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10.3897_phytokeys.20.3948.xml
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//TaxonX//DTD Taxonomic Treatment Publishing DTD v0 20100105//EN" "tax-treatment-NS0.dtd"><article article-type="research-article" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:tp="http://www.plazi.org/taxpub">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PhytoKeys</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title xml:lang="en">PhytoKeys</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">PhytoKeys</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1314-2011</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1314-2003</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/phytokeys.20.3948</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The Cucurbitaceae of India: Accepted names, synonyms, geographic distribution, and information on images and DNA sequences</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Renner</surname>
<given-names>Susanne S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pandey</surname>
<given-names>Arun K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1">
<label>1</label>Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich, Menzingerstr. 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
</aff>
<aff id="A2">
<label>2</label>Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
</aff>
<author-notes>
<fn fn-type="corresp">
<p>Corresponding author: S. S. Renner (<email xlink:type="simple">renner@lmu.de</email>), A. K. Pandey (<email xlink:type="simple">arunpandey79@gmail.com</email>)</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Academic editor: H. Schaefer</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>11</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<issue>20</issue>
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>118</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>3</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>28</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Susanne S. Renner, Arun K. Pandey</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<label>Abstract</label>
<p>The most recent critical checklists of the <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> of India are 30 years old. Since then, botanical exploration, online availability of specimen images and taxonomic literature, and molecular-phylogenetic studies have led to modified taxon boundaries and geographic ranges. We present a checklist of the <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> of India that treats 400 relevant names and provides information on the collecting locations and herbaria for all types. We accept 94 species (10 of them endemic) in 31 genera. For accepted species, we provide their geographic distribution inside and outside India, links to online images of herbarium or living specimens, and information on publicly available DNA sequences to highlight gaps in the current understanding of Indian cucurbit diversity. Of the 94 species, 79% have DNA sequences in GenBank, albeit rarely from Indian material. The most species-rich genera are <italic>Trichosanthes</italic> with 22 species, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic> with 11 (all but two wild), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica</tp:taxon-name></italic> with 8, and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria</tp:taxon-name></italic> with 5. From an evolutionary point of view, India is of special interest because it harbors a wide range of lineages, many of them relatively old and phylogenetically isolated. Phytogeographically, the north eastern and peninsular regions are richest in species, while the Jammu Kashmir and Himachal regions have few <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name>. Our checklist probably underestimates the true diversity of Indian <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name>, but should help focus efforts towards the least known species and regions.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<label>Keywords</label>
<kwd>Conservation</kwd>
<kwd>revised generic boundaries</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Cucumis</italic> wild species</kwd>
<kwd>India’s phytogeographic regions</kwd>
<kwd>Cucurbitaceae tribal classification</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Trichosanthes</italic></kwd>
<!--PageBreak-->
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="Introduction">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey’s (1980)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty’s (1982)</xref> checklists of the <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> of India are now more than three decades old. Over this time, knowledge of the family’s representatives on the Indian continent has grown considerably through botanical exploration, the additions of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Naithani (1990)</xref>, new treatments for Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">De Wilde and Duyfjes 2008a</xref>) and China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. 2011</xref>), and revisionary work on genera, such as <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes</tp:taxon-name></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">De Boer and Thulin 2012</xref>) and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Holstein in press). Added to this, the online availability of taxonomic literature and specimen images, and molecular-phylogenetic studies clarifying natural clade boundaries (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Schaefer et al. 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Sebastian et al. 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">De Boer et al. 2012</xref>), have led to many taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. Updating the two checklists of Indian <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> was therefore timely, especially since the <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> include several of the World’s most important vegetables, such as melon (<italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic>), cucumber (<italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis sativus</tp:taxon-name></italic>), watermelon (<italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus lanatus</tp:taxon-name></italic>), pumpkin and squash (<italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita</tp:taxon-name></italic> spp.), and bitter gourd (<italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica charantia</tp:taxon-name></italic>). Having a current list that is linked with molecular data and images may help focus phylogenetic and floristic research on undercollected species, and potentially strengthen conservation efforts.</p>
<p>Here we present a checklist of the <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> of India that treats just over 400 relevant taxon names. For each accepted species, we provide (i) type information including collecting location and herbaria, (ii) synonyms and their types, (iii) information on geographic range inside and outside India, (iv) links to online images of herbarium or living specimens, and (v) brief information on whether or not DNA sequences are available in GenBank at the National Center for Biological Information (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</ext-link> ), with citation of relevant studies. DNA sequences today are essential; they help in the quick identification of sterile material via characteristic sequence motifs or “barcoding” (an Asia-focussed example is <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Li et al. 2011</xref>) and are required for evolutionary and biogeographic studies (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Sebastian et al. 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">De Boer et al. 2012</xref>). Even DNA sequences not coming from Indian material can help place the Indian species in context and to recognize if Indian material differs from African or Chinese material going by the same name.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Materials and methods">
<title>Materials and methods</title>
<p>Names that have been applied to Indian <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> were taken from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">1981</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref>, and an unpublished compilation provided by Peter Raven (the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis) and Kanchi Gandhi (Harvard University Herbaria, Boston). We also checked floras of neighboring or near-by countries, especially <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Naithani (1990)</xref>, the <italic>Flora of China</italic> treatment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. 2011</xref>), and numerous publications by De Wilde and Duyfjes (cited in our reference list). Information on the types (collector and location) of the 400 names was obtained from protologues, most of them available online. For nomenclatural types from India, we updated the <!--PageBreak-->state in which the respective specimen was collected to agree with modern administrative units. Taxonomic or nomenclatural synonyms were obtained by checking relevant post-1980 treatments (cited under the respective genus or species).</p>
<p>Distributions within India (by state) and outside India (by country or continent) were taken mostly from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chakravarty (1946</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1959</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1982</xref>), up-dated from floristic treatments, such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. (2011)</xref> and the work of De Wilde and Duyfjes (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">2004a</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">, b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">2006a</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">, b</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">, c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">2007a</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">, b</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">, 2008a</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">, 2010</xref>, and as cited below). The links to images lead to type specimen images from various herbaria or the efloraofindia website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/</ext-link> ). This website has been created for documenting the flora of India and currently has a database of 7500 species and over one million pictures at its e-group links. For each accepted species or relevant synonyms we checked GenBank (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</ext-link> ) for sequences and the published studies they are related to.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Results and discussion">
<title>Results and discussion</title>
<sec sec-type="Comparison with the two 1980s checklists and main causes of name changes">
<title>Comparison with the two 1980s checklists and main causes of name changes</title>
<p>Applying recent taxonomic changes resulted in the acceptance of 94 species. This is almost unchanged from the species number listed in previous checklists (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey 1980</xref>: 90 species; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty 1982</xref>: 100 species). A species no longer included is <italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria wallichii</tp:taxon-name></italic> from central Myanmar. Newly added species include <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes khasiana</tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes quinquangulata</tp:taxon-name></italic>. Compared to 1980, generic concepts have changed considerably, with many species names having been moved, especially in the genera <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria</tp:taxon-name></italic>, and formerly monotypic genera having been merged (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Schaefer and Renner 2011b</xref>). Genera no longer accepted are <italic><tp:taxon-name>Biswarea</tp:taxon-name></italic> (=<italic>Herpetospermum</italic>), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumella</tp:taxon-name></italic> (=<italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic>), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Dicoelospermum</tp:taxon-name></italic> (=<italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic>), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Edgaria</tp:taxon-name></italic> (=<italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum</tp:taxon-name></italic>), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Gymnopetalum</tp:taxon-name></italic> (=<italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes</tp:taxon-name></italic>), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Mukia</tp:taxon-name></italic> (=<italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic>), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Neoluffa</tp:taxon-name></italic> (= <italic><tp:taxon-name>Siraitia</tp:taxon-name></italic>), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Praecitrullus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (= <italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa</tp:taxon-name></italic>), and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Sechium</tp:taxon-name></italic> (=<italic><tp:taxon-name>Sicyos</tp:taxon-name></italic>). All these changes are based on molecular-phylogenetic results, cited under the respective species. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria</tp:taxon-name></italic> in its modern circumscription is confined to the New World and does not occur in India. Its two Indian species have been moved to <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p>Compared to other tropical regions of the size of India, for example, Brazil, the addition of new species records over the past 30 years has lagged behind. We suspect that many species new for India are awaiting discovery in the field and in yet unidentified herbarium material. Since Indian herbaria are reluctant to send out loans, their material probably is understudied.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Natives, endemics, cultivated species, and status of DNA sequencing">
<title>Natives, endemics, cultivated species, and status of DNA sequencing</title>
<p>Of the species of <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> in India, at least nine are introduced cultivated vegetables from Central and South America or Africa (<italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus lanatus</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cyclanthera pedata</tp:taxon-name></italic><bold>,</bold> <italic><tp:taxon-name>Kedrostis foetidissima</tp:taxon-name></italic><bold>,</bold> <italic><tp:taxon-name>Sicyos edulis</tp:taxon-name></italic>, and five species of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita</tp:taxon-name></italic>). Of the native species, <!--PageBreak-->ten are endemic: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis indicus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Kerala, Maharashtra), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis ritchiei</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis setosus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis silentvalleyi</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Kerala), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica sahyadrica</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Kerala), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena amplexicaulis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes anaimalaiensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Tripura), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes khasiana</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria hookeriana</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Tamil Nadu), and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria maysorensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Kerala). Clearly, Kerala is the state with the highest number of endemics, followed by Tamil Nadu. The most species-rich <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> genera in India are <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes</tp:taxon-name></italic> with 22 species, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic> with 11 (all but two wild), <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica</tp:taxon-name></italic> 8, and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria</tp:taxon-name></italic> with 5.</p>
<p>While 86 native species, including just ten endemics, may not be large numbers, India harbors an exceptional range of tribes as seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>, which shows the placement of the native Indian genera on a <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> family tree with the family’s current tribal classification (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Schaefer and Renner 2011b</xref>). Many of the Indian species, such as <italic><tp:taxon-name>Actinostemma</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Gynostemma</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Hemsleya</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Indofevillea</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica</tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Siraitia</tp:taxon-name></italic> belong to old and phylogenetically isolated lineages. This is known because 79% of the <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> species occurring in India have been sequenced for one or more genetic markers. Cucumber and melon, which originate in India, both have had their genomes completely sequenced (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Huang et al. 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">García-Mas et al. 2012</xref>), and many have been included in family-wide phylogenetic analyses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Schaefer et al. 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Schaefer and Renner 2011b</xref>). The currently 20 species without any DNA sequences in GenBank may be found by searching our checklist for “no published sequences available.”</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Floristic distribution within India and disjunctions between Africa and India">
<title>Floristic distribution within India and disjunctions between Africa and India</title>
<p>The highest number of species is known from the northeast and peninsular India (Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh), the lowest from the Jammu Kashmir and Himachal regions of Western Himalaya. Especially interesting from a phytogeographic standpoint are species ranging from Africa to India, such as <italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia grandis</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania cerasiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus conocarpus</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus epigaeus</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus schimperi</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis prophetarum</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Dactyliandra welwitschii</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa echinata</tp:taxon-name></italic><bold>,</bold> <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica cymbalaria</tp:taxon-name></italic>, and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria thwaitesii</tp:taxon-name></italic>. The genera <italic><tp:taxon-name>Diplocyclos</tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Kedrostis</tp:taxon-name></italic> also both have species in East Africa and India, but apparently not individual species spanning both continents. These disjunctions would be interesting to study with molecular methods, which might allow inferring arrival times in India.</p>
<fig id="F1" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figure 1.</label>
<caption><p>Tribal classification of the <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> with native Indian genera highlighted in red, cultivated ones in blue. Modified from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner (2011a</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">, b</xref>).</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PhytoKeys-020-053-g001.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption><p>Genera and species of <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> in India (94 total).</p></caption>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Genera</bold></th>
<th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of species</bold></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Actinostemma</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (all cultivated)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cyclanthera</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Dactyliandra</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Diplocyclos</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gomphogyne</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gynostemma</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Hemsleya</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Hodgsonia</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Indofevillea</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Kedrostis</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Lagenaria</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Neoalsomitra</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Sicyos</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Siraitia</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Zanonia</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria</tp:taxon-name></italic></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Conclusion">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>One of the great technical advances of recent years that are positively affecting taxonomy is the easy exchange of photos. Even simple snap shots of living plants (and cer<!--PageBreak-->tainly type images) greatly facilitate deciding the identity of a particular plant, and we hope that our links to the efloraofindia (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/</ext-link> ) will proof useful. The greatest caveat concerning our checklist is that the geographic <!--PageBreak-->range information inside India is not directly based on specimens, but is more or less copied from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> and thus surely incomplete. It is to be hoped that the digization of Indian material in the future will help achieve a deeper study of the <tp:taxon-name>Cucurbitaceae</tp:taxon-name> of India.</p>
<!--PageBreak-->
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Checklist">
<title>Checklist</title>
<p><bold>1. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Actinostemma tenerum</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Griff., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 23(7): 643–644. 1854.</p>
<p>Syntypes: India, Meghalaya, Khasia Hills, <italic>Griffith 2523</italic> (K, W); India, Sadiya, upper Assam, also on Khasia Hills, <italic>T.E. Cantor</italic>s.n. (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bangladesh, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Russia, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref>).</p>
<p>Images: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Griffith</tp:taxon-name></italic> syntype: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://herbarium.univie.ac.at/database/detail.php?ID=63181">http://herbarium.univie.ac.at/database/detail.php?ID=63181</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000742924">http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000742924</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., DQ491007, DQ469135.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Actinostemma</tp:taxon-name></italic> comprises two other species, both in China. Based on genetic data, this is an isolated ancient lineage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">, b</xref>; see also our <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ali Khan (2002)</xref> discusses the species’ occurrence in Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<p><bold>2. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa fistulosa</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Stocks) H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner, Taxon 60: 133. 2011.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus fistulosus</tp:taxon-name></italic> Stocks, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 74, t. 3. 1851. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus vulgaris</tp:taxon-name></italic> Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. var. <italic>fistulosus</italic> (Stocks) J.L.Stewart, Punjab Pl. 96. 1869.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Praecitrullus fistulosus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Stocks) Pangalo, Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 29: 203. 1944.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Colocynthis citrullus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.) Kuntze var. <italic>fistulosus</italic> (Stocks) Chakrav., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 17(1): 116. 1959.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus lanatus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. <italic>fistulosus</italic> (J.L.Steward) Babu, Herb. Fl. Dehra Dun 194. 1977, invalid name because Babu erred in the basionym he cited.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus lanatus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. <italic>fistulosus</italic> (Stocks) Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. India 11: 23. 1982, nom. illeg. isonym.</p>
<p>Type: Pakistan [India], Kurrachee, Sinde, 1 Sep. 1850, <italic>Stocks</italic> s.n. (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Introduced (?) in tropical Africa.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dane and Lang (2004)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., DQ536719, DQ648185, AY522525.</p>
<p>Comments: Cultivated in India and Pakistan as a vegetable. The origin of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa fistulosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> is unclear, and the species is currently only known in cultivation.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>3. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa hispida</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Thunb.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monog. Phan. 3: 513. 1881.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita hispida</tp:taxon-name></italic> Thunb., Nov. Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 4: 38. 1783.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa pruriens</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Parkinson) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes forma <italic>hispida</italic> (Thunb.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Sandakania 17: 47. 2008.</p>
<p>Type: Japan, <italic>Thunberg 22775</italic> (UPS, IDC microfiche). <italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa cerifera</tp:taxon-name></italic> Savi, Bibliot. Ital. (Milan) 9: 158-165, f. a-g. 1818.</p>
<p>Type: China, cult. in the Pisa botanical garden (herbarium?).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of India.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Pakistan. India, Pakistan, Malayasia, Eastern Australia, Polynesia, China & Japan. Wild origin unclear.</p>
<p>Images: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BEHI3">http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BEHI3</ext-link> </p>
<p>Efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/benincasa/benincasa-hispida">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/benincasa/benincasa-hispida</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., DQ282075, DQ282074.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa</tp:taxon-name></italic> comprises only the two species that occur in India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref>; see our <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref> for the phylogenetic position of the tribe Benincaseae). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Nicolson and Fosberg (2003)</xref> have argued that the name <italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa hispida</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Thunb.) Cogn. does not need to be replaced by <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita pruriens</tp:taxon-name></italic> Parkinson (J. Voy. South Seas 44 (1773), while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">De Wilde and Duyfjes (2008b)</xref> maintain that the oldest available name for this species is <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita pruriens</tp:taxon-name></italic>, hence <italic><tp:taxon-name>Benincasa pruriens</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Parkinson) W.J. de Wilde & Duyfjes.</p>
<p><bold>4.</bold> <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania cerasiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Stocks) A.Meeuse, Bothalia 8: 12. 1962.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Ctenolepis cerasiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Stocks)Hook.f., Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 558. 1871.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia fimbristipula</tp:taxon-name></italic> Fenzl ex Stocks, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 149. 1852, nom. inval. pro syn. of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria cerasiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic> Stocks</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania fimbristipula</tp:taxon-name></italic> Kotschy & Peyr., Pl. Tinn. 15. t. 7. 1867.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria fimbristipula</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Kotschy & Peyr.) G. Roberty, Bull. I.F.A.N., Ser. 16:795. 1954.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria cerasiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic> Stocks, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 149. 1852.</p>
<p>Syntype: Africa, Sudan, Blue Nile Province, Jebal Arashkol <italic><tp:taxon-name>Kotschy</tp:taxon-name></italic> 205 (CAL 2 sheets, photos available from SSR, K); Pakistan, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Stocks</tp:taxon-name></italic> 29 (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Wild on wastelands in Gujarat.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Old World tropics from Mauritania & Senegal east to Pakistan and in E. Africa south to Transvaal.</p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=157060">http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=157060</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., DQ535797, DQ536803.</p>
<p>Comment: The genus name <italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania</tp:taxon-name></italic> Kotschy et Peyritsch was published in July 1867 (the full publication is online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library) and has priority over <italic><tp:taxon-name>Ctenolepis</tp:taxon-name></italic> J. D. Hooker in Bentham et J. D. Hooker, Gen. 1: 832. Sep 1867. <!--PageBreak--><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> both list <italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania cerasiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Ctenolepis</tp:taxon-name></italic>) in their checklists, but we have not seen Indian specimens.</p>
<p><bold>5. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania garcinii</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Burm.f.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 629. 1881.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Ctenolepis garcinii</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Burm.f.) Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 1(3): 832. 1867.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia garcinii</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Burm.f.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4(1): 623. 1805 (as <italic>garcini</italic>).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Sicyos garcinii</tp:taxon-name></italic> Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 211 (err. typ. 311). 1768.</p>
<p>Type: India, Tamil Nadu, Chennai (formerly Madras), Tuticorin, <italic>Garcin</italic> s.n. (G) fide Jeffrey, 1980.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania</tp:taxon-name></italic> includes <italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania cerasiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic> from India and west to tropical Africa, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Blastania garcinii</tp:taxon-name></italic> from India and Sri Lanka, and a third species in Madagascar.</p>
<p><bold>6.</bold> <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia aspera</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Steven ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 2:140. 1843.</p>
<p>Lectotype: Northern Caucasus, Narzan, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Bieberstein</tp:taxon-name></italic> (LE), designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Jeffrey (1969)</xref>.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: NW India: Jammu (Upper Chenab Valley), Himachal Pradesh (Chamba, Lahul-spiti).</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Turkey, Iran, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Norther Afghanistan, Pakistan.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Volz and Renner (2009)</xref>, e.g., EU683747, EU683740.</p>
<p>Comment: This was treated as <italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia dioica</tp:taxon-name></italic> Jacq. by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref>, but that species does not occur as far east as India, ranging instead from Spain south to Algeria and Morocco, Sardinia, Corsica, and the Greek Peninsula and east to mid-Poland; a distribution map with all species of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia</tp:taxon-name></italic> is provided by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Volz and Renner (2009)</xref>.</p>
<p><bold>7. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia monoica</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Aitch. & Hemsl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3(1): 65. 1888.</p>
<p>Type: Afghanistan, Badghis, <italic>Aitchison 339</italic> (CAL photo available from SSR, K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Probably near the Pakistani border.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirgizstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Volz and Renner (2009)</xref>, e.g., EU096421, EU096419.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Comment: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> treated this under the name <italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia multiflora</tp:taxon-name></italic> Boiss. & Heldr., but that species occurs instead in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Jeffrey 1969</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Volz and Renner 2009</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>8. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus colocynthis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (L.) Schrad., Linnaea 12: 414. 1838. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis colocynthis</tp:taxon-name></italic> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1011. 1753.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Colocynthis vulgaris</tp:taxon-name></italic> Schrad., Ind. Sem. 1:fig. 99. 1950.</p>
<p>Type: Not designated.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jahrkhand, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Afghanistan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, west to the Sahara (Lybia) and Sahel region.</p>
<p>Images: See efloraof India at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/citrullus/citrullus-colocynthis">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/citrullus/citrullus-colocynthis</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., DQ536649, DQ535791.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus colocynthis</tp:taxon-name></italic>, or colocynth, is a perennial growing wild on sandy soils in deserts areas in Western and Central India. Many authors have treated Herb. Linn. No. 1152.1 (LINN) as the type. However, this collection lacks the relevant <italic>Species Plantarum</italic> number and was a post-1753 addition to the herbarium; it is not original material for the name (Jarvis, 2007).</p>
<p><bold>9. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus lanatus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Cat. Sem. & Spor. Hort. Bot. Univ. Imp. Tokyo 1916: 30. 1920 (“1916”).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica lanata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 13. 1794.</p>
<p>Type: South Africa, Cape Province, <italic>Thunberg</italic> s.n. (UPS).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita citrullus</tp:taxon-name></italic> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1010. 1753.</p>
<p>Type: “Habitat in Apulia, Calabria, Sicilia”; lectotype not designated.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Citrullus vulgaris</tp:taxon-name></italic> Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. 2: 279. 1836.</p>
<p>Type: Not known fide <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">De Wilde and Duyfjes (2010)</xref>.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Jahrkhand, Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Nepal, Pakistan; native to tropical Africa.</p>
<p>Images: The Thunberg holotype can be seen here: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://130.238.83.220/botanik/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=371376">http://130.238.83.220/botanik/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=371376</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Watermelon.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Watermelon.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>See also efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/citrullus/citrullus-lanatus">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/citrullus/citrullus-lanatus</ext-link> </p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->GenBank: Several hundred sequences.</p>
<p>Comments: The watermelon was probably domesticated in northern Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Wasylikowa and van der Veen 2004</xref>). The extent of its native range is unclear.</p>
<p><bold>10. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia grandis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (L.) Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 59. 1845.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia grandis</tp:taxon-name></italic> L., Mant. Pl. 126. 1767.</p>
<p>Type: India, without location, Herb. Linn. No. 1153.2 (LINN).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia alceifolia</tp:taxon-name></italic> [sphalm. <italic>alceaefolia</italic>] Willd. in Rottler, Neue Schriften d. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4: 223. 1803.</p>
<p>Type: India, Tamil Nadu, Tiruchinapally [Tiruchirappalli], Nov. 1793, <italic>Rottler</italic> s.n. (K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia indica</tp:taxon-name></italic> Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 347. 1834, nom. superfl. & illeg. for <italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia grandis</tp:taxon-name></italic> L.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia wightiana</tp:taxon-name></italic> M.Roem., Syn. Pepon.: 93. 1846.</p>
<p>Syntypes: India, Chennai, <italic>Wallich Cat. 6711a</italic> [D.Klein, B.Heyne or J.P.Rottler] in Herb. Madras s.n. (Paralectotype: E00174668); Nepalry, <italic>Wallich Cat. 6711b</italic> and 6711<italic>e, R.Wight 1124</italic> (Paralectotype: E00174667); Negapatam, <italic>R.Wight 1124</italic> (Lectotype, designated by Holstein, 2012: E00174666); <italic>R.Wight 1124</italic> (Paralectotype: NY, digital image).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia cordifolia</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.) Cogn. var. <italic>wightiana</italic> (M.Roem.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 531. 1881.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia grandis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.) Voigt var. <italic>wightiana</italic> (M.Roem.) Greb. in R. Mansfeld & J. Schultze-Motel, Verz. Landwirtsch. u. Gaertn. Kulturpfl. 2: 929. 1986.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cephalandra indica</tp:taxon-name></italic> Naudin var. <italic>palmata</italic> C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 621. 1879, nom. & stat. nov.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Distributed in plains of India, ascending c. 300 m in Peninsular India; Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Africa, China, Japan, Malesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>Images: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Ivy%20Gourd.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Ivy%20Gourd.html</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000742794">http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000742794</ext-link> </p>
<p>Efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/coccinia/coccinia-grandis">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/coccinia/coccinia-grandis</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Holstein and Renner (2011)</xref>, e.g., HQ608245, HQ608458.</p>
<p>Comments: The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia</tp:taxon-name></italic> has 35 species, all but <italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia grandis</tp:taxon-name></italic> in Africa south of the Sahara (Holstein, in press). In India, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia grandis</tp:taxon-name></italic> has been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Nadkarni and Nadkarni 1976</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Ramachandran and Subramaniam 1983</xref>).</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>11. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus conocarpus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Dalzell & A.Gibson) Hook.f. ex C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 628. 1879 (as <italic>conocarpa</italic>).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Aechmandra conocarpa</tp:taxon-name></italic> Dalzell & A.Gibson, Bombay Fl. 100. 1861.</p>
<p>Type: India, Maharashtra, Bombay, Gujrat near Malpor and Gundar, <italic>Dalzell 39</italic> (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Pakistan (fide the <italic>Flora of Pakistan</italic>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50326465?projectid=32">http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50326465?projectid=32</ext-link> , the species occurs also in Central Africa)</p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/detailsQuery.do?imageId=375483&pageCode=3&presentPage=3&queryId=4&sessionId=CE49DA6B1178914C12C060C6D319E224&barcode=K000592620">http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/detailsQuery.do?imageId=375483&pageCode=3&presentPage=3&queryId=4&sessionId=CE49DA6B1178914C12C060C6D319E224&barcode=K000592620</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus</tp:taxon-name></italic> has two species in Madagascar, eight in Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref>), and three that supposedly range from India to tropical East Africa. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> accepted four species for India, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus conocarpus</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus epigaeus</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus gracilipes</tp:taxon-name></italic>, and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus palmatus</tp:taxon-name></italic>, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref> considered the latter two names synonyms of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus epigaeus</tp:taxon-name></italic> as do we, but also accepted <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus schimperi</tp:taxon-name></italic> for India.</p>
<p><bold>12. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus epigaeus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Rottler) Benth. & Hook.f. ex C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 628. 1879 (as <italic>epigaea)</italic>.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia epigaea</tp:taxon-name></italic> Rottler, Neue Schriften d. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4: 212. 1803.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Aechmandra epigaea</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Rottler) Arn., J. Bot. 3: 274. 1841.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Rhynchocarpa epigaea</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Rottler) Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 16: 178. 1862. Syntypes: Peninsular India, <italic>Klein 395 & 771</italic> (B-W), <italic>Rottler 3531</italic> (HBG), <italic>Rottler</italic> (K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Rhynchocarpa epigaea</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>gracilipes</italic> Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 16: 179. 1862. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus gracilipes</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Naudin) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 656. 1881.</p>
<p>Type: India, <italic>J. Lepine</italic> (P).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus palmatus</tp:taxon-name></italic> Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 648. 1881.</p>
<p>Type: India, Gujarat [Gujerat] near Malpor and Gundar, <italic>Dalzell</italic> s.n. (K).</p>
<p>Further synonyms are listed in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Jeffrey (1967)</xref>.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Baluchistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; tropical East Africa, Sudan.</p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arkive.org/corallocarpus/corallocarpus-epigaeus/image-G117835.html">http://www.arkive.org/corallocarpus/corallocarpus-epigaeus/image-G117835.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>Efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/corallocarpus/corallocarpus-epigaeus">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/corallocarpus/corallocarpus-epigaeus</ext-link> </p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->GenBank: AM981182 from an unpublished paper.</p>
<p>Comments: The species is used as an anthelmintic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chopra et al. 1956</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>13. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus schimperi</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Naudin) Hook.f., Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 567. 1871.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Rhynchocarpa schimperi</tp:taxon-name></italic> Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, 16: 180. 1862.</p>
<p>Type: Ethiopia, Sera-Walqua, <italic>Schimper 413</italic> (P).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus velutinus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Dalzell & A.Gibson) Hook.f. ex C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2(6): 628. 1879.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Aechmandra velutina</tp:taxon-name></italic> Dalzell & A.Gibson, Bombay Fl. 200. 1861.</p>
<p>Type: W. Pakistan, <italic>Dalzell 41</italic> (K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus courbonii</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Naudin) Cogn. A. & C. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 655. 1881.</p>
<p>Type: A plant cultivated in Paris from seeds sent from Ethiopia, <italic>A. Courbon 334</italic> (P P00346198, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://plants.jstor.org/search?plantName=Rhynchocarpa%20courbonii">http://plants.jstor.org/search?plantName=Rhynchocarpa%20courbonii</ext-link> ).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Unclear.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Pakistan and tropical East Africa and Arabia</p>
<p>Image: See <italic>Flora of Pakistan</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/9201617?projectid=32">http://www.tropicos.org/Name/9201617?projectid=32</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: The supposed three species of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Corallocarpus</tp:taxon-name></italic> in India are in urgent need of taxonomic study.</p>
<p><bold>14.</bold> <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis hystrix</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Chakrav., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50(4): 896. pl. 6. 1952.</p>
<p>Type: India, Meghalaya [earlier in Assam], Garo Hills, Tura Mountain, alt. 3000 ft; November 1929; <italic>N.E. Parry 859</italic> (K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis muriculatus</tp:taxon-name></italic> Chakrav., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50(4): 896. 1952.</p>
<p>Type: Myanmar, Ruby Mines District, Oct. 1912, <italic>J. H. Lace 6325</italic> (E), here synonymized by Kirkbride (1993).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Myanmar, N and W Thailand, SW China.</p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000742801">http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000742801</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ts-den.aluka.org/fsi/img/size1/alukaplant/e/phase_01/e0000/e00301190.jpg">http://ts-den.aluka.org/fsi/img/size1/alukaplant/e/phase_01/e0000/e00301190.jpg</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Renner et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. (2010)</xref>, and many others, e.g., HM597016, HM597017.</p>
<p>Comments: Based on molecular data, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic> has about 25 species in Asia and Australia. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis hystrix</tp:taxon-name></italic> is the closest wild relative of the cucumber, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis sativus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. 2010</xref>).</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>15. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis indicus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Ghebretinsae & Thulin, Novon 17(2): 177. 2007.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria ritchiei</tp:taxon-name></italic> Chakrav., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50(4): 898, fig. A–K. 1952.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumella ritchiei</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Chakrav.) C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 19: 215. 1965, non <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis ritchiei</tp:taxon-name></italic> (C.B. Clarke) Ghebretinsae & Thulin.</p>
<p>Type: India, Maharasthra, Bombay Presidency, Savantvadi State, Ram Ghat, <italic>D. Ritchie 67</italic> (BM, E; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/e00187895">http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/e00187895</ext-link> ).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Kerala, Maharashtra (Naithani, 1990). <bold>Endemic.</bold></p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ts-den.aluka.org/fsi/img/size2/alukaplant/e/phase_01/e0005/e00187895.jpg">http://ts-den.aluka.org/fsi/img/size2/alukaplant/e/phase_01/e0005/e00187895.jpg</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. (2010)</xref>, e.g., HM597078, HM596966.</p>
<p>Comments: Molecular phylogenetic data show that the former genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Dicaelospermum</tp:taxon-name></italic>, with the species <italic><tp:taxon-name>Dicaelospermum ritchiei</tp:taxon-name></italic> C.B. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Clarke (1879)</xref>, is nested inside <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic>. The resulting nomenclatural transfer meant that the epithet “<italic>ritchiei</italic>” is occupied within the genus. A replacement name therefore became necessary with the transfer of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria ritchiei</tp:taxon-name></italic> to <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><bold>16. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis javanicus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Miq.) Ghebretinsae &Thulin, Novon 17(2). 177. 2007.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Karivia javanica</tp:taxon-name></italic> Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 661. 1855.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Mukia javanica</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Miq.) C. Jeffrey in Hooker’s Icon. Pl.37: 3, pl. 3661. 1969.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria javanica</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Miq.) Panigrahi & Misra, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 5: 416. 1984.</p>
<p>Type: Java, <italic>T. Horsfield</italic>s.n. (BM, K, U).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria assamica</tp:taxon-name></italic> Chakrav., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50(4): 897.1952.</p>
<p>Type: India, Assam, Cachar, <italic>R. L. Keenan s. n</italic>. (K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria assamica</tp:taxon-name></italic> Chakrav. var. <italic>scabra</italic> Chakrav., J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 50(4): 898. 1952.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria javanica</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Miq.) Panigrahi & Misra var. <italic>scabra</italic> (Chakrav.) Naithani, Flowering Plants of India, Nepal & Bhutan 179. 1990.</p>
<p>Type: India, Assam, Goalpara, Chirang Duar, Dec. 1890, <italic>King’s collector</italic>s.n. (CAL, 2 sheets, photos available from SSR).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Assam.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Java, China, and Thailand.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Renner et al. (2007)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. (2010)</xref>, e.g., HM597079, EF174484.</p>
<p>Comment: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">De Wilde and Duyfjes (2006a)</xref> synonymized <italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria assamica</tp:taxon-name></italic> under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis javanicus</tp:taxon-name></italic>, which they treated as <italic><tp:taxon-name>Mukia javanica</tp:taxon-name></italic>, a genus that based on molecular data, however, is deeply nested inside <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>17. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis leiospermus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Wight & Arn.) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, Novon 17(2): 177. 2007.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia leiosperma</tp:taxon-name></italic> Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 345. 1834.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Mukia leiosperma</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Wight & Arn.) Arn., Madras J. Lit. Sci. 12: 50. 1840.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria leiosperma</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Wight & Arn.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 622. 1881.</p>
<p>Syntypes: India, Tamil Nadu, Dindygul Hills, <italic>Wallich Cat. no. 6708</italic> (K); Chennai, Palni Hills, <italic>R. Wight 1112</italic> (BR, K). The Wallich specimen was chosen as lectotype by</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Jeffrey (1969)</xref>.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>Photos by A. Pandey: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7273/7859393808_2314892118_m.jpg">http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7273/7859393808_2314892118_m.jpg</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8307/7859413918_cff80f25db_m.jpg">http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8307/7859413918_cff80f25db_m.jpg</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. (2010)</xref>, e.g., HM597080, HM596911.</p>
<p>Comments: An understudied relative of the cucumber and melon.</p>
<p><bold>18. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis maderaspatanus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1012. 1753.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Mukia maderaspatana</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 2: 47. 1846</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria maderaspatana</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 623. 1881.</p>
<p>Type: India, “Cucumis Maderaspatensis fructu minimo” in Plukenet, Phytographia t. 170. f. 2. 1692. Typotype Herb. Sloane 95: 201 (BM-SL), designated by Meeuse, Bothalia 8: 14. 1962.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia cordifolia</tp:taxon-name></italic> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1012. 1753.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia cordifolia</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 623. 1881.</p>
<p>Type: “Habitat in Zeylonia,” Lectotype: Herb. Hermann 2: 22, No. 354 (BM-000621582), designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Jeffrey (1967)</xref>.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia scabrella</tp:taxon-name></italic> L.f., Suppl. Pl. 424. 1782 (“1781”).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Mukia scabrella</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.f.) Arn., J. Bot. 3: 276. 1841.</p>
<p>Type: Northwest India, <italic>Royle</italic> s.n. (K, CAL photo available from SSR).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>Images: Efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/mukia/cucumis-maderaspatanus">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/mukia/cucumis-maderaspatanus</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Madras%20Pea%20Pumpkin.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Madras%20Pea%20Pumpkin.html</ext-link> </p>
<p><italic>Flora of Pakistan</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/9200868?projectid=32">http://www.tropicos.org/Name/9200868?projectid=32</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Many sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. (2010)</xref>, and other studies.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>19. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1011. 1753.</p>
<p>Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 1152.8 (LINN), designated by Meeuse, Bothalia 8: 61. 1962.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia callosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> Rottler, Neue Schriften der Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4: 210. 1803.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis callosus</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Rottler) Cogn. in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 275, 2: 129. 1924.</p>
<p>Type: India, Tamil Nadu, Deccan, <italic>Rottler</italic> s.n. (K?). Note: Rottler was a missionary in the Danish Settlement at Tranquebar (150 miles south of Madras) in the years after 1768.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis pubescens</tp:taxon-name></italic> Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4(1): 614. 1805.</p>
<p>Type: Plant cultivated at Berlin; <italic>C.L. Willdenow</italic>s.n. (B-W, IDC microfiche 7440, specimen number 18048).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis momordica</tp:taxon-name></italic> Roxb. Fl. ind. 3: 720. 1832.</p>
<p>Type: India, <italic>W. Roxburgh</italic>s.n. (K?).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis trigonus</tp:taxon-name></italic> Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 722. 1832.</p>
<p>Lectotype: India, <italic>W. Roxburgh</italic>s.n. (K), designated by Kirkbride, Biosyst. Monogr. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic> 115. 1993.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>pubescens</italic> (Willd.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46(2): 103. 1877.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>culta</italic> Kurz., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46(2): 102. 1877.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>agrestis</italic> Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4,11: 73. 1859. Lectotype: India, Union Territory, Puducherry [Pondicherry]: seeds sent by Jules Lépeire (plants cultiv. at Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris); 1859; <italic>Naudin</italic> s.n. (P), designated by J.H. Kirkbride in Biosyst. Monogr. Gen. Cucumis 81. 1993.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic> ssp. <italic>agrestis</italic> (Naudin) Pangalo in Zhukovsky, La Turquie agricole 534. 1933.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic> forma <italic>agrestis</italic> (Naudin) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Sandakania 17: 55. 2008.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Widely cultivated.</p>
<p>Images: See efloraofindia <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Wild%20Melon.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Wild%20Melon.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>Type: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000634447">http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000634447</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000794987">http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000794987</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000742804">http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000742804</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Numerous sequences from the three plant organellar genomes.</p>
<p>Comments: Sequences representing <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis callosus</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis pubescens</tp:taxon-name></italic>, and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis trigonus</tp:taxon-name></italic> all cluster with <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. 2010</xref>) and likely present wild progenitors of domesticated <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref> preferred to list <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis trigonus</tp:taxon-name></italic> as a separate species, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> mentions two further varieties, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis melo</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>momordica</italic> Duthie & Fullar and var. <italic>utilissima</italic> Duthie & Fullar. Without specimens, these varieties cannot be assessed.</p>
<p><bold>20. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis prophetarum</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> L., Cent. I. Pl. 33. 1755.</p>
<p>Type: Arabia, <italic>D. Hasselquist</italic>. Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 1152.4 (LINN), designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Jeffrey (1962)</xref>.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Pakistan to North Africa.</p>
<p>Images: See efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cucumis/cucumis-prophetarum">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cucumis/cucumis-prophetarum</ext-link> </p>
<p><italic>Flora of Pakistan</italic> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/9200833?projectid=32">http://www.tropicos.org/Name/9200833?projectid=32</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Renner et al. (2007)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. (2010)</xref>, e.g., DQ785879, DQ785837.</p>
<p><bold>21. <italic>Cucumis ritchiei</italic></bold> (C.B. Clarke) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, Novon 17(2): 178. 2007.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Dicoelospermum ritchiei</tp:taxon-name></italic> C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 630. 1879.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Mukia ritchiei</tp:taxon-name></italic> (C.B. Clarke) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 34: 45. 2006.</p>
<p>Type: India, Karnataka, Bombay Presidency, Belgaum, <italic>D. Ritchie 316</italic> (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu. <bold>Endemic.</bold></p>
<p>Photos taken at Fort Panhala in Kolhapur District: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8305/7859345614_e613f0019d_m.jpg">http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8305/7859345614_e613f0019d_m.jpg</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8284/7859384216_f591b5418d_m.jpg">http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8284/7859384216_f591b5418d_m.jpg</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. (2010)</xref>, e.g., DQ536546, HM597095.</p>
<p>Comments: Molecular phylogenetic data show that the former genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Dicaelospermum</tp:taxon-name></italic> is embedded among the Asian species of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><bold>22. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis sativus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1012. 1753.</p>
<p>Lectotype: Herb. Burser 17: 97 (UPS), designated by ten Pas et al., Taxon 34: 290. f. 1–3. 1985.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis sativus</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>sikkimensis</italic> Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 102: t. 6206. 1876.</p>
<p>Type: Commonly cultivated in the Eastern Himalaya Mountains, 1848; <italic>Hooker</italic> s.n.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis hardwickii</tp:taxon-name></italic> Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 220. t. 47. 1835.</p>
<p>Type: Northwestern India, <italic>J.F. Royle</italic>s.n. (LIV).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis sativus</tp:taxon-name></italic> L. forma <italic>hardwickii</italic> (Royle) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Sandakania 17: 58. 2008.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Distribution in India: All evidence points to northern India (Ganges region) as the place where wild cucumbers were first cultivated and where wild populations still occur (Sebastian et al., 2010). Wild cucumbers can be distinguished from cultivated (feral) forms by their extremely bitter fruits.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand.</p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Cucumber.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Cucumber.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: The genomes of three domesticated lines of cucumber have been sequenced, the American pickling cucumber, a Polish line, and a Chinese line (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Huang et al. 2009</xref>).</p>
<p>Comments: The wild progenitors of domesticated cucumber still occur in India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. 2010</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>23. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis setosus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 491. 1881.</p>
<p>Type: India, Karnataka, Western Ghats, Belgaum, <italic>Ritchie 321</italic> (E, K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan. <bold>Endemic.</bold></p>
<p>Photos by Suresh Jagtap, taken near Purandhar fort:</p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8443/7859357598_fd99ecd49b_m.jpg">http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8443/7859357598_fd99ecd49b_m.jpg</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8304/7859369892_28668e0fd2_m.jpg">http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8304/7859369892_28668e0fd2_m.jpg</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. (2010)</xref>, e.g., HM597106, HM596985.</p>
<p>Comments: A distinct species.</p>
<p><bold>24. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis silentvalleyi</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Manilal, T. Sabu & P. J. Mathew) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, Novon 17: 178. 2007.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumella silentvalleyi</tp:taxon-name></italic> Manilal, T. Sabu & P. J. Mathew, Acta Bot. Indica 13: 283. 1985. (as <italic>silentvalleyii</italic>)</p>
<p>Type: India, Kerala, Palghat Distr., Silent Valley, Poochapara, alt. 1370 m, 20 Oct. 1982, <italic>T. Sabu SV10662</italic> (K, MH not seen).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Kerala. <bold>Endemic</bold>.</p>
<p>Image: Photos taken near the type locality by Natalia Filipowicz, available from SSR.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. (2010)</xref>, e.g., HM597038, HM596931.</p>
<p>Comments: This species is one of c. 25 Asian and Australian species of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. 2010</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>25. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita argyrosperma</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> C.Huber, Cat. Graines 8. 1867.</p>
<p>Type: A cultivated plant.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita mixta</tp:taxon-name></italic> Pangalo, Bull. Applied Bot., Leningrad 1929-30, 23(3): 264. 1930.</p>
<p>Type: Mexico, Guatemala.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Distribution in India: Cultivated?</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native to Mesoamerica, widely cultivated.</p>
<p>Image: Many images can be found online of plants grown outside India.</p>
<p>GenBank: Many sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Sanjur et al. (2002)</xref> and further studies.</p>
<p>Comment: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref> included this species (as <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita mixta</tp:taxon-name></italic>) in his checklist of Indian Cucurbitaceae, but it is unclear to what extent it is cultivated in India today.</p>
<p><bold>26. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita ficifolia</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Bouché, Verh. Vereins Beford. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 12: 205. 1837.</p>
<p>Type: So far unknown.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Meghalaya (Naithani, 1990). Cultivated.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native to Mesoamerica or northern South America, widely cultivated.</p>
<p>Image: See efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cucurbita/cucurbita-filicifolia">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cucurbita/cucurbita-filicifolia</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Sanjur et al. (2002)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., HQ438599, DQ536665.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita</tp:taxon-name></italic> has about 15 wild species in tropical and subtropical America (M. Nee, New York Botanical Garden, pers. comm., Feb. 2010) and five domesticated ones cultivated worldwide (<italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita argyrosperma</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita ficifolia</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita maxima</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita moschata</tp:taxon-name></italic>, and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita pepo</tp:taxon-name></italic>).</p>
<p><bold>27.</bold> <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita maxima</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Duchesne, Essai Hist. Nat. Courges 7, 12. 1786.</p>
<p>Type: From a cultivated plant (not found); neotype: Melo-pepo fructa albo Tournefort Inst. 1: 106. T. 34 1700.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita maxima</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>badagarensis</italic> Mudaliar, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 49: 242. 1950.</p>
<p>Type: India, Malbar District, cultivated, collector unknown, Madras Herbarium No. 93177 and 93178 (MH).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala (Naithani, 1990), Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native to Central America.</p>
<p>Image: efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cucurbita/cucurbita-maxima">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cucurbita/cucurbita-maxima</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Numerous sequences from the three plant organellar genomes.</p>
<p>Comments: Winter squash is cultivated throughout India.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>28. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita moschata</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne, Essai Hist. Nat. Courges 7. 1786.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita pepo</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>moschata</italic> Duchesne ex Lam., Encycl. 2: 152. 1786.</p>
<p>Type: “M. Duchesne presume que cette gourge est la meme que le cucurbita major rotunda, flore luteo, folia aspero de G.B. Pin 312 qui est le Cucurbita India rotunda de Dalechampe (Lugd. 616).”</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native to Central or South America.</p>
<p>Image: See efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cucurbita/cucurbita-moschata">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cucurbita/cucurbita-moschata</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Numerous sequences from the three plant organellar genomes.</p>
<p><bold>29. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita pepo</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1010. 1753.</p>
<p>Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 1151.4 (LINN), designated by Keraudren-Aymonin in Aubréville & Leroy (ed.), Fl. Cambodge Laos Viêt-Nam 15: 105. 1975.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh. Cultivated.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native to Central or South America.</p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Pumpkin.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Pumpkin.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Numerous sequences from the three plant organellar genomes.</p>
<p>Comments: See Barrie (Taxon 55: 795-796. 2006) for a history of this name. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> also mentions the varietis var. <italic>melopepo</italic> Alef. and var. <italic>ovigera</italic> Alef.; we are unsure about their validity.</p>
<p><bold>30. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cyclanthera pedata</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (L.) Schrad., Index Seminum, Gottingen 1831: 2. 1831; emend in Linnaea 8(Litt.): 22–27. 1833.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica pedata</tp:taxon-name></italic> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1009. 1753.</p>
<p>Lectotype: Peru, “Momordica fructu striato, Laevi, vulgo Caigua” in Feuillée, J. Obs., 2: 754. t. 41. 1714, designated by Jeffrey in Kew Bull. 34: 796. 1980.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Cultivated in northern India.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native to South America; cultivated also in Bhuthan.</p>
<p>Images: See efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cyclanthera/cyclanthera-pedata">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/cyclanthera/cyclanthera-pedata</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Decker-Walters et al. (2004)</xref>, e.g., AY396221, AJ748597.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cyclanthera</tp:taxon-name></italic> has c. 40 species in the Southwestern USA, Mexico, Central and South America, one species on the Galapagos archipelago (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref>).</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>31. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Dactyliandra welwitschii</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Hook.f., Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 557. 1871.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Ctenolepis welwitschii</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Hook.f.) Jafri, Fl. Karachi 327 (1966)</p>
<p>Type: Lower Guinea, sandy thickets in Luanda, <italic>Welwitsch 832</italic> (BM).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan (fide Chakravarty, 1982).</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Southwest Africa (Namibia, Angola); coastal West Pakistan (Karachi; Khatoon, 2006).</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Schaefer and Renner (2011b)</xref>, e.g., HQ201973, DQ535750.</p>
<p>Comments: The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Dactyliandra</tp:taxon-name></italic> has two African species of which one, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Dactyliandra welwitschii</tp:taxon-name></italic>, also occurs in India and Pakistan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bhandari and Singh 1964</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Khatoon 2006</xref>), apparently as a natural introduction since the species has no known uses and is not cultivated.</p>
<p><bold>32. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Diplocyclos palmatus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (L.) C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 15(3): 325. 1962.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia palmata</tp:taxon-name></italic> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1012. 1753, excl. syn.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Coccinia palmata</tp:taxon-name></italic> M.Roem. Synopsis peponiferarum 93. 1846.</p>
<p>Lectotype: Sri Lanka, Herb. Hermann 2: 58, No. 353 (BM-000621700), designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Jeffrey (1962)</xref>.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Diplocyclos palmatus</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>walkeri</italic> (Chakrav.) Babu, Herb. Fl. Dehra Dun 198. 1977.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonopsis laciniosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.) Naudin var. <italic>walkeri</italic> Chakrav., Bot. Surv. India 17(1): 183 (1959).</p>
<p>Type: Sri Lanka, <italic>Walker</italic> s.n. (E).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Rajasthan (Naithani, 1990), Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, South Japan, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, NE Australia.</p>
<p>Images: See efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/diplocyclos/diplocyclos-palmatus">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/diplocyclos/diplocyclos-palmatus</ext-link> </p>
<p>Flora of Pakistan: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/9201644?projectid=32">http://www.tropicos.org/Name/9201644?projectid=32</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Holstein and Renner (2011)</xref>, e.g., DQ536671, DQ536769.</p>
<p>Comments: The other three species of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Diplocyclos</tp:taxon-name></italic> occur in tropical Africa. The name <italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonopsis laciniosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.) Naudin refers to a species that does not occur in India (see <italic>Misapplied names and species erroneously or doubtfully recorded from India</italic>).</p>
<p><bold>33. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Gomphogyne cissiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Griff., Account Bot. Coll. Cantor 26, pl. 4: 1–7. 1845. emend, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 23(7): 645. 1854.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Type: Himalaya Range, <italic>Edgeworth</italic> 88 (neotype K), designated by Keraudren-Aymonin (1975)</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gomphogyne cissiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic>var. <italic>villosa</italic> Cogn in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 925. 1881.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gomphogyne cissiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic> forma <italic>villosa</italic> (Cogn.) Mizush., J. Jap. Bot. 41: 259. 1966.</p>
<p>Type: India, Sikkim, <italic>Hooker</italic> s.n., 2 Oct. 1843 (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan).</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Schaefer et al. (2009)</xref>, e.g., EU436354.</p>
<p>Comments: The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Gomphogyne</tp:taxon-name></italic> has at least two species, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Gomphogyne cissiformis</tp:taxon-name></italic> Griff. and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Gomphogyne nepalensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes (De Wilde et al. 2007). A third species, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Gomphogyne cirromitrata</tp:taxon-name></italic> W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, based on molecular data, belongs in <italic><tp:taxon-name>Hemsleya</tp:taxon-name></italic> (as <italic><tp:taxon-name>Hemsleya cirromitrata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes) H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Schaefer and Renner 2011b</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>34.</bold> <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gynostemma pentaphyllum</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Thunb.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 179. 1902.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Vitis pentaphylla</tp:taxon-name></italic> Thunb., Syst. Veg., ed. 14: 244. 1784.</p>
<p>Type: Japan, <italic>Thunberg 5858</italic> (UPS).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gynostemma pedatum</tp:taxon-name></italic> Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 23. 1825 (as <italic>pedata</italic>).</p>
<p>Lectotype: Java, Tjanjor & Krawang, <italic>Blume 1429</italic> (L, barcode L0588327), designated by De Wilde and Duyfjes, Blumea 52(2): 271. 2007.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gynostemma simplicifolium</tp:taxon-name></italic> Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 24. 1825 (as <italic>simplicifolia</italic>).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gynostemma pentaphyllum</tp:taxon-name></italic> forma <italic>simplicifolium</italic> (Blume) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Blumea 52(2): 271. 2007.</p>
<p>Lectotype: Java, Mt Krawang, <italic>Blume 1493</italic> (L, barcode L0588361), designated by De Wilde and Duyfjes, Blumea 52(2): 271. 2007.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gynostemma laxum</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Wall.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 914. 1881 (as <italic>laxa</italic>).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Zanonia laxa</tp:taxon-name></italic> Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 29. 1831.</p>
<p>Type: Bangladesh [India], Silhet; <italic>Wallich Cat. 3727 A-B</italic> (K, K-W, BM).</p>
<p>(Further synonyms are listed in De Wilde and Duyfjes 2007.)</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Cultivated in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>Image: Many images of this frequently cultivated species are found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from Zhang et al. (2006), Chen et al. (2010) and other studies.</p>
<p>Comments: The species is used to make herbal teas. Its natural range is currently unclear. The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Gynostemma</tp:taxon-name></italic> has some ten species, all in Asia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>35. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Hemsleya macrocarpa</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Cogn.) C. Y. Wu ex C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 36: 739. 1982.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gomphogyne macrocarpa</tp:taxon-name></italic> Cogn. in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 275, 1 (Heft 66): 40. 1916.</p>
<p>Holotype: India, Manipur, Laimatak, alt. 1300 m, November 1907, <italic>A. Meebold 6522</italic> (Wroclaw University, Poland: BRSL, not seen).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland (Naithani, 1990).</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China (Yunnan).</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Li et al. (2010)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Li et al. (2011)</xref>, e.g., JF976573, JN044854.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Hemsleya</tp:taxon-name></italic> is thought to comprise 30 species mostly in China, a few in Indochina and East Malesia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref>). Further synonyms of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Hemsleya macrocarpa</tp:taxon-name></italic> are listed in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. (2011)</xref>.</p>
<p><bold>36.</bold> <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum darjeelingense</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (C.B. Clarke) H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner, Taxon 60(1): 134. 2011.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Edgaria darjeelingensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. 15: 114. 1876.</p>
<p>Type: India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, 1 Oct 1875, <italic>C.B. Clarke 26857</italic> (CAL photo available from SSR, K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Edgaria darjeelingensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>clarkeana</italic> S. N. Biswas, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18(1): 173, f. A-1-6. 1994 (as <italic>clarkiana</italic>).</p>
<p>Type: India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, alt. 2100 m, 9 Sep. 1875, <italic>Griffith</italic> s.n. (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bhutan, Nepal, China (Xizang).</p>
<p>Image: See above, photo of type collection.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., DQ536550.</p>
<p>Comments: The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum</tp:taxon-name></italic> has three species in India, Myanmar, Nepal, Tibet, and China (Yunnan). In the herbarium, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum darjeelingense</tp:taxon-name></italic> can be confused with <italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum pedunculosum</tp:taxon-name></italic>, from which it is distinguished by its narrow and glabrous calyx-tube with filiform lobes (Chakravarty, 1982).</p>
<p><bold>37. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum pedunculosum</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Ser.) Baill. Hist. Pl. 8:445. 1885.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia pedunculosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> Ser., Prodr. 3: 306. 1828.</p>
<p>Isotypes: Nepal, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Wallich</tp:taxon-name></italic> s.n. (G-DC, K), <italic>Wallich 6761</italic> (K-W).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bhutan, Nepal, China.</p>
<p>Images: efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/herpetospermum/herpetospermum-pedunculosum">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/herpetospermum/herpetospermum-pedunculosum</ext-link> </p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Beej%20Karela.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Beej%20Karela.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from Schaefer and Renner (2011) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Li et al. (2011)</xref>, e.g., JN044888, JF941910.</p>
<p>Comments: The <italic>Flora of British India</italic> (Clarke, 1879) lists the name <italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum caudigerum</tp:taxon-name></italic> Wall. ex C.B. Clarke, but that is an illegitimate name for <italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia pedunculosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> Ser.</p>
<p><bold>38. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum tonglense</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (C.B. Clarke) H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner, Taxon 60(2): 615 (2011c).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Warea tonglensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> C.B. Clarke in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 15: 129. 1876.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Biswarea tonglensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (C.B. Clarke) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 403. 1881.</p>
<p>Type: India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Rungbee, <italic>C.B. Clarke 12183A</italic> (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Assam, Manipur, Sikkim, West Bengal, Eastern Himalyan ranges</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China, Nepal, Myanmar.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., JQ933236, DQ536637.</p>
<p>Comments: Based on plastid and nuclear gene topologies, this species is the sister species to <italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum pedunculosum</tp:taxon-name></italic>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner (2011a</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">, b</xref>) therefore merged the monotypic genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Biswarea</tp:taxon-name></italic> with <italic><tp:taxon-name>Herpetospermum</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><bold>39. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Hodgsonia heteroclita</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Roxb.) Hook.f. & Thomson, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 2: 257. 1854 (“1855”).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes heteroclita</tp:taxon-name></italic> Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 705-707. 1832.</p>
<p>Type: Bangladesh [India, Bengal] <italic>Hodgsonia Roxburgh</italic> s.n. (K) “Native of the eastern parts of Bengal. From Silhet Mr. Robert Keith Dick, the Judge of that district, sent plants to the botanic garden in 1805.”</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Arunchal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.</p>
<p>Image: See efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/hodgsonia/hodgsonia-macrocarpa">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/hodgsonia/hodgsonia-macrocarpa</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Schaefer and Renner (2011b)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">De Boer et al. (2012)</xref>, e.g., HE661403, HQ201981.</p>
<p>Comment: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref> considered <italic><tp:taxon-name>Hodgsonia heteroclita</tp:taxon-name></italic> a synonym of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Hodgsonia macrocarpa</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Blume) Cogn. (see under misapplied names and species erroneously or doubtfully recorded from India), while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">De Wilde and Duyfjes (2001)</xref> recognize two species.</p>
<p><bold>40. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Indofevillea khasiana</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Chatterjee, Kew Bull. 2(2): 121. f.1-7. 1948 (“1947”).</p>
<p>Type: India, Meghalaya [Assam], Khasia Hills, 1886, <italic>G.Mann</italic>s.n. (CAL, 2 sheets, photos available from SSR).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bhutan, Tibet.</p>
<p>Image: See efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/indofevillea-khasiana/indofevillea-khasiana">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/indofevillea-khasiana/indofevillea-khasiana</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Schaefer and Renner (2011b)</xref>, e.g., DQ501256, HQ201983.</p>
<p>Comments: Based on molecular data, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Indofevillea khasiana</tp:taxon-name></italic> represents an isolated ancient lineage of Cucurbitaceae (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref>; our <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>41. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Kedrostis courtallensis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Arn.) C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 15: 353. 1962.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonopsis courtallensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> Arn., J. Bot. 3: 274. 1841.</p>
<p>Type: Sri Lanka, <italic>Wight 1147</italic> (K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cerasiocarpum zeylanicum</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Thwaites) C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 629. 1879.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Aechmandra zeylanica</tp:taxon-name></italic> Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 2: 125. 1859.</p>
<p>Type: Sri Lanka, <italic>Thwaites 3002</italic> (CAL, 2 sheets, photos available from SSR), <italic>3500</italic> (CAL, 2 sheets, K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cerasiocarpum bennettii</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Miq.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 729. 1881.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Kedrostis bennettii</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Miq.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Reinwardtia 12(2): 130. 2004.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonopsis bennettii</tp:taxon-name></italic> Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 657. 1855.</p>
<p>Type: Java, in Banjoemas door, <italic>T. Horsfield</italic>s.n. (K, U).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Myanmar, Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Kedrostis</tp:taxon-name></italic> comprises about 20 species in tropical and subtropical Africa and Arabia, six species in Madagascar, and perhaps four in India, Sri Lanka, and West Malesia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">De Wilde and Duyfjes 2004a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>42. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Kedrostis foetidissima</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Jacq.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 634. 1881.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes foetidissima</tp:taxon-name></italic> Jacq., Collectanea 2: 841. 1788.</p>
<p>Type: West Africa, plant cultivated in Vienna and depicted in Jacq. , Collectanea 4. 1790, pl. 624.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia rostrata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Rottler, Neue Schriften der Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4: 212. 1803.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Aechmandra rostrata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Rottler) Arn., J. Bot. 3: 274. 1841.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Rynchocarpa rostrata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Rottler) Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4,16: 177. 1862.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><italic><tp:taxon-name>Kedrostis rostrata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Rottler) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 636. 1881. Type: India, Tamil Nadu, Nandaradah, <italic>Rottler 766</italic> (B-W, K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu. Cultivated.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: A West African species cultivated in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>Image: For a detailed description and links to images see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://plants.jstor.org/flora/ftea001850">http://plants.jstor.org/flora/ftea001850</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from a plant from Benin (Africa): AM981179, AM981180.</p>
<p>Comments: Fruits and leaves are used as a vegetable, and the roots (and fruits) also medicinally.</p>
<p><bold>43. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Lagenaria siceraria</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Molina) Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago, Bot. Ser. 3: 435. 1930.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita siceraria</tp:taxon-name></italic> Molina, Sag. Stor. Nat. Chili 133. 1782.</p>
<p>Type: Chile, <italic>Molina</italic> s.n. (lost), lectotype: LINN-1151.1</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita lagenaria</tp:taxon-name></italic> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1010. 1753.</p>
<p>Type: America, Herb. Linn. No. 1151.1 (LINN), designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Jeffrey (1967)</xref>.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Cultivated throughout India.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native of tropical Africa.</p>
<p>Image: See efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/lagenaria/lagenaria-siceraria">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/lagenaria/lagenaria-siceraria</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bottle%20Gourd.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bottle%20Gourd.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Hundreds of sequences from the three plant organellar genomes.</p>
<p>Comments: The bottle gourd is a native of tropical Africa and is cultivated throughout the tropics (further information and references see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Schaefer and Renner 2011a</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>44. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa acutangula</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (L.) Roxb. Hort. Beng. 70. 1814.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis acutangulus</tp:taxon-name></italic> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1011. 1753.</p>
<p>Type: “Habitat in Tataria, China.” Type not designated.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa amara</tp:taxon-name></italic> Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 715. 1832.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa acutangula</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>amara</italic> (Roxb.) C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 615. 1879.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa acutangula</tp:taxon-name></italic> forma <italic>amara</italic> (Roxb.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Sandakania 17: 68. 2008.</p>
<p>Lectotype: India, Ic. Roxb. 460 (K) designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref>.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa hermaphrodita</tp:taxon-name></italic> Singh & Bhandari, Baileya 11(4): 136, Fig. 13. 1964.</p>
<p>Type: India, Rajasthan, cultivated at Botanical Gardens, Jaswant College, Jodhpur from seeds collected at Agra by D. Singh, 20 Aug. 1962, <italic>Bhandari 1527A</italic> (CAL photo available from SSR).</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucurbita umbellata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4(1): 608. 1805.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa umbellata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Willd.) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 2: 63. 1846.</p>
<p>Syntypes: East India, <italic>Klein</italic> 769 (B-W 18033) and <italic>Klein</italic> s.n. (K) fide Jeffrey (1992).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa kleinii</tp:taxon-name></italic> Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 344. 1834.</p>
<p>Type: India, Kreala, Travancore, Mirittupadu, <italic>Klein</italic> s.n. (K?).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Native and cultivated throughout India.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Cultivated worldwide.</p>
<p>Image: See efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/luffa/luffa-acutangula">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/luffa/luffa-acutangula</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/83425416@N02/7649353846/in/photostream">http://www.flickr.com/photos/83425416@N02/7649353846/in/photostream</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., HE661305, HE661476.</p>
<p>Comments: The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa</tp:taxon-name></italic> has eight species, three in the Neotropics, one in Australia, and four in Africa and Asia. The Indian species are discussed in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Pandey et al. (2006)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref> and later authors treated Herb. Linn. No. 1152/7 (LINN) as the (lecto)type. However, this collection lacks the relevant <italic>Species Plantarum</italic> number and was a post-1753 addition to the herbarium (Jarvis, 2007).</p>
<p><bold>45. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa cylindrica</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (L.) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 2: 63. 1846.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica cylindrica</tp:taxon-name></italic> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1009. 1753.</p>
<p>Type: Sri Lanka and China. Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 1150.9 (LINN), designated by Wunderlin in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65: 329. 1978.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa aegyptiaca</tp:taxon-name></italic> Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Luffa no. 1. 1768.</p>
<p>Type: Presumably a cultivated plant (Jeffrey, 1962). Lectotype: Pepo indicus reticulatus eminibus nigris Herm., Hort. Acad. Lugd.-Bat. Cat.: 482 (1687), designated by Jeffrey (1992).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa sylvestris</tp:taxon-name></italic> Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 666. 1855.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa cylindrica</tp:taxon-name></italic> (L.) M.Roem. var. <italic>minor</italic> Chakrav., nom. nud. (CAL photo available from SSR).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa aegyptiaca</tp:taxon-name></italic> forma <italic>sylvestris</italic> (Miq.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Sandakania 17: 70. 2008.</p>
<p>Type: “Petola silvestris” in Rumph., Herb. Amboin. 5, p. 409, t. 150. 1746.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Native and cultivated throughout India.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: From India to Egypt and Sudan; cultivated widely.</p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Sponge%20Gourd.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Sponge%20Gourd.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from Sebastian et al. (2012) and numerous other sequences from unvouchered material, some under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa cylindrica</tp:taxon-name></italic>, others under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa aegyptiaca</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p>Comments: There has been considerable discussion on whether the correct name for this species is <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa cylindrica</tp:taxon-name></italic> or <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa aegyptiaca</tp:taxon-name></italic>. The former view was held by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref>, while the latter was adopted by Schubert (Taxon, 24: 174, 1975) and Heiser and Schilling (Biotropica 20(3): 185-191, 1988). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Nicolson and colleagues (1988)</xref> discuss the issue and prefer <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa aegyptiaca</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>46. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa echinata</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 716. 1832.</p>
<p>Lectotype: India, Coromandel, Ic. Roxb. 1694 (K), designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref>.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa echinata</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>longistyla</italic> C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 615. 1879.</p>
<p>Type: India, <italic>M.P. Edgeworth 3018</italic> (K).</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Distribution in India: Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Wild from Egypt to Niger and maybe further to the West (H. Schaefer, pers. comm., Dec. 2012).</p>
<p>Images: efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/luffa/luffa-echinata">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/luffa/luffa-echinata</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/83425416@N02/7648878220/in/photostream/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/83425416@N02/7648878220/in/photostream/</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/83425416@N02/7649327834/in/photostream">http://www.flickr.com/photos/83425416@N02/7649327834/in/photostream</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/83425416@N02/7649413904/in/photostream">http://www.flickr.com/photos/83425416@N02/7649413904/in/photostream</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Decker-Walters et al. (2004)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Schaefer et al. (2009)</xref>, e.g., HE661478, EU436357.</p>
<p><bold>47. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa graveolens</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 716. 1832.</p>
<p>Type: Jharkhand (earlier a part of Bihar State) “A native of the Rajmahl hills, from thence the seeds were brought to the botanical garden, where the plants blossom during the rainy season, and the seed ripens about three mounts afterwards.” Lectotype: Ic. Roxb. 1693 (K), designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref>.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Bihar, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Nepal.</p>
<p>Image: Photos available upon request from A. Pandey or SSR.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Decker-Walters et al. (2004)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Schaefer et al. (2009)</xref>, e.g., HE661308, EU436358.</p>
<p>Comments: The application of this name to Australian material was erroneous (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Telford et al. 2011</xref>). The flowers of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa graveolens</tp:taxon-name></italic> are yellow, while those of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa echinata</tp:taxon-name></italic> are white.</p>
<p><bold>48. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica balsamina</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1009. 1753.</p>
<p>Type: “Habitat in India,” plant cultivated at Hartekamp, The Netherlands. Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 1150.1 (LINN), designated by Meeuse in Bothalia 8: 49. 1962.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Cultivated in Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan?</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native in the dry savannas of Southernmost Africa and the northern margin of the tropical belt (H. Schaefer, pers. comm., Dec. 2012). Naturalized in parts of tropical Asia, the Americas and most of the Pacific islands.</p>
<p>Image: Flora of Pakistan: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/PakistanImages/154-Cucurbitaceae/Momordica_balsamina.jpg">http://www.mobot.org/mobot/PakistanImages/154-Cucurbitaceae/Momordica_balsamina.jpg</ext-link> </p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schaefer and Renner (2010)</xref>, e.g., HM367595, GQ163349.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica</tp:taxon-name></italic> has about 60 species in tropical and subtropical Africa, Arabia, (sub) tropical Asia, Malesia and Northeastern Australia (Schaefer and Renner, 2010, 2011a).</p>
<p><bold>49. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica charantia</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1009. 1753.</p>
<p>Type: “Habitat in India.” Lectotype: Herb. Clifford: 451, Momordica 2 (BM-000647445), designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Jeffrey (1967)</xref>.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica charantia</tp:taxon-name></italic> L. var. <italic>muricata</italic> (Willd.) Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. India 11: 92. 1982. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica muricata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4(1): 602. 1805.</p>
<p>Type: “Habitat in India Orientali,” Plate 10 in Rheede Hort. Mal. Ind. 8. 1688.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Large fruited forms cultivated all over India as vegetable; small wild forms occur in forest pockets in the Western and Eastern Ghats, Chhattisgarh (Bastar), Jharkhand and all over Central and South India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Joseph and Antony 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native in tropical and subtropical Africa, naturalized in parts of tropical Asia.</p>
<p>Image: efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/momordica/momordica-charantia">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/momordica/momordica-charantia</ext-link> </p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bitter%20Gourd.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bitter%20Gourd.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schaefer and Renner (2010)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Liao et al. (2012)</xref>, e.g., DQ501269, HE585488.</p>
<p><bold>50. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica cochinchinensis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Lour.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 3: 14. 1826. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Muricia cochinchinensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: 596. 1790.</p>
<p>Type: Vietnam, <italic>Loureiro</italic> s.n. (BM, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm000944651">http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm000944651</ext-link> ).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica macrophylla</tp:taxon-name></italic> Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 3: 61. 1908.</p>
<p>Type: Myanmar (Burma), Mergui, April 1911, <italic>A. Meebold</italic>s.n. (CAL?).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Manipur, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native from India in the West to New Guinea/Australia in the Southeast.</p>
<p>Image: efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/momordica/momordica-cochinchinensis">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/momordica/momordica-cochinchinensis</ext-link> and</p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Chinese%20Cucumber.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Chinese%20Cucumber.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schaefer and Renner (2010)</xref>, e.g., GQ163379, GQ163256.</p>
<p>Comments: Jeffrey (1980; 2001) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Wilde and Duyfjes (2002)</xref> have synonymized <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica macrophylla</tp:taxon-name></italic> under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica cochinchinensis</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>51. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica cymbalaria</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Fenzl ex Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 12: 134. 1859.</p>
<p>Type: Africa, Sudan, Kordofan, Mt. Arasch Cool (Arashkol), 9 Oct. 1839, <italic>Kotschy 147</italic> (CAL, 2 sheets, photos available from SSR).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica tuberosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Roxb.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 454. 1881, nom. illeg., non Dennst. 1818.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa tuberosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 717. 1832.</p>
<p>Lectotype: India, Ic. Roxb. 461 (K), designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref>.</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu (fide <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Parvathi and Kumar 2002</xref>).</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: North and East Africa.</p>
<p>Image: See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momordica_cymbalaria#cite_note-dist-1">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momordica_cymbalaria#cite_note-dist-1</ext-link> .</p>
<p>GenBank: An ITS sequence from an Indian specimen, Karuppusamy 28631 from Andhra Pradesh (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ali et al. 2009</xref>; GQ183046), is available and is identical to sequences from Africa (Schaefer and Renner, 2010).</p>
<p>Comments: We disagree with John and Antony (2010) that Jeffrey’s (1980) synonymization of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa tuberosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> with the African <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica cymbalaria</tp:taxon-name></italic> is erroneous. Likely introduced to Asia as a vegetable and medicinal plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lokesha and Vasudeva 2001</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>52. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica denudata</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Thwaites) C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 618. 1879.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica dioica</tp:taxon-name></italic> Roxb. ex Willd. var. <italic>denudata</italic> Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 2: 126. 1859.</p>
<p>Type: Sri Lanka, <italic>Thwaites 1615</italic> (K, CAL photo available from SSR, PDA).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty 1982</xref>).</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>Image: Several of the type specimens can be found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schaefer and Renner (2010)</xref> generated sequences from <italic>Thwaites 28</italic> (K), collected in Sri Lanka, e.g., GQ163385, GQ163262.</p>
<p>Comments: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Joseph and Antony (2010)</xref> doubt that <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> is correct in considering <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica denudata</tp:taxon-name></italic> distinct from <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica dioica</tp:taxon-name></italic>, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Wilde and Duyfjes (2002)</xref> also consider <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica denudata</tp:taxon-name></italic> as distinct.</p>
<p><bold>53. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica dioica</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4(1): 605. 1805.</p>
<p>Type: East India; <italic>Klein 768</italic> (B-Willdenow 18027).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Joseph and Antony (2010)</xref> consider <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica dioica</tp:taxon-name></italic> sensu stricto restricted to the Deccan plateau and Central India.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan.</p>
<p>Image: efloraofinda at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/momordica/momordica-dioica">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/momordica/momordica-dioica</ext-link> also Flora of Pakistan.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schaefer and Renner (2010)</xref>, e.g., GQ163389, GQ163387.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><bold>54. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica sahyadrica</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Kattuk. & V.T. Antony, Nordic J. Bot. 24(5): 541, Fig. 1. 2007.</p>
<p>Type: India, Kerala, Thrissur District: NH-47, Thrissur-Palakkad road at Erumbupalam, outskirts of Peechi-Vazhani wildlife sanctuary, December 23, 2003, <italic>Joseph John Kattukunnel 4822</italic> (CAL labeled as holotype, photo available from SSR).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Kerala. <bold>Endemic.</bold></p>
<p>Image: The species is illustrated in the original publication.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: Based on morphology, this appears to be a hybrid (H. Schafer, pers. comm. 2009). Kattuk. is the standard form of the author Joseph John Kattukunnel, who has revised Indian <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica</tp:taxon-name></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Joseph and Antony 2010</xref>). The holotype bears the collection number 4833, not 133 as given in the protologue.</p>
<p><bold>55. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica subangulata</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 928. 1826.</p>
<p>Type: Java, Mt. Salak, <italic>Blume 769</italic> (L).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica subangulata</tp:taxon-name></italic> subsp. <italic>renigera</italic> (Wall. ex G. Don) W.J.de Wilde, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 87(3): 147. 2002.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica renigera</tp:taxon-name></italic> Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 3: 36. 1834.</p>
<p>Type: Myanmar, Pome hills, <italic>Wallich Cat</italic>. 6743 (K?).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mezoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China, Bangladesh, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schaefer and Renner (2010)</xref>, e.g., GQ163451, GQ163332.</p>
<p>Comments: Molecular data are needed to confirm that the name <italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica renigera</tp:taxon-name></italic> described from Myanmar really applies to material from Java and India.</p>
<p><bold>56. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Neoalsomitra clavigera</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Wall.) Hutch., Ann. Bot. (Oxford), ser. 2,6: 101. 1942.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Zanonia clavigera</tp:taxon-name></italic> Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 28. t. 133. 1831.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Alsomitra clavigera</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Wall.) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 2: 118. 1846, nom. nud.</p>
<p>Type: Bangladesh, Sylhet, <italic>Wallich Cat. 3725A</italic> (K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Neoalsomitra clavigera</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Wall.) Hutch.var. <italic>hookeri</italic> (C.B. Clarke) Chakrav., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 17(1): 197. 1959.</p>
<p>Type: Bangladesh, Sylhet, <italic>Freire De Silva 203</italic> (K-W, BM).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gynostemma integrifoliolum</tp:taxon-name></italic> Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 916. 1881. [as <italic>integrifoliola</italic>]</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><italic><tp:taxon-name>Alsomitra integrifoliola</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Cogn.) Hayata, J. College Science, Imperial Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 121. 1911.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Neoalsomitra integrifoliola</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Cogn.) Hutch., Ann. Bot. 6: 99. 1942</p>
<p>Syntypes: The Philippines, Luzon, <italic>Cuming 767</italic> (G-DC), Calanony, <italic>Cuming 517</italic> (G-BOISS).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Alsomitra pubigera</tp:taxon-name></italic> Prain, J. As. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 67: 292. 1898</p>
<p>Type: Myanmar, Mt. Kachin, King’s collector (herbarium?).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, S China (especially Yunnan and Hainan), Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, N Sumatra, the Philippines, east to NE Australia (Queensland) and the Pacific (Solomon Island and east to Fiji); absent from the tropical everwet rain forests of Java and Borneo.</p>
<p>Image: Many photos of this large-fruited and large-seeded species can be found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., DQ536573, DQ535830.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Neoalsomitra</tp:taxon-name></italic> has 11 further species in Malesia, S China, New Guinea, Australia, and Fiji (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">De Wilde and Duyfjes 2003</xref>; Schaefer and Renner 2011a). Its phylogenetic position can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>.</p>
<p><bold>57.</bold> <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon bicirrhosus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (C.B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 34(4): 802. 1980.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria bicirrhosa</tp:taxon-name></italic> C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 627. 1879.</p>
<p>Type: Myanmar (Burma), <italic>Griffith 2522</italic> (K).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon wardii</tp:taxon-name></italic> Chakrav., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50(4): 900, pl. 6. 1952.</p>
<p>Type: Assam, Delei Valley, alt. 11000 ft, Rhododendron-Conifer Forest, open Gullies facing north; August 23, 1928, <italic>F. Kingdon Ward 8667</italic> (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Northeast India (Meghalaya, Manipur).</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China (S. Xizang), Myanmar.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: The synonymization of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon wardii</tp:taxon-name></italic> here follows <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. (2011)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> instead accepted <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon wardii</tp:taxon-name></italic> and wrote that it had “affinity towards <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon macranthus</tp:taxon-name></italic> Handel-Mazzetti, but differs in the following characters: (i) leaves not lobed (ii) pedicels longer and (iii) connective produced beyond the loculi.” Besides its four species listed here, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon</tp:taxon-name></italic> has another five species in Russia, China, and Japan (Schaefer and Renner 2011a; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. 2011</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>58. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon longipes</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Gagnep., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24(5): 378. 1918.</p>
<p>Type: China, Sechuan, near Ta-tsien-lou, <italic>Mussot</italic> s.n. (P).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Northeast India.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China (S. Xizang), Myanmar.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comment: The <italic>Flora of Bhutan</italic> (2(1): 260. 1991) records this species from Bhutan and Darjeeling in West Bengal. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980</xref>, 1982) changed his mind about Indian material that he first identified as <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon dioicus</tp:taxon-name></italic> Cogn., but later as <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon longipes</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><bold>59. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon macranthus</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7(4): 1064. 1936.</p>
<p>Type: China, Sichuan, Muli, Lijiacun, 2850-3000 m, 23 July 1915</p>
<p><italic>Handel-Mazzetti 7153</italic> (B, destroyed?).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Possibly Northeast India.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China (W Sichuan and NW Yunnan).</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comment: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref> does not mention this species, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> discusses its similarity to <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon wardii</tp:taxon-name></italic>, here considered a synonym of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Schizopepon bicirrhosus</tp:taxon-name></italic>. The <italic>Flora of China</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. 2011</xref>), recognizes it as a distinct species.</p>
<p><bold>60. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Sicyos edulis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 32. 1760.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Sechium edule</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Jacq.) Sw., Fl. Ind. Occid. 2(2): 1150. 1800.</p>
<p>Type: “In insulis Caribaeis vicinaque Americes continente detexit novas.”</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Sechium americanum</tp:taxon-name></italic> Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 7: 50. 1806.</p>
<p>Type: “Cette planté croît naturellement à la Jamaique, où on la cultive aussi à cause de ses fruits que l’on mange, & qui s’imploient dans les ragouts.”</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Cultivated throughout India.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Native to Mexico, cultivated throughout the tropics.</p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Chaco.html">http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Chaco.html</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sebastian et al. (2012) and numerous other sequences.</p>
<p>Comments: Molecular data show that <italic><tp:taxon-name>Sechium</tp:taxon-name></italic> is embedded within the genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Sicyos</tp:taxon-name></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Sebastian et al. 2012</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>61. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Siraitia sikkimensis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Chakrav.) C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 36(4): 737. 1982.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><italic><tp:taxon-name>Neoluffa sikkimensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> Chakrav., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50(4): 895, pl. 3. 1952.</p>
<p>Type: India, Sikkim Himalaya, near Sittong, alt. 1500 ft, 12 May 1876, <italic>G. King s.n</italic>. (CAL, 3 sheets, photos available from SSR)</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Sikkim, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China (S Yunnan).</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Siraitia</tp:taxon-name></italic> has five species, four in India, Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, South and Southwest China, and one Southern Tanzania and Southeast Nigeria (Schaefer and Renner, 2011a, b). The cucurbitane-type triterpene glycoside constituents of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Siraitia grosvenorii</tp:taxon-name></italic> are the source of plant-derived sweeteners.</p>
<p><bold>62. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena amplexicaulis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Lam.) Gandhi in Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl. Hassan Distr. 179. 1976.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia amplexicaulis</tp:taxon-name></italic> Lam., Encycl. 1: 496. 1785.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Karivia amplexicaulis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Lam.) Arn., J. Bot. 3: 275. 1841.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria amplexicaulis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Lam.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 621. 1881.</p>
<p>Type: S India, <italic>Sonnerat</italic> s.n. (P-LAM).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala. <bold>Endemic.</bold></p>
<p>Images: efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/solena/solena-amplexicaulis">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/solena/solena-amplexicaulis</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from Chen et al. (2010), e.g., GQ436395, GQ435029.</p>
<p>Comments: Following <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">De Wilde and Duyfjes (2004c)</xref>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena</tp:taxon-name></italic> comprises three or four species while in the past, only one species, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena amplexicaulis</tp:taxon-name></italic>, was recognized, which supposedly ranged from NE Afghanistan through India and Sri Lanka. Based on several vegetative and reproductive differences, De Wilde and Duyfjes instead recognize <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena amplexicaulus</tp:taxon-name></italic> from South India, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena umbellata</tp:taxon-name></italic> from South India and Sri Lanka, and <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena heterophylla</tp:taxon-name></italic> with two subspecies, one from NE Afghanistan eastward, the other in N India and east to China. The <italic>Flora of China</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. 2011</xref>) follows this treatment.</p>
<p><bold>63. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena heterophylla</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: 514. 1790.</p>
<p>subsp. <bold>heterophylla</bold></p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria heterophylla</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Lour.) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 618. 1881.</p>
<p>Type: Vietnam, <italic>Loureiro</italic> s.n. (BM <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm000944657">http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm000944657</ext-link> ). <italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia rheedei</tp:taxon-name></italic> Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 925. 1826</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Karivia rheedei</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Blume) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 2: 45. 1846</p>
<p>Type: Java, <italic>Blume</italic> s.n. (L, Barcode: L0127474).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia sagittata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 925. 1826.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Type: Java, <italic>Blume</italic> s.n. (L, Barcode: L0127475).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria ovata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Cogn. in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 275, 1 (Heft 66): 114. 1916.</p>
<p>Type: India, Sikkim, near Labdah, 650 m a.s.l., Aug. 1884, <italic>collector unknown</italic> (G-BOISS).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Widely distributed all over India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty 1982</xref>).</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: NE Afghanistan, Indonesia (Java), Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. 2011</xref>).</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref>, e.g., DQ536737, DQ536870.</p>
<p>Comments: See under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena amplexicaulis</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p>subsp. <bold>napaulensis</bold> (Ser.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Blumea 49(1): 75. 2004.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia napaulensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> Ser., Prodr. 3: 307. 1828.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria umbellata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Klein ex Willd.) Thwaites var. <italic>napaulensis</italic> (Ser.) C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2: 625. 1879.</p>
<p>Type: Nepal, <italic>Wallich</italic> s.n. (G).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Western Himalaya (Garhwal, Kumaon hills, Uttarakhand).</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Nepal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. 2011</xref>).</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: See under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena amplexicaulis</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><bold>64. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena umbellata</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Willd.) W.J. de Wilde & Duyfjes, Blumea 49(1): 77. 2004.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Bryonia umbellata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4(1): 618. 1805.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica umbellata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Willd.) Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 79. 1832.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Karivia umbellata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Willd.) Arn., J. Bot. 3: 275. 1841.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria umbellata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Willd.) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 2: 125. 1859.</p>
<p>Type: South India, <italic>J. G. Klein 765</italic> (lecto B-W), designated by De Wilde and Duyfjes (2004).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria angulata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Chakrav., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50(4): 899. 1952.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Zehneria angulata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Chakrav.) J. L. Ellis, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9(1-4): 8. 1968 (“1967”).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena angulata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Chakrav.) Babu, Herb. Fl. Dehra Dun 203. 1977.</p>
<p>Type: South India, Gomata, alt. 5500 ft, <italic>Malcolmpeth 81</italic> (CAL photo available from SSR).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Sri Lanka.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria</tp:taxon-name></italic> is restricted to tropical Central and South America, where it has about 12 species (Schaefer and Renner, 2011a). Based on molecular data, the Asian species formerly assigned to <italic><tp:taxon-name>Melothria</tp:taxon-name></italic> belong in <italic><tp:taxon-name>Cucumis</tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena</tp:taxon-name></italic>, and other genera. For the number of species of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena</tp:taxon-name></italic> see comment under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Solena amplexicaulis</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><bold>65. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha hookeri</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2(6): 631. 1879.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Syntypes: India, Meghalaya [Assam], <italic>Griffith</italic> s.n. (K). Khasia Hills, alt. 4000–6000 ft; <italic>J.D. Hooker & Thomson</italic>s.n. (CAL photo available from SSR, K). Myrung and Nunklow, <italic>J.D. Hooker & Thomson</italic>s.n. (K).</p>
<p><!--PageBreak--><italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha hookeri</tp:taxon-name></italic> C.B. Clarke var. <italic>palmatifolia</italic> Chakrav., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 20(48): 122. 1948.</p>
<p>Type: India, Manipur [Assam], Kala Naga Hills, <italic>Watt 7306</italic> (E).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Hemsleya trifoliolata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Cogn., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 6(15/20): 304. 1909. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha hookeri</tp:taxon-name></italic> forma <italic>trifoliolata</italic> (Cogn.) Chakrav., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. <!--PageBreak-->Edinburgh 20: 122. 1948 = <italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha hookeri</tp:taxon-name></italic> var. <italic>irregularis</italic> Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. India 11: 104. 1982, nom. nov.</p>
<p>Type: China, Yunnan, A. <italic>Henry 12295D</italic> (Z).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha pentadactyla</tp:taxon-name></italic> Cogn. in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 275, 1 (Heft 66): 52. 1916.</p>
<p>Type: China, Yunnan, alt. 1700 m, <italic>A. Henry 12295D</italic> (B), same type as previous name.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha heptadactyla</tp:taxon-name></italic> Cogn. in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 275, 1 (Heft 66): 52. 1916.</p>
<p>Type: China, Yunnan, Lou Kong, alt. 2800m, May 1886, <italic>Delavay</italic> s.n. (P).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China (Yunnan), Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.</p>
<p>Image: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000036903">http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000036903</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kocyan et al. (2007)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Li et al. (2011)</xref>, e.g., JF978932, DQ536601.</p>
<p>Comments: <italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha</tp:taxon-name></italic> has c. 30 species in China, Taiwan, Tibet, India, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, and New Guinea.</p>
<p><bold>66.</bold> <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha cordifolia</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Blume) Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 424. 1881. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Luffa cordifolia</tp:taxon-name></italic> Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 929. 1826.</p>
<p>Type: Java, <italic>Blume 1464</italic>, fruit (lectotype L, barcode L0001624, designated by De Wilde and Duyfjes (2006); isotype L; CAL has two sheets without collection numbers).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha calcarata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Wall.) C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 15: 126. 1876, nom. nud.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Momordica calcarata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Colebr. ex Wall., Cat. No. 6740. 1832, nom. nud.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha calcarata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Wall.) C.B. Clarke [nom. nud.] var. <italic>subglabra</italic> Cogn. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 424. 1881. (Listed as “<italic><tp:taxon-name>Thladiantha cordifolia</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Blume) Cogn. var. <italic>subglabra</italic> Cogn.” by Chakravarty, 1982.)</p>
<p>Type: India, Meghalaya, Khasia, 1300 m, <italic>J.D. Hooker & T. Thomson 1</italic> (CAL 2 sheets, photos available from SSR, K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Nepal, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.</p>
<p>Image: efloraofindia at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/thladiantha/thladiantha-cordifolia">https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/cl/cucurbitaceae/thladiantha/thladiantha-cordifolia</ext-link> </p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schaefer and Renner (2010)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Li et al. (2011)</xref>, e.g., JF978906, GQ163340.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Comments: Further synonmys are given in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. (2011)</xref>.</p>
<p><bold>67. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes anaimalaiensis</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. 3,1: 47. 1864.</p>
<p>Type: India, Tamil Nadu, Anaimalai Mts., <italic>Beddome 3234</italic> (BM <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm000885793">http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm000885793</ext-link> )</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes bracteata</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Lam.) Voigt var. <italic>tomentosa</italic> (C.B. Clarke) Chakrav., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 17(1): 47. 1959, nom. illeg., because its type, <italic>Abdul Khalil</italic>s.n. (CAL photo available from SSR) from Myanmar, Southern Shan State, Indine, is a syntype of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes burmensis</tp:taxon-name></italic> Kundu (see under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes rubriflos</tp:taxon-name></italic>).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes palmata</tp:taxon-name></italic> L. var. <italic>tomentosa</italic> Heyne ex C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 2(6): 607. 1879.</p>
<p>Syntypes: India, Deccan Peninsular Mountains; <italic>Wight no. 1134 (</italic> HBG online at JSTOR<italic>), 1136 partly</italic>, <italic>G. Thomson</italic>s.n.; Sri Lanka, alt. 2600 ft, <italic>Gardner</italic> s.n. (K).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Naithani 1990</xref>), Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Tripura. <bold>Endemic.</bold></p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p><bold>68. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes bracteata</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> (Lam.) Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 58. 1845.</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Modecca bracteata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Lam., Encycl. 4: 210. 1797.</p>
<p>Type: India, <italic>Sonnerat</italic> s.n. (P-LAM).</p>
<p>Distribution in India: Peninsular India, Khasia Hills, Dehra Doon, Bengal.</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: China (Guizhou), Nepal (? see comments).</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: Sequences from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">De Boer et al. (2012)</xref> from Indian material, e.g., HE661317, HE661484.</p>
<p>Comments: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jeffrey (1980)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lu et al. (2011)</xref> treat <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes bracteata</tp:taxon-name></italic> as a synonym of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes tricuspidata</tp:taxon-name></italic>, which ranges from China (Guizhou), Peninsular Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, to Vietnam, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chakravarty (1982)</xref> recognized <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes bracteata</tp:taxon-name></italic> with two varieties, var. <italic>bracteata</italic> from throughout India, Myanmar, China, and Australia, and var. <italic>tomentosa</italic> (an illegitimate name here treated under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes anaimalaiensis</tp:taxon-name></italic>) on the Andaman and Nicobar islands, and in Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, as well as Myanmar and Java. Another species concept is that of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">De Wilde and Duyfjes (2008a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">2010</xref>).</p>
<p><bold>69. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes cordata</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 703 1832.</p>
<p>Type: Bangladesh, mouth of the river Meghna, <italic>Wallich Cat. No</italic>. 6686A (K, CAL).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes macrosiphon</tp:taxon-name></italic> Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41: 308. 1872.</p>
<p>Type: Myanmar, Tenasserim, <italic>W.S. Kurz</italic> (CAL, no image seen).</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal</p>
<p>Distribution outside India: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal.</p>
<p>Image: Nothing reliable found online.</p>
<p>GenBank: No published sequences available.</p>
<p>Comments: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">C.B. Clarke (1879</xref>: 608) synomized <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes macrosiphon</tp:taxon-name></italic> under <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes cordata</tp:taxon-name></italic> Roxb. because the protologue does not contain anything uniquely distinctive compared to the protologue of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes cordata</tp:taxon-name></italic>. The personal herbarium of Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz is at CAL, but that we have not received the requested type image.</p>
<p><bold>70. <italic><tp:taxon-name>Trichosanthes costata</tp:taxon-name></italic></bold> Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 933. 1826.</p>
<p>Type: Java, <italic>Blume</italic> s.n. (L, barcode L0589632), designated by De Wilde and Duyfjes (2006).</p>
<p><italic><tp:taxon-name>Gymnopetalum chinense</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Lour.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 256. 1919.</p>