diff --git a/vm.c b/vm.c
index 32cdd484250355..18f8d264fe82bf 100644
--- a/vm.c
+++ b/vm.c
@@ -2299,68 +2299,73 @@ hook_before_rewind(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_control_frame_t *cfp,
 static inline VALUE
 vm_exec_handle_exception(rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type state, VALUE errinfo);
 
-// for non-Emscripten Wasm build, use vm_exec with optimized setjmp for runtime performance
-#if defined(__wasm__) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-
-struct rb_vm_exec_context {
-    rb_execution_context_t *ec;
-    struct rb_vm_tag *tag;
-    VALUE result;
-    enum ruby_tag_type state;
-};
-
-static void
-vm_exec_enter_vm_loop(rb_execution_context_t *ec, struct rb_vm_exec_context *ctx,
-                      struct rb_vm_tag *_tag, bool skip_first_ex_handle)
+static VALUE
+vm_exec_loop(rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type state,
+             struct rb_vm_tag *_tag, VALUE result)
 {
-    if (skip_first_ex_handle) {
+    if (state == TAG_NONE) { /* no jumps, result is discarded */
         goto vm_loop_start;
     }
 
-    ctx->result = ec->errinfo;
     rb_ec_raised_reset(ec, RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW | RAISED_NOMEMORY);
-    while (UNDEF_P(ctx->result = vm_exec_handle_exception(ec, ctx->state, ctx->result))) {
+    while (UNDEF_P(result = vm_exec_handle_exception(ec, state, result))) {
         /* caught a jump, exec the handler */
-        ctx->result = vm_exec_core(ec);
-    vm_loop_start:
+      vm_loop_start:
+        result = vm_exec_core(ec);
         VM_ASSERT(ec->tag == _tag);
         /* when caught `throw`, `tag.state` is set. */
-        if ((ctx->state = _tag->state) == TAG_NONE) break;
+        if ((state = _tag->state) == TAG_NONE) break;
         _tag->state = TAG_NONE;
     }
+
+    return result;
 }
 
+struct rb_vm_exec_context {
+    rb_execution_context_t *const ec;
+    struct rb_vm_tag *const tag;
+
+    VALUE result;
+};
+
+// for non-Emscripten Wasm build, use vm_exec with optimized setjmp for runtime performance
+#if defined(__wasm__) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+
 static void
 vm_exec_bottom_main(void *context)
 {
-    struct rb_vm_exec_context *ctx = (struct rb_vm_exec_context *)context;
+    struct rb_vm_exec_context *ctx = context;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = ctx->ec;
 
-    ctx->state = TAG_NONE;
-    ctx->result = vm_exec_core(ctx->ec);
-    vm_exec_enter_vm_loop(ctx->ec, ctx, ctx->tag, true);
+    ctx->result = vm_exec_loop(ec, TAG_NONE, ctx->tag, Qundef);
 }
 
 static void
 vm_exec_bottom_rescue(void *context)
 {
-    struct rb_vm_exec_context *ctx = (struct rb_vm_exec_context *)context;
-    ctx->state = rb_ec_tag_state(ctx->ec);
-    vm_exec_enter_vm_loop(ctx->ec, ctx, ctx->tag, false);
+    struct rb_vm_exec_context *ctx = context;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = ctx->ec;
+
+    ctx->result = vm_exec_loop(ec, rb_ec_tag_state(ec), ctx->tag, ec->errinfo);
 }
+#endif
 
 VALUE
 vm_exec(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
+    VALUE result = Qundef;
+
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+
     struct rb_vm_exec_context ctx = {
         .ec = ec,
-        .result = Qundef,
+        .tag = &_tag,
     };
-    struct rb_wasm_try_catch try_catch;
-
-    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
 
     _tag.retval = Qnil;
-    ctx.tag = &_tag;
+
+#if defined(__wasm__) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+    struct rb_wasm_try_catch try_catch;
 
     EC_REPUSH_TAG();
 
@@ -2368,44 +2373,23 @@ vm_exec(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 
     rb_wasm_try_catch_loop_run(&try_catch, &_tag.buf);
 
-    EC_POP_TAG();
-    return ctx.result;
-}
-
+    result = ctx.result;
 #else
-
-VALUE
-vm_exec(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
-{
     enum ruby_tag_type state;
-    VALUE result = Qundef;
-
-    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
-
-    _tag.retval = Qnil;
     if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
-        if (UNDEF_P(result = jit_exec(ec))) {
-            result = vm_exec_core(ec);
+        if (UNDEF_P(result = jit_exec(ctx.ec))) {
+            /* fallback to the VM */
+            result = vm_exec_loop(ctx.ec, TAG_NONE, ctx.tag, Qundef);
         }
-        goto vm_loop_start; /* fallback to the VM */
     }
     else {
-        result = ec->errinfo;
-        rb_ec_raised_reset(ec, RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW | RAISED_NOMEMORY);
-        while (UNDEF_P(result = vm_exec_handle_exception(ec, state, result))) {
-            /* caught a jump, exec the handler */
-            result = vm_exec_core(ec);
-          vm_loop_start:
-            VM_ASSERT(ec->tag == &_tag);
-            /* when caught `throw`, `tag.state` is set. */
-            if ((state = _tag.state) == TAG_NONE) break;
-            _tag.state = TAG_NONE;
-        }
+        result = vm_exec_loop(ctx.ec, state, ctx.tag, ctx.ec->errinfo);
     }
+#endif
+
     EC_POP_TAG();
     return result;
 }
-#endif
 
 static inline VALUE
 vm_exec_handle_exception(rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type state, VALUE errinfo)