diff --git a/Change_log_for_SS_3.30.xlsx b/Change_log_for_SS_3.30.xlsx
index ed80a6bf..e69bea34 100644
Binary files a/Change_log_for_SS_3.30.xlsx and b/Change_log_for_SS_3.30.xlsx differ
diff --git a/SS_benchfore.tpl b/SS_benchfore.tpl
index 982910ba..7404eef6 100644
--- a/SS_benchfore.tpl
+++ b/SS_benchfore.tpl
@@ -1651,6 +1651,28 @@ FUNCTION void Get_Forecast()
             {
               Make_FishSelex();   // calcs fishery selex by current season, all fleets, current gmorph
             }
+  if(N_pred>0)
+  {
+    for(f1=1;f1<=N_pred;f1++)
+    {
+      f=predator(f1);
+      pred_M2(f1,t)=mgp_adj(predparm_pointer(f1));  //  base with no seasonal effect
+      if(nseas>1) pred_M2(f1,t)*=mgp_adj(predparm_pointer(f1)+s);
+
+          for (gp=1;gp<=N_GP*gender;gp++)
+          {g=g_Start(gp);  //  base platoon
+            for (settle=1;settle<=N_settle_timings;settle++)
+            {
+              g+=N_platoon;
+              int gpi=GP3(g);   // GP*gender*settlement
+              natM(s,gpi)+=pred_M2(f1,t)*sel_al_3(s,g,f);
+              surv1(s,gpi)=mfexp(-natM(s,gpi)*seasdur_half(s));
+              surv2(s,gpi)=square(surv1(s,gpi));
+            }
+          }
+    }
+  }
+
           }  //  end of seasonal biology
 
           if(s==nseas) {adv_age=1;} else {adv_age=0;}   //      advance age or not when doing survivorship
diff --git a/SS_expval.tpl b/SS_expval.tpl
index a78b117d..1cd3fdbb 100644
--- a/SS_expval.tpl
+++ b/SS_expval.tpl
@@ -285,7 +285,10 @@ FUNCTION void Get_expected_values(const int y,const int t);
                   }
                   case 2:   //  F rate
                   {
-                   vbio=Hrate(f,t);
+                   if(fleet_type(f)<4)
+                    {vbio=Hrate(f,t);}
+                    else
+                    {vbio=pred_M2(predator_rev(f),t);}
                    break;
                   }
                   case 30:  // spawning biomass  #30
@@ -448,31 +451,48 @@ FUNCTION void Get_expected_values(const int y,const int t);
             case(2):  //  DISCARD_OUTPUT
    /* SS_Label_46.2 expected discard amount */
             {
-              j=have_data(ALK_time,f,data_type,0);  //  number of observations
-            if(j>0)
+            if(have_data(ALK_time,f,data_type,0)>0) //  number of observations
             {
               j=have_data(ALK_time,f,data_type,1);  //  only getting first observation for now
-              if(catch_ret_obs(f,t)>0.0 || y>endyr)
+              if(fleet_type(f)<=2)
               {
-                if(disc_units(f)==3)  // numbers regardless of catchunits for retained catch
+                if(catch_ret_obs(f,t)>0.0 || y>endyr)
+                {
+                  if(disc_units(f)==3)  // numbers regardless of catchunits for retained catch
+                  {
+                    exp_disc(f,j)=catch_fleet(t,f,4)-catch_fleet(t,f,6);
+                  }
+                  else if(catchunits(f)==1)  // biomass units for retained and discarded catch
+                  {
+                    exp_disc(f,j)=catch_fleet(t,f,1)-catch_fleet(t,f,3);  // discard in biomass
+                    if(disc_units(f)==2) exp_disc(f,j) /= (catch_fleet(t,f,1) + 0.0000001);
+                  }
+                  else   // numbers for retained and discarded catch
+                  {
+                    exp_disc(f,j)=catch_fleet(t,f,4)-catch_fleet(t,f,6);   // discard in numbers
+                    if(disc_units(f)==2) exp_disc(f,j) /= (catch_fleet(t,f,4) + 0.0000001);
+                  }
+                if(exp_disc(f,j)<0.0) {
+			      N_warn++;
+				  warning<<N_warn<<" "<<f<<" "<<j<<" "<<exp_disc(f,j)<<" catches "<<catch_fleet(t,f)<<endl;
+                }  
+                }
+                else
                 {
-                  exp_disc(f,j)=catch_fleet(t,f,4)-catch_fleet(t,f,6);
+                  exp_disc(f,j)=-1.;
                 }
-                else if(catchunits(f)==1)  // biomass units for retained and discarded catch
+              }
+              else if (fleet_type(f)==4)  //  predator consumption stored in discard
+              {
+                if(disc_units(f)==3)  // numbers 
                 {
-                  exp_disc(f,j)=catch_fleet(t,f,1)-catch_fleet(t,f,3);  // discard in biomass
-                  if(disc_units(f)==2) exp_disc(f,j) /= (catch_fleet(t,f,1) + 0.0000001);
+                  exp_disc(f,j)=catch_fleet(t,f,4);  // consumption in numbers
                 }
-                else   // numbers for retained and discarded catch
+                else
                 {
-                  exp_disc(f,j)=catch_fleet(t,f,4)-catch_fleet(t,f,6);   // discard in numbers
-                  if(disc_units(f)==2) exp_disc(f,j) /= (catch_fleet(t,f,4) + 0.0000001);
+                  exp_disc(f,j)=catch_fleet(t,f,1);  // consumption in biomass
                 }
-                if(exp_disc(f,j)<0.0) {
-			      N_warn++;
-				  warning<<N_warn<<" "<<f<<" "<<j<<" "<<exp_disc(f,j)<<" catches "<<catch_fleet(t,f)<<endl;
-                }  
-			  }
+              }
               else
               {
                 exp_disc(f,j)=-1.;
diff --git a/SS_global.tpl b/SS_global.tpl
index 42e41534..732eb53b 100644
--- a/SS_global.tpl
+++ b/SS_global.tpl
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ GLOBALS_SECTION
   adstring F_report_label;
   adstring SPR_report_label;
   adstring onenum(4);
+  adstring onenum2(4);
   adstring anystring;
   adstring anystring2;
   adstring_array version_info;
diff --git a/SS_param.tpl b/SS_param.tpl
index 0751df7d..10d03cc5 100644
--- a/SS_param.tpl
+++ b/SS_param.tpl
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ PARAMETER_SECTION
 //  vector natM2(1,N_GP*gender)
   matrix natMparms(1,N_natMparms,1,N_GP*gender)
   3darray natM(1,nseas,1,N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings,0,nages)   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
+  3darray natM_M1(1,nseas,1,N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings,0,nages)   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
+  matrix pred_M2(1,N_pred,styr-3*nseas,TimeMax_Fcast_std+nseas);  //  index by t
   3darray natM_unf(1,nseas,1,N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings,0,nages)   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
   3darray natM_endyr(1,nseas,1,N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings,0,nages)   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
   3darray surv1(1,nseas,1,N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings,0,nages)
diff --git a/SS_popdyn.tpl b/SS_popdyn.tpl
index f2ee4bb3..05f02680 100644
--- a/SS_popdyn.tpl
+++ b/SS_popdyn.tpl
@@ -131,20 +131,14 @@ FUNCTION void get_initial_conditions()
   get_mat_fec();  //  does just spawn season and subseason using ALK calculated just above
   if(Hermaphro_Option!=0) get_Hermaphro();
 
-  if(MG_active(1)>0) get_natmort();
+  if(MG_active(1)>0) 
+    {
+      get_natmort();
+      natM_M1=natM;
+    }
  #ifdef DO_ONCE
   if(do_once==1) cout<<" natmort OK"<<endl;
  #endif
-  if(y>=Bmark_Yr(1)&&y<=Bmark_Yr(2))
-  {
-    for (s=1;s<=nseas;s++)
-    for (gp=1;gp<=N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings;gp++)
-    {
-      natM_unf(s,gp)+=natM(s,gp);   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
-      surv1_unf(s,gp)+=surv1(s,gp);   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
-      surv2_unf(s,gp)+=surv2(s,gp);   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
-    }
-  }
 
   if(MG_active(4)>0) get_recr_distribution();
   if(y>=Bmark_Yr(7)&&y<=Bmark_Yr(8))
@@ -240,6 +234,41 @@ FUNCTION void get_initial_conditions()
   //  SS_Label_Info_23.3.3 #for each platoon, combine size_at_age distribution with length selectivity and weight-at-length to get combined selectivity vectors
       Make_FishSelex();
     }
+
+//  SS_Label_Info_23.3.4 #add predator M2 to M1 to update seasonal M in styr
+  if(N_pred>0)
+  {
+    for(f1=1;f1<=N_pred;f1++)
+    {
+      f=predator(f1);
+      pred_M2(f1,t)=mgp_adj(predparm_pointer(f1));  //  base with no seasonal effect
+      if(nseas>1) pred_M2(f1,t)*=mgp_adj(predparm_pointer(f1)+s);
+
+          for (gp=1;gp<=N_GP*gender;gp++)
+          {g=g_Start(gp);  //  base platoon
+            for (settle=1;settle<=N_settle_timings;settle++)
+            {
+              g+=N_platoon;
+              int gpi=GP3(g);   // GP*gender*settlement
+              natM(s,gpi)+=pred_M2(f1,t)*sel_al_3(s,g,f);
+              surv1(s,gpi)=mfexp(-natM(s,gpi)*seasdur_half(s));
+              surv2(s,gpi)=square(surv1(s,gpi));
+              if(do_once==1) echoinput<<y<<" s "<<s<<" t "<<t<<" gp "<<gpi<<"  M1: "<<natM_M1(s,gpi)<<endl;
+              if(do_once==1) echoinput<<y<<" s "<<s<<" t "<<t<<" gp "<<gpi<<"  M1+M2: "<<natM(s,gpi)<<endl;
+            }
+          }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(y>=Bmark_Yr(1)&&y<=Bmark_Yr(2))
+  {
+    for (gp=1;gp<=N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings;gp++)
+    {
+      natM_unf(s,gp)+=natM(s,gp);   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
+      surv1_unf(s,gp)+=surv1(s,gp);   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
+      surv2_unf(s,gp)+=surv2(s,gp);   //  need nseas to capture differences due to settlement
+    }
+  }
   }
 
  #ifdef DO_ONCE
@@ -630,17 +659,12 @@ FUNCTION void get_time_series()
         // but Maunder's M in get_natmort() may use the fecundity vector, so would be using the most recently calculated  Problem??
         if(Hermaphro_Option!=0) get_Hermaphro();
       }
-      if(timevary_MG(y,1)>0) get_natmort();
-      if(y>=Bmark_Yr(1)&&y<=Bmark_Yr(2))
+      if(timevary_MG(y,1)>0) 
       {
-        for (s=1;s<=nseas;s++)
-        for (gp=1;gp<=N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings;gp++)
-        {
-          natM_unf(s,gp)+=natM(s,gp);
-          surv1_unf(s,gp)+=surv1(s,gp);
-          surv2_unf(s,gp)+=surv2(s,gp);
-        }
+        get_natmort();
+        natM_M1=natM;
       }
+
       if(timevary_MG(y,4)>0) get_recr_distribution();
       if(y>=Bmark_Yr(7)&&y<=Bmark_Yr(8))
       {
@@ -752,8 +776,42 @@ FUNCTION void get_time_series()
         for (g=1;g<=gmorph;g++)
         if(use_morph(g)>0)
         {Make_FishSelex();}
+
+// SS_Label_Info_24.x.x #add predator M2 inside the yr,seas loop
+  if(N_pred>0)
+  {
+    for(f1=1;f1<=N_pred;f1++)
+    {
+      f=predator(f1);
+      pred_M2(f1,t)=mgp_adj(predparm_pointer(f1));  //  base with no seasonal effect
+      if(nseas>1) pred_M2(f1,t)*=mgp_adj(predparm_pointer(f1)+s);
+          for (gp=1;gp<=N_GP*gender;gp++)
+          {g=g_Start(gp);  //  base platoon
+            for (settle=1;settle<=N_settle_timings;settle++)
+            {
+              g+=N_platoon;
+              int gpi=GP3(g);   // GP*gender*settlement
+              natM(s,gpi)+=pred_M2(f1,t)*sel_al_3(s,g,f);
+              surv1(s,gpi)=mfexp(-natM(s,gpi)*seasdur_half(s));
+              surv2(s,gpi)=square(surv1(s,gpi));
+              if(do_once==1) echoinput<<y<<" s "<<s<<" t "<<t<<" gp "<<gpi<<"  M1: "<<natM_M1(s,gpi)<<endl;
+              if(do_once==1) echoinput<<y<<" s "<<s<<" t "<<t<<" gp "<<gpi<<"  M1+M2: "<<natM(s,gpi)<<endl;
+            }
+          }
+    }
+  }
+
+      if(y>=Bmark_Yr(1)&&y<=Bmark_Yr(2))
+      {
+        for (gp=1;gp<=N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings;gp++)
+        {
+          natM_unf(s,gp)+=natM(s,gp);
+          surv1_unf(s,gp)+=surv1(s,gp);
+          surv2_unf(s,gp)+=surv2(s,gp);
+        }
       }
 
+      }
 //  SS_Label_Info_24.2.2 #Compute spawning biomass if this is spawning season so recruits could occur later this season
 //  SPAWN-RECR:   calc SPB in time series if spawning is at beginning of the season
       if(s==spawn_seas && spawn_time_seas<0.0001)    //  compute spawning biomass if spawning at beginning of season so recruits could occur later this season
@@ -892,7 +950,7 @@ FUNCTION void get_time_series()
   //  SS_Label_Info_24.3.3 #Do fishing mortality
         catage_tot.initialize();
 
-        if(catch_seas_area(t,p,0)==1 && fishery_on_off==1)
+        if( (catch_seas_area(t,p,0)==1 && fishery_on_off==1))
         {
           if(F_Method>1)  //  not Pope's
           {
@@ -933,7 +991,7 @@ FUNCTION void get_time_series()
                 for (g=1;g<=gmorph;g++)
                 if(use_morph(g)>0)
                 {
-                  Z_rate(t,p,g)=natM(s,GP3(g));
+                  Z_rate(t,p,g)=natM(s,GP3(g));  //  where natM already includes M2
                   for (f=1;f<=Nfleet;f++)       //loop over fishing fleets to get Z
                   if (catch_seas_area(t,p,f)!=0)
                   {
@@ -1041,7 +1099,7 @@ FUNCTION void get_time_series()
                     }
                 }  //close gmorph loop
               }  // close fishery
-            }   //  end continuous F method
+          }   //  end continuous F method
 
           }
           else
@@ -1129,8 +1187,28 @@ FUNCTION void get_time_series()
   //  SS_Label_Info_24.3.3.4 #No catch or fishery turned off, so set Z=M
           for (g=1;g<=gmorph;g++)
           if(use_morph(g)>0)
-          {Z_rate(t,p,g)=natM(s,GP3(g));}
+          {Z_rate(t,p,g)=natM(s,GP3(g));
+           Zrate2(p,g)=elem_div( (1.-mfexp(-seasdur(s)*Z_rate(t,p,g))), Z_rate(t,p,g));
+          }
         }
+              if(N_predparms>0)
+              {
+                for(f1=1;f1<=N_pred;f1++)
+                {
+                  f=predator(f1);
+                for (g=1;g<=gmorph;g++)
+                if(use_morph(g)>0)
+                {
+                  catch_fleet(t,f,1)+=pred_M2(f1,t)*elem_prod(natage(t,p,g),sel_al_1(s,g,f))*Zrate2(p,g);
+                  catch_fleet(t,f,2)+=pred_M2(f1,t)*elem_prod(natage(t,p,g),deadfish_B(s,g,f))*Zrate2(p,g);
+                  catch_fleet(t,f,3)+=pred_M2(f1,t)*elem_prod(natage(t,p,g),sel_al_2(s,g,f))*Zrate2(p,g); // retained bio
+                  catch_fleet(t,f,4)+=pred_M2(f1,t)*elem_prod(natage(t,p,g),sel_al_3(s,g,f))*Zrate2(p,g);
+                  catch_fleet(t,f,5)+=pred_M2(f1,t)*elem_prod(natage(t,p,g),deadfish(s,g,f))*Zrate2(p,g);
+                  catch_fleet(t,f,6)+=pred_M2(f1,t)*elem_prod(natage(t,p,g),sel_al_4(s,g,f))*Zrate2(p,g);  // retained numbers
+                  catage(t,f,g)=pred_M2(f1,t)*elem_prod(elem_prod(natage(t,p,g),deadfish(s,g,f)),Zrate2(p,g));
+                }  //close gmorph loop
+              }
+              }
       } //close area loop
       if(s==1 && save_for_report==1){
         Smry_Table(y,1)=totbio;
diff --git a/SS_prelim.tpl b/SS_prelim.tpl
index 3753e6b7..ea82799b 100644
--- a/SS_prelim.tpl
+++ b/SS_prelim.tpl
@@ -951,6 +951,30 @@ PRELIMINARY_CALCS_SECTION
 //  SS_Label_Info_6.8.4 #Call fxn get_natmort()
     echoinput<<"ready to do natmort "<<endl;
     get_natmort();
+    natM_M1=natM;  //  base M1 to which M2 is added
+
+//  SS_Label_Info_6.8.5 #add M2 for predator mortality
+  if(N_pred>0)
+  {
+    for(f1=1;f1<=N_pred;f1++)
+    {
+      pred_M2(f1,styr)=MGparm(predparm_pointer(f1));  //  base with no seasonal effect
+      if(nseas==1)
+      {
+        for (gp=1;gp<=N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings;gp++)  {natM(s,gp)+=pred_M2(f1,styr);}
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        t=styr-1;  // resets for each predator
+        for (s=1;s<=nseas;s++)
+        {
+          t++;
+          for (gp=1;gp<=N_GP*gender*N_settle_timings;gp++)  {natM(s,gp)+=pred_M2(f1,styr)*MGparm(predparm_pointer(f1)+s);}
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
     natM = value(natM);
     surv1 = value(surv1);
     surv2 = value(surv2);
diff --git a/SS_readcontrol_330.tpl b/SS_readcontrol_330.tpl
index 45f507de..c7c6f5d4 100644
--- a/SS_readcontrol_330.tpl
+++ b/SS_readcontrol_330.tpl
@@ -600,6 +600,8 @@
 // read setup for natmort parameters:  LO, HI, INIT, PRIOR, PR_type, CV, PHASE, use_env, use_dev, dev_minyr, dev_maxyr, dev_phase, Block, Block_type
   int N_MGparm
   int N_natMparms
+  int N_predparms
+  ivector predparm_pointer(1,Nfleet+1)
   int N_growparms
   int N_M_Grow_parms
   int recr_dist_parms
@@ -618,6 +620,7 @@
 // read natmort setup
  LOCAL_CALCS
    N_natMparms=0;
+   N_predparms=N_pred+N_pred*nseas;
    natM_5_opt=0;
    MGparm_point.initialize();
 //  0=1Parm; 1=segmented; 2=Lorenzen; 3=agespecific; 4=agespec with seas interpolate; 5=Maunder_M
@@ -1044,6 +1047,7 @@
         	break;
         }
       }
+
       switch (Grow_type)
       {
         case 1:
@@ -1245,6 +1249,32 @@
   {
     ParCount++; ParmLabel+="FracFemale_GP_"+NumLbl(gp);
   }
+  predparm_pointer=-1;
+  for(int pc=1;pc<=N_pred;pc++)
+    {
+      ParCount++;
+      predparm_pointer(pc)=ParCount;  //  first parm for this predator
+      onenum="    ";
+      sprintf(onenum, "%d", pc);
+      ParmLabel+="M2_pred"+onenum;
+      Parm_info+="val";
+      Parm_minmax.push_back (3);
+      if(nseas>1)
+      {
+        for(s=1;s<=nseas;s++)
+        {
+          ParCount++;
+          onenum2="    ";
+          sprintf(onenum2, "%d", s);
+          ParmLabel+="M2_pred"+onenum+"_s"+onenum2;
+          Parm_info+="val";
+          Parm_minmax.push_back (3);
+          
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  predparm_pointer(Nfleet+1)=ParCount;
+  echoinput<<" predparm pointer"<<predparm_pointer<<endl;
   N_MGparm=ParCount;
 
  END_CALCS
@@ -1322,6 +1352,7 @@
    if(Use_AgeKeyZero>0) mgp_type(AgeKeyParm,N_MGparm)=6;
    if(catch_mult_pointer>0) mgp_type(catch_mult_pointer,N_MGparm)=7;
    for(f=frac_female_pointer; f<=frac_female_pointer+N_GP-1;f++) mgp_type(f)=4;
+   if(N_pred>0) mgp_type(predparm_pointer(1),predparm_pointer(1)+N_predparms-1)=1;
    echoinput<<"mgparm_type for each parm: 1=M; 2=growth; 3=wtlen,mat,fec,hermo; 4=recr&femfrac; 5=migr; 6=ageerror; 7=catchmult"<<endl<<mgp_type<<endl;
  END_CALCS
 
@@ -1500,6 +1531,7 @@
   int MGparm_doseas
   int N_MGparm_seas                            // number of MGparms that use seasonal effects
  LOCAL_CALCS
+  echoinput<<"seasonal effects as read: "<<MGparm_seas_effects<<endl;
   adstring_array MGseasLbl;
   MGseasLbl+="F-WL1"+CRLF(1);
   MGseasLbl+="F-WL2"+CRLF(1);
diff --git a/SS_readdata_330.tpl b/SS_readdata_330.tpl
index 9a913110..69c161c0 100644
--- a/SS_readdata_330.tpl
+++ b/SS_readdata_330.tpl
@@ -202,8 +202,10 @@
 
 //  SS_Label_Info_2.1.5  #Define fleets, surveys and areas
   imatrix pfleetname(1,Nfleet,1,2)
-  ivector fleet_type(1,Nfleet)   // 1=fleet with catch; 2=discard only fleet with F; 3=survey(ignore catch); 4=ignore completely
+  ivector fleet_type(1,Nfleet)   // 1=fleet with catch; 2=discard only fleet with F; 3=survey(ignore catch); 4=M2=predator
   ivector fish_fleet(1,Nfleet)   // list of catch_fleets that are type 1 or 2, so have a F
+  ivector predator(1,Nfleet)   // list of "fleets" that are type 4, so are added to M rather than to F
+  ivector predator_rev(1,Nfleet)   // predator given f
   ivector need_catch_mult(1,Nfleet)  // 0=no, 1=need catch_multiplier parameter
   vector surveytime(1,Nfleet)   // (-1, 1) code for fisheries to indicate use of season-wide observations, or specifically timed observations
   ivector fleet_area(1,Nfleet)    // areas in which each fleet/survey operates
@@ -224,7 +226,7 @@
   ivector YPR_mask(1,Nfleet)
   int N_bycatch;  //  number of bycatch only fleets
   int N_catchfleets; //  number of bycatch plus landed catch fleets
-
+  int N_pred;  //  number of predator fleets
   ivector retParmLoc(1,1)
   int N_retParm
 
@@ -236,6 +238,8 @@
     N_bycatch=0;
     N_catchfleets=0;
     fish_fleet.initialize();
+    N_pred=0;
+    predator.initialize();
     echoinput<<"rows are fleets; columns are: Fleet_#, fleet_type, timing, area, units, need_catch_mult"<<endl;
     for(f=1;f<=Nfleet;f++)
     {
@@ -246,6 +250,9 @@
       if(fleet_type(f)==2) N_bycatch++;
       surveytime(f) = fleet_setup(f,2)/fabs(fleet_setup(f,2));
       fleet_setup(f,2)=surveytime(f);
+      fleet_area(f) = int(fleet_setup(f,3));
+      catchunits(f) = int(fleet_setup(f,4));
+      need_catch_mult(f) = int(fleet_setup(f,5));
       if(fleet_type(f)<=2)
         {
           N_catchfleets++;
@@ -259,9 +266,13 @@
           {N_warn++;  warning<<N_warn<<" "<<"survey fleet: "<<f<<" surveytime read as: "<<surveytime(f)<<" SS resets to 1 for all survey fleets, and always overridden by indiv. obs. month"<<endl;
             surveytime(f)=1.;}
           }
-      fleet_area(f) = int(fleet_setup(f,3));
-      catchunits(f) = int(fleet_setup(f,4));
-      need_catch_mult(f) = int(fleet_setup(f,5));
+        else if (fleet_type(f)==4)  //  predator, e.g. red tide
+          {
+            N_pred++;
+            predator(N_pred)=f;
+            predator_rev(f)=N_pred;
+            surveytime(f)=-1.;
+          }
       if(fleet_type(f)>1 && need_catch_mult(f)>0)
         {N_warn++; cout<<"exit with warning"<<endl; warning<<N_warn<<" "<<"Need_catch_mult can be used only for fleet_type=1 fleet= "<<f<<endl; exit(1);}
       echoinput<<f<<" # "<<fleet_setup(f)<<" # "<<fleetname(f)<<endl;
@@ -499,7 +510,7 @@
       t=styr+(y-styr)*nseas+s-1;
       for (p=1;p<=pop;p++)
       for (f=1;f<=Nfleet;f++)
-      if(fleet_area(f)==p && catch_ret_obs(f,t) > 0.0 && fleet_type(f)<=2)  //  excludes survey fleets
+      if(fleet_area(f)==p && catch_ret_obs(f,t) > 0.0 && fleet_type(f)<=2)  //  excludes survey and predator fleets
       {
         catch_seas_area(t,p,f)=1;
         catch_seas_area(t,p,0)=1;
@@ -888,7 +899,7 @@
          disc_maxval(f)=max(disc_maxval(f),obs_disc(f,j));
          if( discdata[i](4)<0.0)  discdata[i](3)=-fabs( discdata[i](3));  //  convert to new format using negative fleet
          if( discdata[i](3)<0) {yr_disc_use(f,j)=-1;} else {yr_disc_use(f,j)=1;disc_N_fleet_use(f)++;}
-         if(catch_ret_obs(f,t)<=0.0)
+         if(fleet_type(f)<3 && catch_ret_obs(f,t)<=0.0)
          {
            N_warn++;  warning<<N_warn<<" discard observation: "<<i<<" has no corresponding catch "<<discdata[i]<<endl;
          }
diff --git a/SS_timevaryparm.tpl b/SS_timevaryparm.tpl
index 09c9ca99..06ad4944 100644
--- a/SS_timevaryparm.tpl
+++ b/SS_timevaryparm.tpl
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ FUNCTION void make_timevaryparm()
           case 4:  //  logistic env link
             {
             	// first parm is offset; second is slope
-              for (int y1=styr;y1<=YrMax;y1++)
+              for (int y1=styr-1;y1<=YrMax;y1++)
               {
                 parm_timevary(tvary,y1)*=2.00000/(1.00000 + mfexp(-timevary_parm(timevary_parm_cnt+1)*(env_data(y1,timevary_setup(7))-timevary_parm(timevary_parm_cnt))));
               }
diff --git a/SS_write.tpl b/SS_write.tpl
index bd7dcbda..6dd77884 100644
--- a/SS_write.tpl
+++ b/SS_write.tpl
@@ -866,7 +866,8 @@ FUNCTION void write_Bzero_output()
     }
     SS2out << endl << "Z_AT_AGE_Annual";
     if(fishery_on_off==0) {SS2out<<"_1 No_fishery_for_Z=M_and_dynamic_Bzero";} else {SS2out<<"_2 With_fishery";}
-    if(Hermaphro_Option!=0) SS2out<<"_hermaphrodites_combined_sex_output";
+    if(Hermaphro_Option!=0) SS2out<<";_hermaphrodites_combined_sex_output";
+    if(N_pred>0 && fishery_on_off==0) SS2out<<";_reported_M_includes_PredM2";
     SS2out << endl;
     SS2out << "Bio_Pattern Sex Yr "<<age_vector <<endl;
     for (gg=1;gg<=gender;gg++)
diff --git a/SS_write_report.tpl b/SS_write_report.tpl
index 52791447..afa2a8a9 100644
--- a/SS_write_report.tpl
+++ b/SS_write_report.tpl
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ FUNCTION void write_bigoutput()
    k1=YrMax;
    SS2out<<endl<<pick_report_name(7)<<endl;
   SS2out<<"Yr   Change? ";
-   for (i=1;i<=N_MGparm;i++) SS2out<<" "<<ParmLabel(i);
+   for (i=1;i<=N_MGparm2;i++) SS2out<<" "<<ParmLabel(i);
    SS2out<<endl;
    for (y=styr;y<=k1;y++)
      SS2out<<y<<" "<<timevary_MG(y,0)<<" "<<mgp_save(y)<<endl;
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ FUNCTION void write_bigoutput()
   dvector Bio_Comp(1,N_GP*gender);
   dvector Num_Comp(1,N_GP*gender);
   for (f=1;f<=Nfleet;f++)
-  if(fleet_type(f)<=2)
+  if(fleet_type(f)<=2 )
   {
     SS2out<<" sel(B):_"<<f<<" dead(B):_"<<f<<" retain(B):_"<<f<<
     " sel(N):_"<<f<<" dead(N):_"<<f<<" retain(N):_"<<f<<
@@ -1417,9 +1417,16 @@ FUNCTION void write_bigoutput()
   SS2out<<"#_Fleet units errtype"<<endl;
   if(Ndisc_fleets>0)
   {
-    for (f=1;f<=Nfleet;f++)
-    if(fleet_type(f)<=2)
-    if(disc_units(f)>0) SS2out<<f<<" "<<disc_units(f)<<" "<<disc_errtype(f)<<" # "<<fleetname(f)<<endl;
+    for (int ff=1;ff<=N_catchfleets;ff++)
+    {
+      f=fish_fleet(ff);
+      if(disc_units(f)>0) SS2out<<f<<" "<<disc_units(f)<<" "<<disc_errtype(f)<<" # "<<fleetname(f)<<endl;
+    }
+  }
+  for(int ff=1;ff<=N_pred;ff++)
+  {
+    f=predator(ff);
+    SS2out<<f<<" "<<disc_units(f)<<" "<<disc_errtype(f)<<" # "<<fleetname(f)<<" is_M2_fleet"<<endl;
   }
 
 // REPORT_KEYWORD 25 DISCARD_OUTPUT  Discard observations by year
@@ -1428,7 +1435,7 @@ FUNCTION void write_bigoutput()
   data_type=2;
   if(nobs_disc>0)
   for (f=1;f<=Nfleet;f++)
-  if(fleet_type(f)<=2)
+  if(fleet_type(f)<=2 || fleet_type(f)==4)
   {
     for (i=1;i<=disc_N_fleet(f);i++)
     {
@@ -2283,7 +2290,7 @@ FUNCTION void write_bigoutput()
     SS2out<<endl<<pick_report_name(40)<<endl;
      SS2out << "Area Fleet Sex  XX XX Type Morph Yr Seas XX Era"<<age_vector <<endl;
      for (f=1;f<=Nfleet;f++)
-     if(fleet_type(f)<=2)
+     if(fleet_type(f)<=2 || fleet_type(f)==4)
      for (g=1;g<=gmorph;g++)
      {
      if(use_morph(g)>0)
@@ -2310,7 +2317,7 @@ FUNCTION void write_bigoutput()
     SS2out<<endl<<pick_report_name(41)<<endl;
      SS2out << "Area Fleet Sex  XX XX Type Morph Yr Seas XX Era"<<age_vector <<endl;
      for (f=1;f<=Nfleet;f++)
-     if(fleet_type(f)<=2 && Do_Retain(f)>0)
+     if((fleet_type(f)<=2 && Do_Retain(f)>0) || fleet_type(f)==4)
      for (g=1;g<=gmorph;g++)
      {
      if(use_morph(g)>0)
@@ -2409,6 +2416,33 @@ FUNCTION void write_bigoutput()
         if(use_morph(g)>0)
         {for (s=1;s<=nseas;s++) SS2out<<gp<<" "<<gg<<" "<<settle<<" "<<s<<" "<<natM_endyr(s,g)<<endl;}
       }
+
+      if(N_predparms>0)
+      {
+        SS2out<<endl<<"Predator_(M2); Values_are_apical_M2; total_M-at-age_(M1+M2)_reported_in_table_No_fishery_for_Z=M "<<endl<<"Yr Era seas ";
+        for(f1=1;f1<=N_pred;f1++)
+        {f=predator(f1); SS2out<<fleetname(f)<<"_M2 Bio Num";}
+        SS2out<<endl;
+        for(y=styr-2;y<=YrMax;y++)
+        {
+          for(s=1;s<=nseas;s++)
+          {
+            t=styr+(y-styr)*nseas+s-1;
+            SS2out<<y;
+            if(y==styr-2)
+            {SS2out<<" VIRG ";}
+            else if (y==styr-1)
+            {SS2out<<" INIT ";}
+            else if (y<=endyr)
+            {SS2out<<" TIME ";}
+            else
+            {SS2out<<" FORE ";}
+            SS2out<<s<<" ";
+            for(f1=1;f1<=N_pred;f1++) {SS2out<<pred_M2(f1,t)<<" "<<catch_fleet(t,predator(f1),1)<<" "<<catch_fleet(t,predator(f1),4)<<" ";}
+            SS2out<<endl;
+          }
+        }
+      }
     }
 // REPORT_KEYWORD 44 AGE_SPECIFIC_K
     if(pick_report_use(44)=="Y" && Grow_type>=3 && Grow_type<=6) {
diff --git a/SS_write_ssnew.tpl b/SS_write_ssnew.tpl
index 77743018..6b931beb 100644
--- a/SS_write_ssnew.tpl
+++ b/SS_write_ssnew.tpl
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ FUNCTION void write_nudata()
   report1 << nages<<" #_Nages=accumulator age, first age is always age 0"<< endl;
   report1 << pop<<" #_Nareas"<<endl;
   report1 << Nfleet<<" #_Nfleets (including surveys)"<< endl;
-  report1<<"#_fleet_type: 1=catch fleet; 2=bycatch only fleet; 3=survey; 4=ignore "<<endl;
+  report1<<"#_fleet_type: 1=catch fleet; 2=bycatch only fleet; 3=survey; 4=predator(M2) "<<endl;
   report1<<"#_sample_timing: -1 for fishing fleet to use season-long catch-at-age for observations, or 1 to use observation month;  (always 1 for surveys)"<<endl;
   report1<<"#_fleet_area:  area the fleet/survey operates in "<<endl;
   report1<<"#_units of catch:  1=bio; 2=num (ignored for surveys; their units read later)"<<endl;
@@ -1563,6 +1563,14 @@ FUNCTION void write_nucontrol()
           report4<<MGparm_1(NP)<<" # "<<ParmLabel(NP)<<endl;
     }
   }
+  
+  report4<<"#  M2 parameter for each predator fleet"<<endl;
+  for(int gp=1;gp<=N_predparms;gp++)
+  {
+    NP++;
+    MGparm_1(NP,3)=value(MGparm(NP));
+    report4<<MGparm_1(NP)<<" # "<<ParmLabel(NP)<<endl;
+  }
 
   report4<<"#"<<endl;
   j=N_MGparm;