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Tests

Django Import

The Django Import package provides a rich Django models import feature for the admin interface as well as using any API.

The following options are present:

  • synchronous as well as asynchronous (using Celery) import procedure depending on the project-wide settings
  • customizing project-wide storage settings to store imported files
  • import any model present in the project
  • restricting project-wide list of models available to import
  • wide range of input file formats (with help of pandas package)
  • online customizing column-to-field reflection
  • wide and extendable set of conversion and checking functions for imported values

The idea of the package has been inspired by the django-csvimport package which unfortunately was too hard to modify because of very long history.

Installation

For the stable version:

Stable version from the PyPi package repository

pip install django-import

Last development version from the GitHub source version control system

pip install git+git://github.com/nnseva/django-import.git

Note that the Django Import package itself doesn't depend on the Celery project.

if you are planning to start import procedures asynchronously, install Celery accordingly installation instructions in the documentation.

Usage scenario

The user should create or save an instance of the ImportJob model to start the import. It may be done using any available way - from the code, from the admin page, etc.

The ImportJob instance has an upload_file attribute which contains an imported file, options attribute to provide import customization options, and model atrribute which references to the ContentType instance determining a model whose instances will be created by the import procedure.

Start importing from the admin interface

Just add a new Import Job, fill the record appropriately, and save the instance. You will see an import log entry below.

You can repeat the import procedure. Every time when the Import Job is saved, the import procedure is repeated. You can change any attribute of the Import Job between calls to save.

Delete unnecessary import log entries between Import Job saves just switching the delete flag on to the right of the import log entry.

Every start of the import procedure generates a new instance of the ImportLog model where you can find timestamp and detailed log of the import.

Start importing from the arbitrary tool

Every time when you create or update the ImportJob, the import procedure is started, and an instance of the ImportLog is created.

Customizing the import

If you don't provide any options for the ImportJob, the import procedure will:

  • open and read file using passed mode, or rb if not set
  • import all data and headers from the file using the passed format, or csv if not set
  • search columns in the input file corresponding to the field names
  • create model instances filling the instance field values by the data found in the correspondent input data columns

Every of these steps is customizable.

Set the opening mode explicitly

options attribute value:

{
    ...
    "mode": "rt",
    ...
}

The mode option allows to set the file opening mode explicitly. It can receive either rb (read binary), or rt (read text) value.

The default value is rb.

In case of read text mode, the utf-8 encoding is assumed. You are free to detect and convert the text input file encoding yourself using some external tools like iconv, enconv, etc. Some of formats, as modern XML, are self-descriptive, so you can try to import the file unchanged without explicit mode parameter.

Set the format explicitly

options attribute value:

{
    ...
    "format": "csv"
    ...
}

You can set the format value to any appropriate suffix for the pandas.read_* function. Tested examples are csv with different formatting (using additional parameters), and excel - for xls and xlsx files. Note that you can use additional parameters to select a sheet from the excel file to import.

Force header names

options attribute value:

{
    ...
    "headers": [
        "id",
        "name",
        "code",
        ...
    ]
    ...
}

This headers option overrides header names. Note that number of headers in the option should correspond to the number of columns in the input file.

When the headers option is not set, and no any header names are recognized for some reason, headers like sequential numbers with leading zeros are used in the following importing steps: "0001", "0002", "0003", ... model

Reflecting values

The most poweful option of the import procedure is customizing where and how the input values should appear in the output instances.

This customization is called reflection and appears in the reflections section of the options job attribute:

{
    ...
    "reflections": {
        "name": "direct",
        "surname": {
            "function": "direct",
            "parameters": {
                "column": "second name"
            }
        },
        "code": {
            "function": "clean",
            "parameters": {
                "column": "passcode"
            }
        },
        "access_level": {
            "function": "constant",
            "parameters": {
                "value": 1
            }
        },
        "nationality": "avoid",
        "address": {
            "function": "format",
            "parameters": {
                "format": "%(post_code)s, %(building)s-%(apartment)s, %(street), %(city)s, %(country)s"
            }
        },
        "has_car": {
            "function": "enum",
            "parameters": {
                "column": "car",
                "mapping": {
                    "yes": true,
                    "no": false
                }
            }
        }
        ...
    }
    ...
}

Every reflection in the reflections option is a key-value pair, where the key is a field name, while the value is a reflection option which determines a way how to reflect data row values to this field value.

The reflection option determines a reflection function, and optional parameters section for this function.

The easiest reflection option is a string. If the reflection option is a string, it corresponds to the reflection function name, and assumes that the data contains a column having the name equal to the field name (see the name reflection in the example above).

Alternatively, reflection option may have a form of the subsection, having the following structure:

  • function key determines a reflection function name
  • parameters key determines a subsection of additional reflection function parameters

A default reflection function is direct, it is used if the field is not listed in the reflections section (the same reflection function is assigned for the name reflection in the example above explicitly).

When the data row is got, all reflection functions are called, and returned values are collected.

The returned values may be used in two stages:

  • create - an instance is created or updated from these values using update_or_create() function call
  • update - every value collected for this stage is assigned to the correspondent instance attribute, and after the all, the instance is saved again

Every reflection function returns data for create and update stages separately.

The most reflection functions return data for the create stage. The update stage may be used when the existence of the instance is important, for some custom field types for example.

List of core reflection functions:

  • direct - sends data column value directly to the field on the instance create stage, parameters:
    • column - name of the data column to get a value, field name by defalut
  • update - sends data column value to the field on the instance update stage. This reflection, as a rule, is used to update instance attributes which are not fields really, f.e. properties, or some custom fields. Parameters:
    • column - name of the data column to get a value, field name by defalut
  • constant - sends a constant value to the field on the instance create stage, parameters:
    • value - value to be sent, None by default
  • avoid - forces ignore of the field by it's name, avoiding a default direct reflection
  • clean - sends data column value to the field on the instance create stage, cleaning it by the field clean method, parameters:
    • column - name of the data column to get a value, field name by defalut
  • substr - sends substring of the data column value to the field on the instance create stage, parameters:
    • column - name of the data column to get a value, field name by defalut
    • start - start index in the string, 0 by default
    • length - maximal number of characters to get from the value, max_length attribute of the field by default
  • replace - sends a value from the data column with search value replaced by the replace value, parameters:
    • column - column name where to find a value, field name by default
    • search - substring to be searched
    • replace - value to replace
    • count - number of occurences to replace, all by default
  • format - sends a formatted value collected from the data row to the field on the instance create stage, parameters:
    • format - %-style format to create a value from the dictionary of data with column names as keys
  • xformat - sends a formatted value collected from the data row to the field on the instance create stage, parameters:
    • format - {}-style format to create a value from the dictionary of data with column names as keys
  • enum - sends a enum value accordingly to the mapping from data value to the field value, parameters:
    • column - column name where to find a value, field name by default
    • mapping - column-to-field value mapping (column value as a key)
  • combine - applies several reflections sequentially, parameters:
    • reflections - a list of reflections to be applied
  • lookup - lookups the column value in the lookup_field on the opposite side of the reference, parameters:
    • column - column name where to find a value, field name by default
    • lookup_field - field name of the opposide side model with the optional lookup suffix, 'pk' by default

You can see the detailed help with the actual list of all registered reflections at the change page of the ImportJob instance.

Customizing a field list to be imported

The field list to be imported is determined as a union of two name sets:

  • a model field names set
  • a reflection names set

Every Django model determines a list of fields. Every such field has a name. The package tries to import all fields found in the model.

The import options contain a set of reflections see before, with unique names. Every such a name also determines a model field or property which should be imported.

The reflection whose name is equal to the model field name, determines a reflection for this field.

The default import column name is equal to the field name.

When the import file contains a column whose name is equal to the field name, it is imported even the reflection is not declared. To avoid such an import, use the special avoid reflection with the name equal to the column name.

Identify instances

options attribute value:

{
    ...
    "identity": [
        "name",
        "surname",
        "birthday"
    ]
    ...
}

When the import is evaluated several times, it is important to find and update the existent instance imported before instead of creating a new one. The identity option allows to select list of fields which will be used to find an existent instance.

Any existent model fields may be included into this identity list. But note that only those of them which are really imported will be used for the instance identification in the particular import procedure.

Settings

Asynchronous import procedure

The import procedure is started synchronously by default. It also can be started asynchronously in the separate Celery worker, depending on the async value in the DJANGO_IMPORT attribute of the settings file:

settings.py

DJANGO_IMPORT = {
    ...
    "async": True
    ...
}

The django_import.tasks module contains a definition of the run_import shared task, if you need to register it yourself instead of the automatic procedure.

You can check whether the procedure is finished using a special is_finished flag of the ImportLog instance.

Note that as minimum one Celery Worker process should be started in order to start asynchronous import procedure. If no Workers are started, the import procedure will never finished.

Models list allowed to import

Two keys containing lists in settings, models and except mean, what models are allowed to import.

If models key is not empty, only those models, which are included into this list, are allowed.

settings.py

DJANGO_IMPORT = {
    ...
    "models": [
       'accounting.Debit',
       'accounting.Credit',
       'accounting.Orders',
       'accounting.Accounts',
       ...
    ],
    "except": []
    ...
}

Else, the except key enlists models which are forbidden to import using this packet. All models except enlisted are allowed to import in this case.

settings.py

DJANGO_IMPORT = {
    ...
    "models": [],
    "except": [
       'contenttypes.ContentType',
       'admin.LogEntry',
       'auth.Permission',
       'sessions.Session',
       'django_import.ImportJob',
       'django_import.ImportLog',
       ...
    ]
    ...
}

Setting up storage configuration to store files to be imported

Storage configuration is configured using the storage key.

The class key is used to setup a storage class.

The settings key is used to setup keyword parameters to call the storage instance constructor.

The upload_to key is used to setup upload_to keyword parameter of the ImportJob.upload_file field.

There is a sample of the custom storage settings for the package below:

settings.py

DJANGO_IMPORT = {
    ...
    'storage': {
        'class': 'storages.backends.s3boto3.S3Boto3Storage',
        'settings': {
            'access_key': PROJECT_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
            'secret_key': PROJECT_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
            'bucket_name': PROJECT_AWS_STORAGE_BUCKET_NAME,
            'querystring_auth': PROJECT_AWS_QUERYSTRING_AUTH,
            'use_ssl': PROJECT_AWS_S3_USE_SSL,
            'default_acl': PROJECT_AWS_DEFAULT_ACL,
            'location': PROJECT_AWS_LOCATION,
            'custom_domain': PROJECT_AWS_S3_CUSTOM_DOMAIN,
        },
        'upload_to': 'imports',
    ...
}

Default settings

The default settings are the folowing:

DJANGO_IMPORT = {
    'storage': {
        'class': 'django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage',
        'settings': {
            'location': '',
        },
        'upload_to': 'uploads',
    },
    'models': [],
    'except': [
        'contenttypes.ContentType',
        'admin.LogEntry',
        'auth.Permission',
        'sessions.Session',
        'django_import.ImportJob',
        'django_import.ImportLog',
    ],
    'sync': True,
}

Note that the default options are united with the custom options from the settings.py file to get the actual value, like:

options = {
    **default_options,
    **custom_options
}

Import examples

Prerequisites

We would like to import files into the model ImportModel which has the following structure:

class ImportExample(models.Model):
    """ Import Example """

    name = models.CharField(
        max_length=128,
        verbose_name=_('Name'),
    )
    quantity = models.IntegerField(
        null=True, blank=True,
        verbose_name=_('Quantity'),
    )
    weight = models.FloatField(
        null=True, blank=True,
        verbose_name=_('Weight'),
    )
    price = models.DecimalField(
        max_digits=15,
        decimal_places=2,
        null=True, blank=True,
        verbose_name=_('Price'),
    )
    kind = models.CharField(
        max_length=32,
        choices=[
            ('wood', _('Wood')),
            ('steel', _('Steel')),
            ('oil', _('Oil')),
        ],
        verbose_name=_('Kind'),
    )
    user = models.ForeignKey(
        settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
        related_name='examples',
        null=True, blank=True,
        verbose_name=_('User'),
        help_text=_('User who regards to this example'),
    )

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = _('Import Example')
        verbose_name_plural = _('Import Examples')

We also will assume that we have (as minimum) two users in the User model with usernames u1 and u2.

The Import Example model exists in the tests application of the package if you have cloned it locally using:

git clone git@github.com:nnseva/django-import.git

or download from the repository https://github.com/nnseva/django-import/archive/master.zip and unpack it.

The package itself should be installed as described at the top here.

Just go to the dev subdirectory and start the following sequentially:

python manage.py migrate
python manage.py createsuperuser
python manage.py runserver

Input superuser name and password, and see the WEB admin interface on the http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/ URL.

Try a simplest import

Let we have a CSV file like this (you will find it in the dev/tests/data directory).

"name","quantity","weight","price","type","user"
"etewrt",123,10.3,11.11,S,"u1"
"cvbncv",112,54.333,34.12,W,"u2"

Create an ImportJob instance without options, select ImportExample model, upload the file and try to save it.

You will see the following log in the import log:

2020-05-12 08:29:49.712041+00:00: [INFO(4)] Starting import for: uploads/test_WyIyugj.csv
2020-05-12 08:29:50.051297+00:00: [INFO(4)] Trying to import uploads/test_WyIyugj.csv
2020-05-12 08:29:50.068780+00:00: [INFO(4)] Import file has been recognized, 6 columns, 2 rows: uploads/test_WyIyugj.csv
2020-05-12 08:29:50.071130+00:00: [ERROR(2)] Unexpected error: Cannot assign "'u1'": "ImportExample.user" must be a "User" instance.
2020-05-12 08:29:50.071589+00:00: [INFO(4)] Finished

The ERROR string means that we can not import for some reason, which is explained in this line: the user column is a user reference, and import package doesn't know, how to import it.

Avoid importing unnecessary fields

Let we exclude a user column a while to make import possible. You can find an avoid reflection in the help page below the record which does exactly what we need now.

Change view of the options field from the Tree to the Code and input:

{
  "reflections": {
    "user": "avoid"
  }
}

then press "Save and continue editing" button at the bottom.

You will find a new import log record at the bottom with the following log text:

2020-05-12 09:02:23.176985+00:00: [INFO(4)] Starting import for: uploads/test_WyIyugj.csv
2020-05-12 09:02:23.178720+00:00: [INFO(4)] Trying to import uploads/test_WyIyugj.csv
2020-05-12 09:02:23.182253+00:00: [INFO(4)] Import file has been recognized, 6 columns, 2 rows: uploads/test_WyIyugj.csv
2020-05-12 09:02:23.184719+00:00: [INFO(4)] Import has been processed, 2 rows successfully imported
2020-05-12 09:02:23.185278+00:00: [INFO(4)] Finished

The text Import has been processed, 2 rows successfully imported means that all 2 records are successfully imported.

You can ensure it looking to the Import Example instance list of the admin.

Import columns with the choices option

We can see that neither user (which has been avoided), nor kind column have been imported.

Looking into the model, we can see that the kind column has a choice selector. Let we convert the type CSV column to the kind model field. Searching in the help on the admin page, we can see a enum reflection which does what we would like to have.

{
  "reflections": {
    "user": "avoid",
    "kind": {
        "function": "enum",
        "parameters": {
            "column": "type",
            "mapping": {
                "S": "steel",
                "W": "wood",
                "O": "oil"
            }
        }
    }
  }
}

After saving the job, we can see success log. Check the imported instances. We can see, that instances have been imported successfully, but duplicated.

Avoid duplication on the repeated import

Remove all imported instances of the Import Example model. We should avoid such a problem in a future, the identity option will help us to do it. Change options appropriately:

{
  "reflections": {
    "user": "avoid",
    "kind": {
        "function": "enum",
        "parameters": {
            "column": "type",
            "mapping": {
                "S": "steel",
                "W": "wood",
                "O": "oil"
            }
        }
    }
  },
  "identity": [ "name" ]
}

Delete unnecessary logs

You can also notice that there are too many log records in the interface. Just select every of them using the flag Delete on the right side of every such a record.

Then we will save the Import Job and see what happens.

The import happens successfully, all import log entries have been deleted, and a new one created with the log of the last import.

Let we save the job again and check the Import Example admin page. We will see that no any additional records are added, so the identity option helps us as we expected.

Import a reference field

Now it's a time to make a reference to the user in the imported records. We will replace the avoid reflection by the special lookup reflection which does what we would like to have.

{
  "reflections": {
    "user": {
      "function": "lookup",
      "parameters": {
        "lookup_field": "username"
      }
    },
    "kind": {
        "function": "enum",
        "parameters": {
            "column": "type",
            "mapping": {
                "S": "steel",
                "W": "wood",
                "O": "oil"
            }
        }
    }
  },
  "identity": [ "name" ]
}

Import unusual format

Let we have a different format of the CSV, like the Excel application produces if the Russian localization is a default in the system (you will find an example in the dev/tests/data/test-ru.csv file).

"name";"quantity";"weight";"price";"type";"user"
"etewrt";123;10,3;11,11;S;"u1"
"cvbncv";112;54,333;34,12;W;"u2"

We can pass explicit CSV convertor parameters to the conversion function (all available parameters for the CSV conversion are on the pandas page:

{
  "reflections": {
    "user": {
      "function": "lookup",
      "parameters": {
        "lookup_field": "username"
      }
    },
    "kind": {
        "function": "enum",
        "parameters": {
            "column": "type",
            "mapping": {
                "S": "steel",
                "W": "wood",
                "O": "oil"
            }
        }
    }
  },
  "identity": [ "name" ],
  "format": "csv",
  "parameters": {
    "sep": ";",
    "decimal": ","
  }
}

Delete all previously imported records and save the job again. You will see that all records are imported successfully.

Import an excel file

You can import the Excel file directly (the example is present in the /dev/tests/data/test.xls file). Upload a file and use the appropriate format in the options:

{
  "reflections": {
    "user": {
      "function": "lookup",
      "parameters": {
        "lookup_field": "username"
      }
    },
    "kind": {
        "function": "enum",
        "parameters": {
            "column": "type",
            "mapping": {
                "S": "steel",
                "W": "wood",
                "O": "oil"
            }
        }
    }
  },
  "identity": [ "name" ],
  "format": "excel"
}