technology and processes for accomplishing work
	d.	Limited flexibility in team working hours

14. In project schedule management, the process of _____ involves deciding how many people, equipment, and materials a project team should use to perform project activities. # estimating activity resources
15. _____ are sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose. #Systems
16. What is developed in the Project Integration Management knowledge area?

	a.	WBS
	b.	schedule management plan
*	c.	project management plan
	d.	quality management

17. Project managers should lead projects in isolation in order to truly serve the needs of the organization. (F)
18. The _____ frame of the organization is the one that is usually depicted in an organizational chart. # structural
19. Which is true of a finish-to-finish dependency?

	a.	It is a dependency in which the “from” activity must start before the “to” activity can be finished.
	b.	It is a dependency in which the “from” activity cannot start until the “to” activity or successor is started.
*	c.	It is a dependency in which the “from” activity must be finished before the “to” activity can be finished.
	d.	It is a dependency in which in which the “from” activity must finish before the “to” activity or successor can start.

20. The symbolic perspective of an organization:

	a.	focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.
	b.	focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities to meet the goals and policies set by top management.
	c.	views the organization as coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups.
*	d.	focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization.

21. The main purpose of the WBS is to define all of the work required to complete a project. (T)

22. What is a methodology and what are some methodologies other than the PMBOK Guide do organizations use as a basis for project management methodology?

    A methodology describes how things should be done, and different organizations often have different ways of doing things.

    1. PRojects IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2)
    2. Agile methodologies
    3. Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework
    4. Six Sigma methodologies

23. A work package is a task at the _____ level of the WBS. # lowest

24. The main outputs of _____ include work performance information, schedule forecasts, change requests, project management plan updates, and project documents updates. # schedule control

25. In the Scrum method, during which meeting is the improvement of the product and process discussed?

	a.	daily Scrum
	b.	sprint review
*	c.	sprint retrospective
	d.	kick-off

26. What is a difference between low-end and midrange tools of the project management software?

	a.	Midrange tools provide basic project management features whereas low-end tools offer enterprise and portfolio management functions.
	b.	Low-end tools provide robust capabilities to handle dispersed workgroups whereas midrange tools do not.
	c.	Low-end tools are designed to handle primarily multiple users whereas midrange tools are created to handle single users.
*	d.	Midrange tools are designed to handle larger projects than low-end tools.

27. In Scrum, a(n) _____ is a useful object created by people. # artifact
28. _____ refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization.

*	a.	Organizational culture
	b.	Organizational structure
	c.	Line of control
	d.	Chain of command

29. Which knowledge area involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully?

	a.	Project cost management
	b.	Project time management
*	c.	Project scope management
	d.	Project resource management

30. The _____ is a very important tool in project management because it provides the basis for deciding how to do the work. # Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
31. It is important for project managers to focus on indirect costs because they can be easily controlled. (F)
32. What is often the most difficult and unappreciated process in project management?

*	a.	planning
	b.	executing
	c.	initiating
	d.	monitoring and controlling

33. In the activity defining process, the project team should review the _____ and activity attributes with project stakeholders before moving on to the next step in project schedule management. # activity list
34. Which statement best describes the difference between an activity list and an activity attribute?

	a.	An activity attribute is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule whereas an activity list is not.
	b.	An activity list provides a more concrete list of milestones for a project than an activity attribute.
	c.	As opposed to an activity attribute, an activity list provides resource requirements and constraints related to activities.
*	d.	An activity attribute provides more schedule-related information about each activity than an activity list.

35. Which provide a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format?

	a.	PERT analysis
*	b.	Gantt charts
	c.	Arrow diagramming method
	d.	Critical path analysis

36. A work package represents one component of the product that the project aims to deliver. (F)
37. Critical chain scheduling assumes that resources multitask and maximizes multitasking. (F)
38. A disadvantage of using Gantt charts is that they do not provide a standard format for displaying planned project schedule information. (F)
39. A merge occurs when one node precedes multiple nodes. (F)
40. What is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed referred to as?

	a.	state transition table
*	b.	requirements traceability matrix
	c.	Gantt chart
	d.	entity-attribute-value model

41. Which perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups?

	a.	Structural frame
*	b.	Political frame
	c.	Symbolic frame
	d.	Human resources frame

42. High-end tools in project management software have enterprise and _____ functions that summarize and combine individual project information to provide an enterprise view of all projects. # portfolio management

43. Describe three tools used in developing a good cost estimate.

    Several tools and techniques can be used to create a cost estimate. Three of such tools are as follows:

    (1) Analogous estimates: They use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project. This technique requires a good deal of expert judgment and is generally less costly than other techniques, but it is also less accurate. Analogous estimates are most reliable when the previous projects are similar in fact, not just in appearance. In addition, the groups preparing cost estimates must have the needed expertise to determine whether certain parts of the project will be more or less expensive than analogous projects.

    (2) Bottom-up estimates: They involve estimating the costs of individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total. This approach is sometimes referred to as activity-based costing. The size of the individual work items and the experience of the estimators drive the accuracy of the estimates. Using smaller work items increases the accuracy of the cost estimate because the people assigned to do the work develop the cost estimate instead of someone unfamiliar with the work. The drawback with bottom-up estimates is that they are usually time-intensive and therefore expensive to develop. (3) Parametric estimating: They use project characteristics (parameters) in a mathematical model to estimate project costs. Parametric models are most reliable when the historical information used to create the model is accurate, the parameters are readily quantifiable, and the model is flexible in terms of the project's size.

44. The executing process group generally requires the most resources. (T)

45. After working with key stakeholders to define activities and calculate their resources, what is the next process in project schedule management?

	a.	develop the schedule.
*	b.	estimate the duration of activities.
	c.	determine their dependencies.
	d.	control the schedule.

46. When using project management software, estimates of work time should be entered only at the work package level; the rest of the WBS items are just groupings or _____ tasks. # summary
47. _____ is the number of workdays or work hours required to complete a task.
48. What tool provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance?

	a.	project charter
	b.	cost management plan
	c.	scope statement
*	d.	work breakdown structure

49. Select an example of external stakeholders for an organization. # Competitors
50. Project managers work with the project sponsors to define success for particular projects. (T)

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1. Which approach to product development is currently used by many organizations so a predictive set of steps is used as an overall means to coordinate more detailed steps that are adaptively managed? Hybrid
2. In which development life cycle do stakeholders define and approve the detailed scope before the start on an iteration? Adaptive
3. In which product life cycle the scope, schedule, and cost are determined early, and changes to scope are carefully managed? Predictive