recentScholarDataset.csv

Author,URL,Title,Abstract,Keywords,Citations,Affiliation,Year,PictureURL
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,The Internet of Things at the intersection of data protection and trade secrets. Non-conventional paths to counter data appropriation and empower consumers,The Internet of Things (IoT) has heralded a never-before-seen quantity of high-quality data. This includes both personal and non-personal data. Factual and legal control over IoT data gives companies unparalleled power to influence consumers policy makers and the other stake-holders of the IoT’s supply chain. The combination of analytics algorithms the data goldmine structure and the output of data processes are regularly kept secret by businesses. Leveraging this portfolio of big data and trade secrets IoT companies put in place practices that can negatively affect consumers who are often unaware of them due to technical and legal secrecy.‘Technical’secrecy results from the opacity of the algorithms that underpin the IoT especially when AI-en-abled.‘Legal’secrecy in turn come from a combination of trade secrets and strategic contract management that keep IoT data practices secret. This begs the central research question of this article: how can consumers be empowered to counter IoT data appropriation?,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2021,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Copyright and Remote Teaching in the Time of COVID-19: A Study of Contractual Terms and Conditions of Selected Online Services,The spread of the COVID-19 virus forced educational institutions to transition to online education. This contribution analyses through the lens of copyright law the terms and conditions of some selected online services used to deliver remote teaching. The study highlights the most problematic terms and their detrimental effects on remote teaching by focusing on copyright ownership liability and content moderation.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Associate Professor Guido Noto La Diega’s Comments on WIPO’s ‘Draft Issues Paper on Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence’(WIPO/IP/AI/2/GE/20/1),This paper has been submitted in the context of WIPO’s public consultation on the ‘Draft Issues Paper on Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence’(WIPO/IP/AI/2/GE/20/1). Whilst WIPO's draft paper is a commendable effort to start a well-evidenced conversation on a matter of the utmost importance it is open to criticism especially because it relies on a definition of AI that is at the same time vague too narrow and too broad.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Artificial intelligence and intellectual property: The View of The British and Irish Law Education and Technology Association (BILETA),Between September and November 2020 the UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO) ran a consultation about the implications Artificial Intelligence (AI) may have for Intellectual Property (IP) policy as well as the impact IP may have for AI.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Copyright and Remote Teaching in the Time of Coronavirus: A Study of Contractual Terms and Conditions of Selected Online Services,The spread of the COVID-19 virus forced educational institutions to transition to online education. This contribution analyzes through the lens of copyright law the terms and conditions of some selected online services used to deliver remote teaching. The study highlights the most problematic terms and their detrimental effects on remote teaching by focusing on copyright ownership liability and content moderation.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Can the law fix the problems of fashion? An empirical study on social norms and power imbalance in the fashion industry,It does not seem controversial that intellectual property law is not fit for the fashion industry. 1 From this consideration the call on lawmakers to amend existing laws2 or current jurisprudential approaches3 usually follows in order to ensure creativity be rewarded. Conversely some argue that there is no need for reforms because fashion is regulated by social norms 4 and the industry ‘benefits from widespread copying’. 5 There is a resurgence of studies showing how innovation thrives without the need for legal monopolies. 6 Researchers 7 however recently have shown how the regulation of creativity by social norms is not necessarily only a positive fact. In the same vein this author has been carrying out empirical qualitative research to map social norms and how these are interwoven with power imbalance throughout the fashion’s supply chain. If the law including intellectual property law is not a primary concern …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Блокчейн смарт-контракты и авторское право [Blockchain Smart Contracts and Copyright Law],Russian Abstract: 2018 г. Европарламент принял резолюцию о техноло-гиях распределенных реестров в которой признал что блокчейн обладает потен-циалом способным разрушить авторское право и творческие сферы деятельно-сти. Цель настоящего исследования-изучение блокчейн-технологий и оценка их прорывного потенциала для правовой сферы интеллектуальной собственно-сти в частности авторского права в музыкальной индустрии. Для достижения за-думанного исследование начнется с разъяснения того что существует несколько различных типов блокчейнов и соответственно различных правовых и регламен-тарных вопросов требующих решения. После определения публичного блокчей-на как открытого распределенного однорангового прозрачного устойчивого к фальсификации и цензуре переходим к выявлению сущностных и вторичных ха-рактеристик технологии блокчейна. Для того чтобы блокчейн раскрыл свой про-рывной потенциал необходимо уточнить соответствует ли он существующим законам и нужны ли новые правила. Только тогда когда существующее регулиро-вание окажется недостаточным можно начинать серьезное обсуждение новых правил при этом следует учитывать необходимость поощрения инноваций уро-вень развития соответствующих технологий важность привлечения всех заинте-ресованных сторон и обсуждения вопросов на наднациональном уровне. Основное внимание в данном исследовании уделяется тому могут ли пу-бличные блокчейны использоваться для дестабилизации …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,The European approach to recognising downgrading and erasing same-sex marriages celebrated abroad,This chapter analyses how European countries that provide some protection for same-sex couples (eg civil partnerships but not marriage) deal with same-sex marriages celebrated abroad. In this respect there are three models: recognition downgrading and erasure. Recognition means that these marriages are recognised as marriages either for all purposes or for some of them eg for the exercise of EU freedoms. Romania is the case study because Coman–the CJEU case that provides a basis for the recognition model–concerned a Romanian case and therefore it is important to see how Member States implement the CJEU’s ruling.‘Downgrading’is the model whereby foreign marriages are treated as national civil partnerships. This is based on Orlandi and therefore Italy is the chosen case study. Hungary finally represents the ‘erasure’model whereby same-sex marriages celebrated abroad are not even recognised as civil partnerships. These models are criticised from an EU law European human rights law and private international law perspective.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Can permissionless blockchains be regulated and resolve some of the problems of copyright law?,In October 2018 the European Parliament passed a resolution (European Parliament resolution of 3 October 2018 on distributed ledger technologies and blockchains: building trust with disintermediation (2017/2772 (RSP))) on distributed ledger technologies that recognised blockchains’ potential to disrupt copyright. The aim of this chapter is to examine blockchain technologies and provide an assessment of their disruptive potential upon the legal sphere of intellectual property and in particular copyright in the music industry. In order to do so this chapter will start off by clarifying that the blockchain does not exist because there are several different types of blockchains and accordingly different legal and regulatory issues. After identifying the type of permissionless blockchain that is analysed in this chapter we move on to identify the definitional and non-definitional features of blockchain technologies. For the blockchain to unleash its disruptive potential it must be clarified whether it complies with existing laws and whether new regulations are needed. Should existing regulations be found insufficient only then could a serious discussion around new regulations be started and it should take into account the necessity not to stifle innovation the level of development of the relevant technologies the importance of involving all the stakeholders and the placement of the discussion at a supranational level. The focus of the chapter is to critically assess whether public permissionless blockchains can be used to disrupt intellectual property law by resolving some of the problems in copyright law with particular regard to the issues of copyright registration …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Digital Currencies: An Analysis of Its Present Regulation in the UK: A Collaborative Essay by NINSO the Northumbria Internet & Society Research Interest Group,Digital currencies whilst being an innovative payment method poses several regulatory challenges in light of the possibilities to be used for a criminal purpose. This collaborative essay illustrates a brief report which intends to provide for a general outlook on the UK’s effort in understanding the risks digital currencies pose to financial crime money laundering terrorist financing and cybercrime. This premise paves the way for ensuring the balance between protection of essential interests and innovation most notably in ensuring the implementation of the 5th Money Laundering Directive.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Artificial Intelligence and databases in the age of big machine data,This paper deals with those databases where Artificial Intelligence technologies are used to obtain verify or present the database’s contents (‘AI databases’). The overarching research question is whether AI databases can be protected under the copyright and sui generis regimes provided by the Database Directive. The alleged inadequacy of the sui generis right for the data economy and in particular for machine-generated data led the European Parliament to call on the Commission to abolish said right and the Commission to propose the introduction of a data producer’s right as a new property that would have done what the sui generis right had been unable to. It is this paper’s contention that contrary to popular belief the sui generis right is fit for AI databases and that a different solution would lead to an overprotection of said subject matter by contractual means. The sui generis right may be the best if not the only way to protect AI ‘authorial’works. Indeed even if AI works currently fall outside the scope of copyright law for lack of originality they could nonetheless be protected if part of a database. Thus thanks to AI the sui generis right may become more important than it ever was.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Can Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things be Governed to Achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals? An Intellectual Property Law Perspective,The WTO can play an important role in achieving the UN sustainable development goals. Investments in AI and IoT could go a long way in that these technologies could lead to economic growth innovation good health and new services. For this to happen however they must be adequately governed. This means practically that we need laws–and IP laws above all given their role in incentivising creativity and innovation–that are fit for AI and IoT. As shown above AI could lead to unprecedented research developments with revolutionary impact on healthcare. They would do so not only by changing the way we carry out research–with AI-powered data mining and cancer-predicting deep learning models–but also by making us rethink certain IP laws. The reference is to the patent system that has hitherto been abused by pharmaceutical companies that have developed strategies to retain perpetual and absolute monopolies on medical inventions thus preventing access to medicines especially in developing and least-developed countries. AI could change this. It could indeed change the standard currently applied to assess one of the key requirements for patentability ie inventive step. We currently assess if an invention presupposes an inventive step and is hence patentable from the point of view of the ‘person skilled in the art’ a notional worker who lacks ingenuity and has limited knowledge. With AI becoming commonplace and increasingly creative the new standard to be adopted may and should be the AI-enhanced researcher. Such a person would be more likely to consider new inventions as obvious and this would counter the over …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Against the dehumanisation of decision-making–algorithmic decisions at the crossroads of intellectual property data protection and freedom of information,Nowadays algorithms can decide if one can get a loan is allowed to cross a border or must go to prison. Artificial intelligence techniques (natural language processing and machine learning in the first place) enable private and public decision-makers to analyse big data in order to build profiles which are used to make decisions in an automated way.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Can Permissionless Blockchains be Regulated and Resolve Some of the Problems of Copyright Law?,In October 2018 the European Parliament passed a resolution on distributed ledger technologies that recognised blockchains’ potential to disrupt copyright and creative industries. The aim of this chapter is to examine blockchain technologies and provide an assessment of their disruptive potential upon the legal sphere of intellectual property and in particular copyright in the music industry. In order to do so this chapter will start off by clarifying that the blockchain does not exist because there are several different types of blockchains and accordingly different legal and regulatory issues are involved. After identifying the type of permissionless blockchain that is analysed in this chapter–that is permissionless Turing complete open distributed peer-to-peer transparent tamper resistant and censorship resistant– we move on to identify the definitional and non-definitional features of blockchain technologies. For the blockchain to unleash its disruptive potential it must be clarified whether it complies with existing laws and whether new regulations are needed. Should existing regulations be found insufficient only then a serious discussion around new regulations could be started and this should take into account the necessity not to stifle innovation the level of development of the relevant technologies the importance of involving all the stakeholders and to place the discussion at a supra-national level. The focus of the chapter is to critically assess whether public permissionless blockchains can be used to disrupt intellectual property law by resolving some of the problems in copyright law with particular regard to the issues of copyright registration …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Can the law fix the problems of fashion? An empirical study on social norms and imbalance of power in the fashion industry,The fashion industry is affected by an imbalance of power that goes beyond the outsourcing of part of the manufacture to developing countries. Said imbalance characterises the whole supply chain and hinders freedom of expression freedom to conduct business and hence creativity and innovation. In order to understand fashion IP lawyers and lawmakers need to take into account that the law is not the main device the regulating the relevant relationships. Indeed fashion is a closed community a family where complaining is rather frowned upon and where contracts do not reflect the actual relationships between the parties. In order to rebalance power this article explores the possibility to treat good faith and inequality of bargaining power as unifying principles of contract law. However in light of the evidence collected during a number of in-depth interviews with fashion stakeholders it seems clear that social norms are the main source of regulation of relationships and therefore intervening at the level of the contracts may not be helpful. Competition law in turn may be of more help in rebalancing power; however cases such as Coty v Parfümerie Akzente do not augur well. Moreover competition law is useful when the relationship is over but it is in all the stakeholders’ interest to keep the relationship alive while fixing its imbalance. This study confirms recent findings that social norms do not only have a positive impact on fields with low IP-equilibrium and it sheds light on the broader consequences of the reliance on social norms and on its relationship to power imbalance. This work makes a twofold recommendation. First IP lawyers should …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,The Artificial Conscience of Lethal Autonomous Weapons: Marketing Ruse or Reality?,There are two interwoven trends in cyber-counterterrorism. On the one hand countries such as Israel and Russia announce the deployment of lethal autonomous weapons. Such weapons constitute the third revolution in warfare after gunpowder and nuclear arms. On the other hand researchers try and embed ethics into the design of these weapons (so-called artificial conscience or" ethics by design"). The contention of this paper is that artificial conscience is a mere marketing ruse aimed at making the deployment of lethal autonomous weapons and other autonomous robots acceptable in society. Whereas there are strong reasons to object to this trend some solutions to the pitfalls of ethics by design have been presented. However they do not seem viable in a military context. In particular the so-called customised-ethics approach is applicable only to commercial and civil machines. When deciding whether to kill 600 civilians in order to hit 14 al-Qaeda leaders which set of values should be implemented? This is a compelling argument for banning lethal autonomous weapons altogether.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Grinding privacy in the Internet of Bodies. An empirical qualitative research on dating mobile applications for men who have sex with men,The'Internet of Bodies'(IoB) is the latest development of the Internet of Things. It encompasses a variety of phenomena from implanted smart devices to the informal regulation of body norms in online communities. This article presents the results of empirical qualitative research on dating mobile applications for men who have sex with men ('MSM apps'). The pair IoB-privacy is analysed through two interwoven perspectives: the intermediary liability of the MSM app providers and the responsibility for discriminatory practices against the users' physical appearance (aesthetic discrimination). On the one hand privacy constitutes the justification of the immunities from intermediary liability (so-called safe harbours). Indeed it is believed that if online intermediaries were requested to play an active role (eg by policing their platforms to prevent their users from carrying out illegal activities) this would infringe the users' privacy. This article calls into question this justification. On the other hand in an age of ubiquitous surveillance one may think that the body is the only place where the right to be left alone can be effective. This article contests this view by showing that the users' bodies are no longer the sanctuary of privacy. Bodies are observed measured and sometimes change as a result of the online experience. This research adopted an empirical qualitative multi-layered methodology which included a focus group structured interviews an online survey and the text analysis of the Terms of Service privacy policies and guidelines of a number of MSM apps.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Data as digital assets. The case of targeted advertising,Facilitated by the growth of cloud computing artificial intelligence (e.g. machine learning) and big data (e.g. predictive analytics) new tracking and profiling techniques have been developed. They have enabled the rise of targeted advertising that is the provision of advertisements tailored to the tastes and habits of the user who actually views them. If targeted advertising is effective data protection laws still apply. Most regulations look at the phenomenon from the data protection perspective whilst in this paper it is argued that a holistic approach should be sought. Indeed intellectual property competition law and consumer protection come necessarily into play. A general idea in this paper is that one should treat the data as digital assets in the users’ IP portfolio thus leading the users to care more about the way their data are processed shared and sold. The starting point is the regulatory framework in …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Non-conventional marks: the EU reform of trade marks Brexit and the Internet of Things,The impact of Brexit is critically assessed and the implementation of the EU reform is foreseen. The yet-to-be-transposed Trade Marks Directive introduces a new definition of trade marks where the graphic representation of the mark is no longer required. Under the new regime those who want to register a smell will only need to represent it ‘in a manner which enables the competent authorities and the public to determine the clear and precise subject matter of the protection afforded to its proprietor’(art 3 (b)). Some difficulties may remain because the Trade Marks Directive incorporated the so-called Sieckmann criteria that the (then graphical) representation must be ‘clear precise self-contained easily accessible intelligible durable and objective’(recital 13). However even not going as far as arguing that ‘the amendments will abolish the Sieckmann judgement’(Sahin 2016 513) it is not excluded that the seven criteria may be interpreted differently in the future for example as meaning that a combination of description chemical formula and sample may meet the new requirements for registration. Indeed with the new definition of trade marks there is a shift from the ‘how’to the ‘who’. It is immaterial how the trade mark is represented (whether graphically or otherwise) as long as the competent authorities and the public can determine the subject matter of the protection. Arguably the said combination of description chemical formula and sample may suffice from the authorities’ perspective. When it comes to the public it is likely that this requirement will be absorbed by the distinctiveness. An unusual scent used consistently on a range of products …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Should Grindr users worry about what China will do with their data?,First paragraph: In April 2018 the Norwegian Consumer Council filed a complaint against Grindr the most popular gay dating app in the world in light of its decision to share its users’ personal data – including HIV status and sexual preferences – with third parties. But the complaint and the outraged reaction overlooked another turn of events: in January 2018 Grindr was acquired by the Chinese corporate group Beijing Kunlun Tech for US$205m.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,“The internet: to regulate or not to regulate?” Submission to House of Lords Select Committee on Communications' inquiry,In early 2018 The House of Lords Select Committee on Communications' began an inquiry into how regulation of the internet should be improved taking into consideration how the internet has transformed global interaction information gathering and educational/entertainment consumption and how it opens up new opportunities but also presents challenges. This is the written submission of University of Cumbria Lecturer in Law Ann Thanaraj (along with other members of NINSO Northumbria Internet & Society Research Interest Group) in response to the invitation to submit written evidence to the inquiry.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Against Algorithmic Decision-Making,This paper deals with the reasons why algorithms cannot and should not replace human decision-makers. Some statutory remedies against algorithmic decisions are presented.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Scents and trade marks-The EU reform of olfactory marks and advances in odour recognition techniques,The yet-to-be-transposed Trade Marks Directive introduces a new definition of trade marks where the graphic representation of the mark is no longer required. Under the new regime those who want to register a smell will only need to represent it ‘in a manner which enables the competent authorities and the public to determine the clear and precise subject matter of the protection afforded to its proprietor’ (art 3(b)). Some difficulties may remain because the Trade Marks Directive incorporated the so-called Sieckmann criteria that the (then graphical) representation must be ‘clear precise self-contained easily accessible intelligible durable and objective’ (recital 13). However even not going as far as arguing that ‘the amendments will abolish the Sieckmann judgement’ (Sahin 2016 513) it is not excluded that the seven criteria may be interpreted differently in the future for example as meaning that a combination of …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Software Patents and the Internet of Things in Europe the United States and India,This article sheds light on the pressing issue of software patents by giving an account of the approaches followed in Europe the US and India. The occasion of this study is the adoption in 2016 of the final version of the Indian guidelines on the examination of computer-related inventions which have been surprisingly overlooked in the legal literature. The main idea is that the Internet of Things will lead to a dramatic increase of applications for software patents and if examiners courts and legislators are not careful there is a concrete risk of a surreptitious generalised grant of patents for computer programs as such (in Europe) and for abstract ideas without inventive concept (in the US). The clarity provided by the Indian guidelines following a lively public debate can constitute good practice that Europe and the US should take into account. Conversely the sea of patent software looks very stormy in the US where after some reversals of the leading case Alice Corp v CLS Bank International there seems to be the risk of swelling the ranks of speculative schemers who make it their business to watch the advancing wave of improvement and gather its foam in the form of patented monopolies. Some good news however comes from a dissenting opinion that innovatively suggests bringing free speech into the reasoning on patents.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Internet of Things and Patents: Towards the IoT Patent Wars?,Intellectual property is a key albeit overlooked issue when it comes to the Internet of Things (IoT). It is still unclear for instance to what extent trade secrets can be used to prevent the user from controlling their own device (the so-called right to hack) and to hinder interoperability. Likewise it is still to be fully explored to what extent intellectual property (database rights) can be used to prevent data portability. This paper focuses on patent law and namely on computer-implemented inventions by giving account of the approaches followed in Europe United States and India. With the IoT patenting activity being over eight times larger than the general worldwide increase in patenting research on this field appears critical. The occasion of this study is the adoption in 2016 of the final version of the Indian guidelines on the examination of computer-related inventions which have been surprisingly overlooked in the legal literature. The main idea is that the Internet of Things will lead to a dramatic increase of applications for software patents and if examiners courts and legislators will not be careful there is the concrete risk of a surreptitious generalised grant of patents for computer programs as such (in Europe) and for abstract ideas (in the United States). The clarity provided by the Indian guidelines following a lively public debate can constitute good practices that Europe the United States as well as the Republic of Turkey should take into account. With the increase of IoT patents it is foreseeable the shift from the smartphone wars to the IoT wars as evidenced by some recent litigation between Fitbit and Jawbone. The (perhaps cold) war seems …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Some Considerations on Intelligent Online Behavioural Advertising,The Cambridge Analytica scandal in March 2018 was a useful reminder of how personal data is used for targeting users and of how such targeting has profound societal consequences. Online behavioural advertising refers to advertisements which are tailored to the tastes and habits of the user who actually views them. It is an intricate phenomenon for a number of reasons including a twofold regulatory interweave. Firstly between top-down and self-regulation. Secondly between the personal data perspective and the competition one. This paper aims to get the knots out in the belief that rising awareness about the issues in online behavioural advertising is pivotal to a fair online environment. The paper is particularly timely in light of new regulations (draft ePrivacy Regulation and General Data Protection Regulation) worrying industry moves (eg the Facebook/WhatsApp data synchronisation) and the advent of new technologies. In particular it will be shown that artificial intelligence presents not only threats to consumers but also opportunities for bespoke compliance mechanisms. As an appendix the “Cooperative Charter for an Integrated Approach to Online Behavioural Advertising” is presented in order to facilitate the dialogue between the stakeholders and ensure a balanced regulation of online behavioural advertising.French Abstract: Le concept de publicité comportementale en ligne désigne des publicités adaptées aux goûts et aux habitudes de l’utilisateur pour qui elles s’ affichent. Il s’ agit d’un phénomène complexe pour différentes raisons dont notamment une double question réglementaire: d’abord elle génère un débat entre la …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,The European strategy on robotics and artificial intelligence: too much ethics too little security,There is an increasing interest in the ethical design of robots. As evidence of this fact one may refer to some recent reports and the European Parliament’s resolution on civil law rules on robotics. The latter will be the primary focus of this analysis since the EU Parliament is the first legal institution in the world to have initiated work of a law on robots and artificial intelligence. The European strategy on robotics seems affected by two main problems: an excessive emphasis on ethics at the expense of security and more generally a lack of awareness of the critical role played by the operation of striking a balance between competing interests. Balancing is pivotal to the interpretation and application of the law. And the current development of AI technologies does not enable the delegation of the operation to robots. Certainly the most controversial point regards the status of robots as electronic persons. Even though the suggestion may seem extreme it may prove to be successful for at least three reasons. First robots are becoming more and more similar to humans (anthropomorfisation and AI). Second humans are becoming increasingly akin to robots (artificial enhancement). Third the robot’s legal personality would be profitable for the robotic industry.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Corte d’appello di Genova: riconoscimento automatico di adozione omogenitoriale nazionale straniera [Court of Appeals of Genoa: automatic recognition of foreign same-sex adoptions],While same-sex marriage is visibly gaining momentum (see Germany and Malta this year) many countries have not fully recognised the rights of same-sex couples. This isually takes the form of civil unions (e.g. Italy and Greece) or of no recognition (e.g. Poland and Lithuania). However other solutions are also possible. For instance some countries recognise only same-sex marriages celebrated abroad (e.g. Armenia and Estonia).  In Northern Ireland adoption has been available to same-sex couples since 2013 even though the Northern Ireland Assembly voted against same-sex marriage (Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission Re Judicial Review [2013] NICA 37). However in many countries where there is no same-sex marriage these couples cannot access adoption. This is the case in Italy even though the case that is commented here brings some good news.  In Italy the Adoptions Act (Legge No 183 …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Brexit and the Law School,In May 2017 the Northumbria Law School organised a roundtable conversation on “Brexit and the Law School” sponsored by the Society of Legal Scholars. This was attended by approximately 35 academics and practitioners from across the North East of England to discuss the key implications of Brexit and future opportunities. The event was separated into four distinct themes. First 'Research Impact and Engagement: Research opportunities and challenges'. Second 'Research Impact and Engagement: Funding and engagement with external stakeholders'. Third 'Learning Teaching and the University Community: Curriculum development and the future of EU Law'. Fourth 'Learning Teaching and the University Community: The changing shape of the University community'. Also attached to the report is a conversation map of the discussions with arrows indicating where ideas overlapped into other themes.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,La trascrizione del matrimonio omosessuale celebrato all’estero,What happens if two women get married in England and then they move to Italy a country that did not introduce same-sex marriage? This chapter answers this question by analysing how Italian legislation dealt with the relevant issues of private international law or conflicts of laws. Italy opted to automatically downgrade same-sex marriages celebrated abroad. Indeed they are treated as Italian civil partnerships and regulated by the relevant Italian statute (legge sulle unioni civili). This option is criticised by the authors of the chapters for a number of reasons including the violation of the freedom of movement.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Contracting for the ‘Internet of Things’: Looking into the Nest,The world of the ‘Internet of Things’(‘IoT’) is just one manifestation of recent developments in information and communication technologies (‘ICTs’) closely tied to others including ‘cloud computing’and ‘big data’. For our purposes the ‘Thing’in the IoT is any physical entity capable of connectivity that directly interfaces the physical world such as embedded devices sensors and actuators. In considering IoT contracts this paper adopts a case study approach examining the complexity of IoT through the lens of a specific product: the Nest connected thermostat part of the Nest Labs business and owned by Google. We focus on the ‘legals’ of Nest (contractual documents licences etc.) to provide a case study of IoT complexity. After touching on some general contract law issues in relation to the IoT supply chain we examine the rights and obligations represented in these legals and discuss the extent to which collectively they present a coherent and comprehensible private law framework. We then consider the extent to which certain statutory regimes may treat IoT contracts in terms of addressing two characteristic contractual concerns: liability attribution and unfair terms. Our main conclusion is that the world of IoT demonstrates a need to consider recasting the concept of product to reflect the frequent inextricable mixture of hardware software data and service.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Uber law and awareness by design. An empirical study on online platforms and dehumanised negotiations,This article sheds light on the main consumer law aspects of the sharing economy through an empirical analysis of online platforms. Given the recent European consultation with the purpose of understanding (whether or more likely) how to regulate platforms it is critical that consumer law considerations will be part of future regulations. For instance it is hardly acceptable that the consumer acts in the belief that the contractual party (thus the potentially liable party) is the platform but in reality the former disclaims any responsibility and claims to be a mere intermediary which only seldom actually is. After a critical analysis of the Italian legislative proposal on platforms and collaborative economy the articles moves on to illustrate the use case of Uber the $60 billion ride-hailing platform which is acting at the margin of existing laws thus giving rise to protests and debate around the world. After an assessment of the Italian ruling preventing Uber to provide the UberPop service in Italy the use case is the perfect tool to show the main reasons for concern of consumers is the lack of awareness of their rights and obligations. This articles deals with two factors of the said lack: the contractual quagmire and the corporate labyrinth. In the conclusions it is presented an ambitious albeit feasible practical proposal. It is suggested the development of a mobile app that helps the consumers to assess the legal quality of the contracts they are entering in order to access the services offered through the platform. At the same time this app called ‘Awareness by Design’ should contribute to raise awareness in consumers thus creating critical mass and making …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Clouds of Things: Data Protection and Consumer Law at the Intersection of Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things in the United Kingdom,The article critically analyses the Internet of Things (IoT) and its intersection with cloud computing the so-called Clouds of Things (CoT).‘Things’ are understood as any physical entity capable of connectivity that has a direct interface to the physical world (ie a sensing and/or actuating capability). From another perspective (especially product liability) Things can be seen as an inextricable mixture of hardware software and services. Alongside a clarification of the essentials the six factors of the CoT complexity are described and light is shed on the regulatory options (regulation co-regulation self-regulation holistic approach fragmentation). Focussing on the British legal systems the article reports on the state of the art of CoT deployment in the United Kingdom and deals with some of the main technical and legal issues emerging from CoT. Particularly the core will be data protection privacy and consumer law. Indeed these themes are considered the most relevant by the regulators. By mastering the relevant legal issues and following the example of the United Kingdom the Republic of Korea will be able to unleash its extraordinary potential as to the IoT thus retaining its position as the smartest country in the world.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Machine Rules. Of Drones Robots and the Info-Capitalist Society,Italy has been one of the first countries in the world to enact ad hoc regulations on drones. Therefore the Italian approach may constitute a model for many regulations to come; nonetheless the legal literature seems to overlook the phenomenon. In this article I place the discourse on drones in the context of some more general considerations on the main legal issues related to the deployment of machines including robots in our everyday life. Indeed most considerations apply equally to robots and drones moving from the unrefined albeit practical observation that the latter are robots equipped with wings. An analysis of the intellectual property data protection privacy and liability issues is carried out bearing in mind the complexity arising from the increasing implementation of cloud computing and artificial intelligence technologies. The article claims that autonomous machines will outclass human beings in all …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,UBERTRUST: How Uber Represents Itself to Its Customers Through its Legal and Non-Legal Documents,This paper examines some of the key factors that contribute to build or erode users’ trust in a platform-based service such as the one provided by Uber Technologies Inc. As clarified by the European Commission the future Internet cannot succeed without trust of online platforms’ users. The paper explores Uber’s web of relationships with different categories of users i.e. ‘driver-partners’ ‘riders’ ‘developers’ and ‘business users’ through Uber’s legal and non-legal representations. By analysing Uber ‘legals’ (terms of service privacy policy etc.) and the non-legal representations of these norms through the wider Uber community ecosystem (forums blogs etc.) it explores how transparency and collective awareness can play a role in sustaining trust. It concludes that the opacity of its ‘legals’ and of its corporate structure could create tensions within the market and undermine the users’ trust. Therefore the authors recommend that in order to foster trust and ensure fairness Uber should ensure consistency between its legal and non-legal representation and adopt a more transparent and fair approach in its legals. This would in turn empower its users community to participate in the decision making and could provide an example for other platforms.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,The Internet of Citizens: A Lawyer's View on Some Technological Developments in the United Kingdom and India,This article aspires to constitute a useful tool for both Asian and European readers as regards some of the state-of-the-art technologies revolving around the Internet of Things ('loT') and their intersection with cloud computing (the Clouds of Things'CoT') in both the continents. The main legal issuesThis work is dedicated to the memory of Giulio Regeni and Valeria Solesin. Associate Lecturer in Law Leader for Intellectual Property Law at the Buckinghamshire New University; President of'Ital-loT'; cultore della materia of intellectual property and private law at the University of Palermo (on leave). I am profoundly grateful to Ms. Ipshita Bhuwania who skilfully assisted me during the research necessary for this work. This would not have been possible without the research previously undertaken at the Microsoft Cloud Computing Research Centre. The responsibility for this article and the errors therein are however solely …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Patents on computer-related inventions in India,In India sec. 3 (k) of the Patents Act 1970 clearly excludes the patentability of computer programmes per se. For many years the regime of computer-implemented inventions has been unclear until the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trade Marks (the Indian homologous of the Intellectual Property Office) issued its Guidelines on the examination of computer-related inventions. Notably this gave rise the civil society’s protests; indeed there was the fear that the government was surreptisciously allowing the patentability of computer programmes per se. Therefore the guidelines have been withdrawn and recently a new version has been published. It openly reaffirms the exclusion of the software patents and introduces a three-step test to determine the applicability of sec. 3 (k) of the Patents Act to computer-related inventions. This opinion focuses the new guidance by placing it in the context of the leading role of India in the technological and social developments revolving around the Internet of Things.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,IPRexit. Intellectual property after the EU referendum,The Government is deciding how and when to trigger Article 50 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. In the meantime some “remainers” are pointing out the allegedly tragic consequences of Brexit whereas a more cautious approach would be wise. There is much uncertainty on the future of intellectual property (IP) in the UK after the referendum and one could foresee that there will be more cons than pros. However some opportunities may as well arise. This poster aims to assess the impact of Brexit on IP by distinguishing between areas that do not need significant intervention areas where no real intervention will be allowed and areas where there is need for an update. In the near future the Government and the Parliament will be likely focused on the negotiations with the European Union and there is the risk that IP issues will be overlooked. Therefore it will be up to the judiciary to modernise intellectual property and ensure that the UK does not depart radically from the IP systems of the Member States. Thus by ensuring a substantial albeit not full harmonisation of the relevant rules fragmented IP regimes will not constitute trade barriers and the UK will retain its appeal as a thriving marketplace for investors. In order to do so some “IP regimes shopping” will be useful although this will mean a partial departure from the EU rules. A takeaway is that since English judges will not be entitled to preliminary references to the Court of Justice they will become eventually European judges.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,[국문 번역문] 사물클라우드: 클라우드 컴퓨팅과 사물인터넷의 교차점에서의 영국의 정보보호와 소비자법,기술적 발전을 ‘혁명’1)으로 지칭하는 것은 ‘혁 명’이 ‘지각변동의(disruptive)’ 혁신2)으로 이어질 것이라고 이야기하는 것만큼이나 흔한 일이 되고 있다. 사물인터넷3)은 주목할 만한 현상이 되고 있 다. 그로 인한 경제적 파급효과와 사회적 가능성이 대단히 클 수 있기 때문이다.4) 그러나 사물인터넷 이 우리의 삶을 어느 정도로 바뀌게 할지 그리고 법적인 관점에서 현행 규칙이 변경되고 새로운 규 칙이 마련되어야 하는지 여부 및 그러한 변경의 정 도를 가늠하는 것은 아직은 시기상조이다. 따라서 순진한 찬사 대신 본 논문은 사물인터 넷 그리고 사물인터넷과 클라우드 컴퓨팅 간의 교 차점인 소위 사물클라우드를 정의하려 한다. 기본 적인 요소들에 대한 명확한 규정과 함께 사물클라 우드 복잡성에 관한 여섯 요소에 대해 논의하고 가 능한 규제방법들(규제 공동규제 자기규제 전체론 적 접근 세분화)을 다루도록 하겠다. 영국의 법제도에 초점을 맞추어 영국에서의 발 달현황5)에 대해 설명하고 사물클라우드로부터 제 기되는 주요한 기술적6) 법적7) 쟁점들 몇몇을 다 루도록 한다. 규제당국이 보다 중요하게 생각하는 주제들 즉 정보보호 프라이버시 소비자법을 특히 더 중점적으로 논의하겠다. 관련 법적 쟁점들을 철저히 검토하고 영국의 사 례를 참고함으로써 한국은 사물클라우드에 관한 그 특별한 잠재력을 실현시킬 수 있을 것이고8) 세계 에서 가장 스마트한 국가로서 그 지위를 유지할 수 있을 것이다.9) 드론 무인자동차 그리고 생명공학 에 대한 규제를 완화하겠다는 박근혜 대통령의 2016년 5월 18일의 발언은 이러한 방향으로의 움 직임을 보여주고 있다.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,In light of the ends. Copyright hysteresis and private copy exception after the British Academy of Songwriters Composers and Authors (BASCA) and others v Secretary of State …,1. The concept of legal hysteresis. 2. The Infosoc Directive: negotiation and implementation. 3. The Copyright and Rights in Performance (Personal Copies for Private Use) Regulations 2014. 4. The new framework of exceptions and limitations in the UK. 5. The unnecessary compensation and pricing-in theory: empirical evidence. 6. British Academy of Songwriters Composers and Authors and others R (On the Application Of) v Secretary of State for Business,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,The Law of Service Robots,Il settore della robotica attiene alla progettazione e costruzione di un complesso variegato ed eterogeneo di macchine quali robot soldati chirurghi sistemi automatizzati di trasporto aereo terrestre e marittimo applicazioni industriali nell’ambito manifatturiero o nell’agricoltura robotica di servizio e altro ancora. Si tratta di un settore per eccellenza interdisciplinare. La sua varietà di ambiti e applicazioni fa sì che si discuta ancora della definizione di “robot” e di alcune sue proprietà: l’autonomia l’adattatività ei gradi di interattività.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,British Perspectives on the Internet of Things. The Clouds of Things-Health Use Case,In 1941 Herbert Marcuse predicted that ubiquitous technology would have changed the concept itself of rationality. This paper does not aim at measuring the impact on rationality of a ‘growing technical ensemble of things and relations’ but Marcuse’s idea helps us understand that the Internet of Things should make us rethink some fundamental principles. Therefore it is crucial to study this (relatively) new phenomenon with a multidisciplinary pragmatic approach that moving from a relatively complex use case touches some of the main technical and legal issues emerging from it and from the Clouds of Things the intersection of the Internet of Things and cloud computing. After a clarification of the concepts of Internet of Things and Clouds of Things and having shed light on the complexity of the relevant ecosystem (especially as regards the actors involved) the author proposes a taxonomy of eHealth and finally narrow down to the CoT-Health use case. In particular the focus of this paper is twofold. On the one hand it explores some legal aspects–mainly data-protection related–of mobile health (mHealth) a field without clear regulations and it usually is not even considered as part of eHealth. Alongside it narrows down to a CoT-health scenario centred on the so-called repurposing. With regards to the latter some considerations about liability are presented. The decentralisation of healthcare big data and the patient’s empowerment made possible by CoT-Health appear as the best strategy to face the challenges of healthcare in the 21st century.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,La Trascrizione Del Certificato Di Nascita Del Figlio Di Coniugi'Same Sex'. Filiazione Omogenitoriale Ordine Pubblico Internazionale E Interesse Del Minore Nella Recente …,Italian Abstract: App. Torino 29 ottobre 2014 ribaltando la decisione di primo grado ha imposto all’ufficiale dello stato civile di trascrivere l’atto di nascita di un bambino risultante ab origine figlio di due madri le quali una spagnola e una Italiana sposatesi in Spagna nel 2009 avevano procreato in Spagna tramite un procedimento di fecondazione eterologa. Il decreto in parola è di grande rilevanza in quanto senza precedenti posto che sinora ciò che talvolta si era arrivato a riconoscere era la cd stepchild adoption cioè l’adozione del figlio del partner (nei casi considerati in una relazione omosessuale).,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,IoT Contracts. An Empirical Research,An empirical research on the contracts used in the Internet of Things to point out the most relevant contractual issues and the main dangers for customers of IoT products. In my opinion in the IoT the notion itself of product changes and therefore there will be a revival of the product liability regime which from now on will apply not only to hardware but also to software and service.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Legal Certainty as a Tool for the Spread of the Internet of Things,IRIS è il sistema di gestione integrata dei dati della ricerca (persone pubblicazioni progetti 
attività) adottato dall'Università di Palermo e ha lo scopo di raccogliere conservare 
documentare e diffondere ad accesso aperto le informazioni relative alla produzione scientifica 
degli autori afferenti all'Ateneo … NOTO LA DIEGA G. (2015). Legal Certainty as a Tool for 
the Spread of the Internet of Things [Altro].  ,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Internet of Things. Preliminary Issues for MCCRC Research,The presentation provides a definition of" thing" in an IoT context clarifies the relations among the Internet of Things and cloud computing points out who are the actors in such an environment and set the basis for an interdisciplinary research that will focus on e-Health,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Robots privacy and data protection,A research on robots drones and privacy/data protection with focus on cloud robotics Internet of Things contracts and the use cases of telepresence courier robots and smart cities quadricopters.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,e-Health and the Internet of Things. Definitions applications regulation actors. Roadmap to a use cases research.,This reports deals with the electronic health (e-Health) as a prism to study the Internet of Things. After having provided the necessary definitions and having described applications regulators regulations and actors both in the UK in the US and in the EU the author sets the basis for a use cases research regarding the e-prescribing.,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Il Cloud Computing. Alla Ricerca Del Diritto Perduto Nel Web 3.0 (Cloud Computing. In Search of Lost Law in the Web 3.0),Italian Abstract: Il presente saggio intende mettere a fuoco il fenomeno del cloud computing tentando di setacciare i frammenti normativi dispersi in un fiume di norme difficilmente componibili a sistema al fine di ricostruire il quadro giuridico vigente in materia. La certezza e la conoscibilità del diritto sono esigenze che si fanno viepiù pressanti in un terreno come quello in esame ancora tutto da dissodare e l’ignoranza del quale può a ragione far temere con la prozia Léonie nella Recherche che «la journée ne se passera pas sans pluie». Ed è alla luce dell’attuale incertezza che si spiega il singolare fenomeno per cui secondo una ricerca del 2014 gran parte delle imprese italiane ha familiarità con la nuvola informatica laddove solo una sparuta minoranza ha già iscritto in bilancio una posta per la transizione verso il nuovo paradigma. Non ci si limiterà a porre nel buratto il diritto positivo tradizionalmente inteso (sovrastatale nazionale e regionale) ma altresì strumenti di soft law interni ed europei nonché i contributi di autorità amministrative indipendenti e le riflessioni della più attenta dottrina anche extra-giuridica. Ciò nella convinzione che l’interdisciplinarità in questo campo non sia una scelta rimessa alla discrezionalità del singolo ma un imperativo epistemologico. Chiudendo quante alle premesse metodologiche si precisa che dopo aver descritto il funzionamento della nuvola informatica e aver dato conto di alcuni documenti normativi a carattere generale si procederà a una ricostruzione di tipo tematico in modo tale da fornire tanto al teorico quanto al pratico un agile strumento di lavoro che allevî dalla faticosa lettura della …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Guido Noto La Diega,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it,Il cloud computing. Alla ricerca del diritto perduto nel web 3.0,Il presente saggio intende mettere a fuoco il fenomeno del cloud computing tentando di setacciare i frammenti normativi dispersi in un fiume di norme difficilmente componibili a sistema al fine di ricostruire il quadro giuridico vigente in materia. La certezza e la conoscibilità del diritto sono esigenze che si fanno viepiù pressanti in un terreno come quello in esame ancora tutto da dissodare e l’ignoranza del quale può a ragione far temere con la prozia Léonie nella Recherche che « la journée ne se passera pas sans pluie ». Ed è alla luce dell’attuale incertezza che si spiega il singolare fenomeno per cui secondo una ricerca del 2014 gran parte delle imprese italiane hanno familiarità con la nuvola informatica laddove solo una sparuta minoranza ha già iscritto in bilancio una posta per la transizione verso il nuovo paradigma. Non ci si limiterà a porre nel buratto il diritto positivo tradizionalmente inteso (sovrastatale nazionale e regionale) ma altresì strumenti di soft law interni ed europei nonché i contributi di autorità amministrative indipendenti e le riflessioni della più attenta dottrina anche extra-giuridica. Ciò nella convinzione che l’interdisciplinarità in questo campo non sia una scelta rimessa alla discrezionalità del singolo ma un imperativo epistemologico. Chiudendo quante alle premesse metodologiche si precisa che dopo aver descritto il funzionamento della nuvola informatica e aver dato conto di alcuni documenti normativi a carattere generale si procederà a una ricostruzione di tipo tematico in modo tale da fornire tanto al teorico quanto al pratico un agile strumento di lavoro che allevî dalla faticosa lettura della congerie di atti …,Intellectual Property/Privacy Law/IoT/AI/blockchain,128,University of Stirling,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=B3U7yvcAAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Limitations to Text and Data Mining and Consumer Empowerment: Making the Case for a Right to “Machine Legibility”,This paper focuses on the current legal barriers to text and data mining (TDM) in the context of smart disclosure systems (SDSs) whose aim is to provide consumers with improved access to the data needed to make informed decisions. The use of intellectual property rights and contracts combined with technological protection measures can hinder TDM and the deployment of SDSs. Further those legal constraints can negatively impact on artificial intelligence innovation because that requires improved access to data. There are thus various arguments for enhanced “machine legibility”. However the TDM exceptions included in the recently approved Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market do not appear to clear the way for enhanced “machine legibility”. In relation to SDSs we also argue that the principle of transparency which is embedded in consumer and data protection laws can serve as a …,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,De Iurisprudentia Picturata: Brief Notes on Law and Visualisation,Law is usually considered a textual phenomenon (Katsh 1995). For example from their first steps into a faculty of law students know they will have to prepare for exams on codes and text-books. In their practice lawyers have to formulate opinions claims or defences in a document or in oral statements. Judges are called on to write decisions which will be read aloud in court and published. Notaries prepare (and confer authenticity on) legal documents and contracts for their clients. Legislators enact laws decrees and regulations that consist of a series of rules expressed in verbal statements. Legal scholars write books commentaries essays and scientific articles starting from the literature review.The" verbocentrism" or" logocentrism" of law has been explained by Boehme-NeBler (2011 pp. 106-107) as a choice that over the centuries has had the role of ensuring the rationality and objectiveness of law and verbal …,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,LEGAL DESIGN PATTERNS TOWARDS A NEW LANGUAGE FOR LEGAL INFORMATION DESIGN,[en] Patterns are a central tool in legal design. They are conceptual schemes or entities describing solutions to a recurring legal problem helping to make contracts disclosures and policies accessible to users and easier to prepare. In this paper we take stock of existing legal design patterns and pattern libraries and present the idea of a legal design pattern language intended to lead to documenting and sharing good practices across disciplines and to more actionable pattern libraries.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,When Design Met Law: Design Patterns for Information Transparency,[en] The problems of online disclosures notices and terms are well-known and documented. Research and experience tell us that consumers dislike and do not read them. Much less has been said and done about the solutions. Building on Proactive Law and Legal Design this research-based practice-oriented article introduces proactive legal design patterns as a possible way forward. The article illustrates with examples how design patterns can help implement the principle of transparency in consumer-facing communication and elaborates in an innovative manner the ways in which legal design patterns can help solve recurring problems.Target: Researchers; Professionals; Students; General public; Others,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,I dati biometrici,Skip to main content. User menu … 
,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Five stars wars-European legal perspectives on customer ratings and discrimination,The use of customer ratings to evaluate worker performance is increasingly widespread going beyond the gig-economy. As highlighted by computer and social sciences this practice risks producing discriminatory outcomes by reproducing biases existing in society. By drawing an analogy with discriminatory practices adopted to satisfy its customers’ preferences we propose a legal analysis of this phenomenon grounded in EU non-discrimination law. We first analyse the issues related to the application of non-discrimination law to self-employed workers. Then we address the lack of access for the individual worker to the data regarding customers’ ratings through the lens of data protection law. We conclude by arguing that the use of customer ratings should be considered as a suspect criterion while the current non-discrimination laws should be modernised through a clearer inclusion of self-employed workers.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Information duties between consumer and data protection in the" Internet of Platforms": Promoting Awareness by Design,The information paradigm is a core theoretical framework underlying both consumer and data protection legislation. It postulates that providing some key information about a transaction or a data processing protects the rights and interests of the weak party. However very few users pay attention to the information that is given to them online. In the paper we argue that there are alternative ways to raise consumers’ awareness. An interdisciplinary effort that combines behavioural insights and best practices from information design could address the alleged failure of the information paradigm. To this end the contribution presents the “Be. aware” app a legal design solution developed within a research project on the sharing economy in Brussels. 1,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Legal Design Patterns: Towards a new Language for Legal Information Design,Patterns are a central tool in legal design. They are conceptual schemes or entities describing solutions to a recurring legal problem helping to make contracts disclosures and policies accessible to users and easier to prepare. In this paper we take stock of existing legal design patterns and pattern libraries and present the idea of a legal design pattern language intended to lead to documenting and sharing good practices across disciplines and to more actionable pattern libraries.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,One Hashtag to Rule Them All? Mandated Disclosures and Design Duties in Influencer Marketing Practices,Social media influencers (SMIs) have become familiar figures over the last few years. We visit their profiles watch their ‘stories’ retweet like and share their posts. Bloggers vloggers Instagrammers Facebook Famous and TikTokers are terms that have entered our daily vocabularies and such people have established themselves as new celebrities. 2 However the influencer phenomenon is not just about amusement. Considering the authority and reputation gained in the Internet arena the value of SMIs–as a new generation of testimonials–has been promptly understood by brands and advertising professionals. A large part of marketing investment is now dedicated to securing the endorsement of influencers and methods for1 The author’s research is supported by the Brussels-Capital Region–INNOVIRIS. She would like to thank Mrs Daria Onitiu for her helpful advice and comments on the German case law …,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Legal issues in governing genetic biobanks: the Italian framework as a case study for the implications for citizen’s health through public-private initiatives,This paper outlines some of the challenges faced by regulation of genetic biobanking using case studies coming from the Italian legal system. The governance of genetic resources in the context of genetic biobanks in Italy is discussed as an example of the stratification of different inputs and rules: EU law national law orders made by authorities and soft law which need to be integrated with ethical principles technological strategies and solutions. After providing an overview of the Italian legal regulation of genetic data processing it considers the fate of genetic material and IP rights in the event of a biobank’s insolvency. To this end it analyses two case studies: a controversial bankruptcy case which occurred in Sardinia one of the first examples of private and public partnership biobanks. Another case study considered is the Chris project: an example of partnership between a research institute in Bolzano …,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,House of Terms: Fixing the Information Paradigm with Legal Design,How many times have we checked that box without reading the Terms of the Service (ToS)? According to the Eurobarometer Special 447 on online platforms (2016) we are not an exception since this attitude towards ToS is common among Europeans (56%).,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Customer ratings as a vector for discrimination in employment relations? Pathways and pitfalls for legal remedies,The use of customer ratings to evaluate worker performance is increasingly worrisome because of its widespread use in the gig-economy. As scholars in computer and social sciences denounce this practice entails the risk of producing discriminatory outcomes by reproducing biases existing in society. By drawing an analogy with discriminatory practices adopted by an employer to satisfy its customers’ preferences we propose a legal analysis of this phenomenon grounded in EU non-discrimination law. Thus we first analyse the issues related to the application of non-discrimination law to (alleged) self-employed workers. Then we address the lack of access for the individual worker to the data regarding customers’ ratings. We conclude by arguing that the use of customer ratings should be considered as a suspect criterion while the current (EU) non-discrimination laws should be modernised through a clearer inclusion of (alleged) self-employed workers.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Customer ratings as a vector for discrimination in employment relations? Pathways and pitfalls for legal remedies,The use of customer ratings to evaluate worker performance is increasingly worrisome because of its widespread use in the gig-economy. As scholars in computer and social sciences denounce this practice entails the risk of producing discriminatory outcomes by reproducing biases existing in society. By drawing an analogy with discriminatory practices adopted by an employer to satisfy its customers' preferences we propose a legal analysis of this phenomenon grounded in EU non-discrimination law. Thus we first analyse the issues related to the application of non-discrimination law to (alleged) self-employed workers. Then we address the lack of access for the individual worker to the data regarding customers' ratings. We conclude by arguing that the use of customer ratings should be considered as a suspect criterion while the current (EU) non-discrimination laws should be modernised through a clearer inclusion of (alleged) self-employed workers.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Droni per il Search and Rescue in Aree Valanghive: Profili Privatistici,Il presente contributo intende offrire al lettore i primi risultati dell’indagine giuridica condotta nell’ambito del progetto dell’Ateneo di Trento “Drones for Finding Avalanche-Buried”(D-FAB). Il progetto che ha visto la partecipazione di un team interdisciplinare coordinato dal Prof. Paolo Bosetti del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale si propone l’obiettivo innovativo di costruire un esacottero con MTOM compreso tra i 2 ei 25 Kg con un sistema per la navigazione autonoma che possa affiancarsi alle operazioni di soccorso in caso di valanga: il drone infatti sarebbe dotato di un ricevitore ARTVA (Apparecchio di Ricerca dei Travolti in VAlanga) che unito a sistemi per la mappatura localizzazione e navigazione sarebbe in grado di restringere il perimetro della ricerca ed individuare il segnale proveniente dall’apparecchio della vittima così agevolando l’intervento delle squadre di soccorso e delle unità cinofile. La tecnologia risulterebbe dunque di supporto in un contesto particolarmente complesso nel quale il tempo costituisce un fattore cruciale: la probabilità di estrarre vivo un soggetto travolto da una valanga crolla vertiginosamente dal 92% dei primi 15 minuti fino ad arrivare al 30% trascorsi 35 minuti dall’evento. Dal punto di vista giuridico l’impiego di un drone per la ricerca e il soccorso in aree valanghive pone una serie di questioni con riferimento ai profili della responsabilità di civile e tutela della privacy che si vengono a delineare sullo sfondo di un framework normativo quale quello della regolamentazione dei droni profondamente dinamico sia a livello internazionale che italiano. Come in molti altri settori tecnologici infatti il …,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Cloud computing for s-health and the data protection challenge: Getting ready for the General Data Protection Regulation,The recently approved General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will change deeply the European privacy framework. Despite the aim of updating the legislative provisions to the challenges of the information society the GDPR leaves open serious questions and shortcomings especially in the context of cloud computing for s-health. The purpose of the paper is twofold: after having outlined the major innovations of the new GDPR for ensuring data protection in cloud environments paying particular attention to the processing in the healthcare sector the main unresolved issues will be critically addressed.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Open Access Open Science Open Society.,Open Access’ main goal is not the subversion of publishers’ role as driving actors in an oligopolistic market characterized by reduced competition and higher prices. OA’s main function is to be found somewhere else namely in the ability to subvert the power to control science’s governance and its future directions (Open Science) a power that is more often found within the academic institutions rather than outside. By decentralizing and opening-up not just the way in which scholarship is published but also the way in which it is assessed OA removes the barriers that helped turn science into an intellectual oligopoly even before an economic one. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that Open Access is a key enabler of Open Science which in turn will lead to a more Open Society. Furthermore the paper argues that while legislative interventions play an important role in the top-down regulation of Open Access legislators currently lack an informed and systematic vision on the role of Open Access in science and society. In this historical phase other complementary forms of intervention (bottom-up) appear much more “informed” and effective. This paper which intends to set the stage for future research identifies a few pieces of the puzzle: the relationship between formal and informal norms in the field of Open Science and how this impact on intellectual property rights the protection of personal data the assessment of science and the technology employed for the communication of science.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,I social network,The chapter examines the legal issues emerging within the context of online social networks. In particular it focuses on: 1) contractual aspects; 2) potential unfair terms; 3) liability of the intermediary; 4) intellectual property aspects; 5) data protection risks.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,From electronic health records to personal health records: emerging legal issues in the Italian regulation of e-health,In 2012 the Italian Legislator has provided an appropriate legal framework for the realisation of the national Electronic Health Records (EHR) system in which the patient plays a pivotal role: with the implementation of the Fascicolo sanitario elettronico (FSE) patients will have access to their EHRs through the online platform and decide which data to share and with whom. In this perspective one of the most interesting innovations is the so-called ‘taccuino’ a digital space of patients’ FSE in which they can autonomously record data and information relating to their health. Patients’ ability to access their own health data and EHR at any time and to enter information by themselves in a personal area is a unique form of power at a European level but their legal consequences are still vague. The aim of this contribution is to offer a first review of the Italian e-health reform showing the most critical aspects.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Database genetici biobanche e" health information technology",The chapter examines the intellectual property liability and privacy aspects in research biobanks and health information technologies (electronic health records and m-health.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,La crisi della definizione di dato personale nell'era del web 3.0. Una riflessione civilistica in chiave comparata,1. Una storia di diritto e tecnologia: il crepuscolo della definizione di dato personale. 2. La protezione dei dati personali sulle due sponde dell’Atlantico: brevi note comparatistiche. 3. Le definizioni di informazione di carattere personale. 3.1. Il modello europeo. 3.2. Il modello statunitense. 3.3. Il “definitional divide”. 4. L’impatto (dirompente) della tecnologia sulla definizione giuridica. 5. Le soluzioni proposte dai privacy scholars nordamericani: di (in) definizioni interpretazioni contestuali e versioni 2.0. 6. Discussione critica e linee guida per un’indagine.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Open Bioinformation in the Life Sciences as a Gatekeeper for Innovation and Development,Despite the increasing advocacy towards the “openness” of science and research data it is still far from being a widespread practice. The goal of this paper is to identify the most pressing obstacles (in terms of funding technology Intellectual Property Rights contracts data protection and social norms) which are hindering the development of Open Science and Open Research Data with particular attention to the situation of developing countries. The innovative aim of this paper which is the first essay of a broader research is to prepare the epistemological basis for a Law and Technology theory of “Open Bioinformation” (OB) where bioinformation stands for research data in life sciences. We argue that so far the literature has addressed the promotion of openness in science and research data only in a sectorial manner taking into account just one or a few of the factors affecting openness as if they were not …,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Open Bioinformation in the Life Sciences as a Gatekeeper for Innovation and Development,Despite the increasing advocacy towards the “openness” of science and research data it is still far from being a widespread practice. The goal of this paper is to identify the most pressing obstacles (in terms of funding technology Intellectual Property Rights contracts data protection and social norms) which are hindering the development of Open Science and Open Research Data with particular attention to the situation of developing countries. The innovative aim of this paper which is the first essay of a broader research is to prepare the epistemological basis for a Law and Technology theory of “Open Bioinformation”(OB) where bioinformation stands for research data in life sciences. We argue that so far the literature has addressed the promotion of openness in science and research data only in a sectorial manner taking into account just one or a few of the factors affecting openness as if they were not related or mutually influenced. Therefore the suggested solutions are limited to a single perspective and fail to consider the dynamics of information control. In our view a holistic approach that tries to zoom out from the specific disciplines and take into account the whole picture would contribute to determining an effective policy for promoting OB. For this reason we have to consider the technological legal,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,WINDSURF V. KITESURF: UNA “TRAGEDIA DEL VENTO COMUNE”?,ROSSANA DUCATO-Dottore di ricerca in Studi Giuridici Europei e Comparati-diritto privato comparato Università degli Studi di Trento. Collabora con il gruppo di ricerca LawTech (www. lawtech. jus. unitn. it) per il quale cura la pagina tematica dedicata alla sanità elettronica (www. ehealthlaw. it). Ha coniugato i suoi interessi sportivi a quelli di ricerca esplorando le questioni di responsabilità civile degli sport acquatici. È infatti autrice dei capitoli dedicati agli sport del windsurf e del kitesurf del Trattato “La responsabilità civile e penale negli sport del turismo. III. L’acqua” curato da F. Morandi e U. Izzo (http://www. giappichelli. it/lacqua 7524299).,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,The Privacy of Minors within Patient-Centered eHealth Systems,E-health has become a central feature in the agenda of many European legislators. Health information technologies open up new legal issues in the transition from a paper-based framework to a digital one. The paper focus on a specific issue emerging in this transition the treatment of the so-called «supersensitive data» of minors processed within the legal framework of the «Fascicolo Sanitario Elettronico»(FSE) a patient-centred ehealth system that has been recently defined and regulated in Italian law. After having outlined the general discipline of this system the paper shows how the right to control their information (in some cases even against the parents’ right to access these information) recognized to minors by a growing body of sources of law and case law interpretations is challenged in this new scenario and need to be taken in account when designing the rules and the information flows permitted by FSE systems. In conclusion some recommendations to ensure the proper design and implementation of a FSE system according to the minors’ right to control their information are provided.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,La scienza della procreazione medicalmente assistita e il diritto della filiazione: note in tema di fecondazione eterologa,Skip to main content. User menu … 
,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Le tavole a propulsione eolica: il windsurf e il kitesurf,Ducato Rossana; Rossi Stefania. Le tavole a propulsione eolica: il windsurf e il kitesurf. In: La responsabilita'civile e penale negli sport del turismo. L'acqua Umberto Izzo Francesco Morandi: Giappichelli Torino 2015 p. 383-418,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Regole di sicurezza e responsabilità,Skip to main content. User menu … 
,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Sulla natura giuridica della responsabilità precontrattuale: il νόστος del" contatto sociale",Skip to main content. User menu … 
,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,La lesione della privacy di fronte alla" soglia di risarcibilità": la nuova Maginot del danno non patrimoniale?,Nell’ipotesi del danno non patrimoniale ex art. 15 comma 2 d. lgs. 30 giugno 2003 n. 196 l’operatività del rimedio aquiliano è condizionata alla verifica del superamento della cd.“soglia di risarcibilità” articolata nel duplice accertamento della “gravità della lesione” ossia dell’incidenza pregiudizievole sul diritto o interesse meritevole di tutela aquiliana e della “serietà del danno” quale effettività della perdita subìta dall’interessato secondo quanto previsto in applicazione dell’art. 2059 cc nelle ipotesi di pregiudizio inferto ai diritti inviolabili previsti in Costituzione. Pertanto non ogni violazione delle prescrizioni dettate all’art. 11 del Codice della privacy determina una lesione non iure del diritto alla protezione dei dati personali ma solo quella che ne offenda in modo sensibile la sua portata concreta ed effettiva,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Please mind the gap! Le differenze tra azione di rivendicazione e azione di restituzione,Skip to main content. User menu … 
,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,L'attività agonistica,Skip to main content. User menu … 
,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,The Privacy of Minors within Patient-Centered eHealth Systems,E-health has become a central feature in the agenda of many European legislators. Health information technologies open up new legal issues in the transition from a paper-based framework to a digital one. The paper focus on a specific issue emerging in this transition the treatment of the so-called «supersensitive data» of minors processed within the legal framework of the «Fascicolo Sanitario Elettronico»(FSE) a patient-centred ehealth system that has been recently defined and regulated in Italian law. After having outlined the general discipline of this system the paper shows how the right to control their information (in some cases even against the parents’ right to access these information) recognized to minors by a growing body of sources of law and case law interpretations is challenged in this new scenario and need to be taken in account when designing the rules and the information flows permitted by FSE systems. In conclusion some recommendations to ensure the proper design and implementation of a FSE system according to the minors’ right to control their information are provided.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Intellectual Property Open Science and Research Biobanks,In biomedical research and translational medicine the ancient war between exclusivity (private control over information) and access to information is proposing again on a new battlefield: research biobanks. The latter are becoming increasingly important (one of the ten ideas changing the world according to Time magazine) since they allow to collect store and distribute in a secure and professional way a critical mass of human biological samples for research purposes. Tissues and related data are fundamental for the development of the biomedical research and the emerging field of translational medicine: they represent the “raw material” for every kind of biomedical study. For this reason it is crucial to understand the boundaries of Intellectual Property (IP) in this prickly context. In fact both data sharing and collaborative research have become an imperative in contemporary open science whose development depends inextricably on: the opportunities to access and use data the possibility of sharing practices between communities the cross-checking of information and results and chiefly interactions with experts in different fields of knowledge. Data sharing allows both to spread the costs of analytical results that researchers cannot achieve working individually and if properly managed to avoid the duplication of research. These advantages are crucial: access to a common pool of pre-competitive data and the possibility to endorse follow-on research projects are fundamental for the progress of biomedicine. This is why the" open movement" is also spreading in the biobank's field. After an overview of the complex interactions among the …,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Profili giuridici dei Personal Health Records: l’autogestione dei dati sanitari da parte del paziente tra privacy e tutela della salute,Información del artículo Profili giuridici dei Personal Health Records: l'autogestione dei
dati sanitari da parte del paziente tra privacy e tutella della salute.
,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,The legal fate of biobanks between privacy IPRs and crisis of a firm. A preliminary study on the case of" bio-bankruptcy".,In the case of biobank bankruptcy the current legal framework is not suitable to protect the rights of research subjects. In the paper we identify such a gap in protection and suggest some remedies to address it.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Profili giuridici dei Personal Health Records: l'autogestione dei dati sanitari da parte del paziente tra privacy e tutella della salute,Información del artículo Profili giuridici dei Personal Health Records: l'autogestione dei
dati sanitari da parte del paziente tra privacy e tutella della salute.
,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Lo statuto giuridico della bioinformazione tra biobanche di ricerca e fascicolo sanitario elettronico,La tesi individua ed esplora in prospettiva comparata i profili privatistici che vengono in rilievo con riferimento alla gestione della bioinformazionenel contesto tecnologico delle biobanche di ricerca e del fascicolo sanitario elettronico,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,'Adiós Sui Géneris': A Study of the Legal Feasibility of the Sui Generis Right in the Context of Research Biobanks,The European protection of databases has been criticized for having a negative impact on the scientific development and the process of discovery. In the paper it is checked whether one of the most important research infrastructures such as biobanks could be entitled with the sui generis right as shaped within the current European legal system.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2013,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Diritto all'autodeterminazione informativa del minore e gestione dei dati" supersensibili" nel contesto del fascicolo sanitario elettronico,error,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2013,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Opening Research Biobanks: An Overview,In biomedical research and translational medicine the ancient war between the exclusive right (private control over information) and public access to information is struggling on a new battlefield: research biobanks. The latter are becoming increasingly important (one of the ten ideas changing the world according to Time magazine) because they collect store and distribute in a secure and professional way a critical mass of human biological samples for research purposes. Tissues and related data are fundamental for the development of biomedical research and the emerging field of translational medicine because they represent the “raw material” for every kind of biomedical study. For this reason it is crucial to understand the boundaries of IP in this prickly context. After an overview of the complex interactions among the different stakeholders involved in the process of the production of knowledge in this …,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2013,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Is Gattaca Already Here? An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Forensic Landscape of Biobanks,In the film Gattaca Andrew Niccol describes a dystopian society whose basic law is genetic code. All citizens are catalogued in a database and selected for both professional and personal relationships on the basis of their genetic makeup. In the society of Gattaca DNA is also used to conduct criminal investigations: because of a lash found at the crime scene the main character Vincent Freeman will be falsely accused of manslaughter…,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2012,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Insegnare l'etica delle professioni forensi attraverso le trame narrative: suggestioni dalla satira di Baltasar Gracián,La letteratura il teatro e da ultimo il cinema offrono al giurista la possibilità di guardare da un’altra prospettiva la realtà cui appartiene. Attraverso la rappresentazione del momento processuale o la narrazione di vicende dalla rilevanza giuridica le trame narrative mettono in luce le incongruenze del sistema-giustizia portando l’operatore del diritto ad interrogarsi su dilemmi etico-deontologici e sul suo stesso ruolo all’interno della società civile. Un operatore che raramente è considerato nella vicenda narrativa come un protagonista o un personaggio positivo: è semmai l’antitesi del kalos kai agathos. La letteratura ci restituisce infatti una rappresentazione del diritto e dei suoi professionisti tutt’altro che lusinghiera e la satira è stata uno dei generi maggiormente utilizzati in tal senso.,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2012,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,Un nuovo paradigma della filiazione? Dubbi di legittimità costituzionale sul divieto di fecondazione eterologa,Antologia di casi giurisprudenziali. Materiali per lo studio del diritto privato. ed. / Pasquino 
Teresa. 2011 … Ducato Rossana. / Un nuovo paradigma della filiazione? Dubbi di legittimità 
costituzionale sul divieto di fecondazione eterologa. Antologia di casi giurisprudenziali. Materiali 
per lo studio del diritto privato. editor / Pasquino Teresa. 2011.  ,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2011,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Rossana Ducato,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it,“Lost in Legislation”: il diritto multilivello delle biobanche di ricerca nel sistema delle fonti del diritto (convenzioni internazionali leggi europee nazionali e regionali …,La doppia elica del DNA racchiude al suo interno la chiave di accesso per la comprensione di malattie ritenute fino ad oggi incurabili. Le sue componenti rappresentano infatti una straordinaria fonte di informazioni rilevante dal punto di vista scientifico e di riflesso anche economico. Eppure le speranze della scienza e delle medicina personalizzata non sono unicamente riposte nel cosiddetto codice della vita. I progressi della ricerca biomedica raggiunti negli ultimi anni sono riconducibili sia agli sviluppi della biologia molecolare che ha permesso l’analisi massiccia dei dati genetici sia alla possibilità di disporre di una massa critica di campioni biologici raccolti annotati e conservati secondo standard di elevata qualità. Da qui la necessità di creare strumenti di lavoro e strutture come le biobanche capaci di collezionare in maniera sistematica organizzata e professionale materiale biologico di origine umana. Il termine biobanca conosce diverse declinazioni all’interno del panorama scientifico potendosi esse distinguere a seconda del tipo di materiale che conservano e dello scopo per cui sono state istituite. Di fronte a questo composito scenario la disciplina giuridica delle biobanche di ricerca appare altrettanto articolata. Manca ancora una definizione condivisa di biobanca e nel silenzio del legislatore prolificano le guidelines ed altri strumenti non vincolanti. Il ruolo dell’interprete in un simile frangente è pertanto quello di ricomporre le tessere di questo variegato mosaico applicando alla disciplina giuridica della biobanca quella regolamentazione contenuta in altri atti che può interessarla sotto alcuni profili. Dall’analisi del panorama …,legal design/privacy and data protection/intellectual property/biobank and ehealth law/platform economy,92,Postdoc Research Fellow/ UCLouvain and Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles,2010,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=JnkeH28AAAAJ&hl=it
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,Exclusivity in the 6th edition of Nigeria Broadcast Commission (NBC) Code and a glimpse of the practice in South Africa and the United Kingdom,error,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2021,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,No Man Is an Island: A Critical Analysis of the UK's Implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty,The Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled was signed on behalf of the European Union on 30 April 2014. On 13 September 2017 the European Union created a Directive (2017/1564) implementing its obligations under the Marrakesh Treaty. This Directive and corresponding Regulations came into force on 12 October 2018 which was the deadline provided to member states in implementing the Directive. On the 11th of September 2018 the United Kingdom made the Copyright and Related Rights (Marrakesh Treaty etc.)(Amendment) Regulations 2018. The UK's Marrakesh Regulations came into force the day before the EU deadline and the lack of in-depth critical debate around this piece of legislation as well as the EU having initiated legal proceedings against the UK underscores the necessity of this paper. This paper …,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,Strangers in the night: a comparative study on the socio-legal difficulties of importing America’s Bayh-Dole legislation to South African universities,In 2008 the South African parliament passed the Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act which came into effect on 2 August 2010. In doing so South Africa sought to replicate the apparent success of the United States of America’s Bayh-Dole legislation. One of the express objectives of the Bayh-Dole Act is the increase in university-industry collaborations. Whilst UI has not been expressly stated as a primary aim of the IPR Act the legislative history has demonstrated that issues relating to UI have permeated the political landscape from the inception of the IPR Act. It is therefore relevant-although hitherto unexplored-to consider whether South Africa’s IPR Act might have the same supposedly positive effect on UI experienced by the Bayh-Dole Act. In answering this question this paper chooses to focus on two factors which may be considered particularly pertinent in light of South Africa’s recent socio-legal landscape namely (a) the lack of substantive patent examinations and (b) government investment in higher education. To this end it will be argued that the IPR Act will only serve to have a negative effect on UI if any at all.,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,Good practice and the UK LLB degree or: how I learned to stop worrying and love the 21st century,Law schools have-unlike for example the arts or humanities-been resistant to change when it comes to progressive student pedagogies preferring to hold on to traditional models of teaching and learning. This paper looks at what is considered to be good practice in the current higher education landscape broadly and then develops what it considers to be good practice for law schools specifically. This law-specific definition of good practice encompasses both active as well as reflective learning that can be facilitated by means of a blended classroom. Whilst traditional pedagogies remain prevalent in law schools generally this paper questions whether a teaching-intensive modern UK higher education institution like Abertay University is able to break the mould. To this end the paper explores to what extent this definition of good practice is reflected within Abertay University’s law school using as a case study the Public Law module of 2017/2018. It concludes by finding that contrary to popular belief there is much that ancient institutions can learn from modern establishments when it comes to the student experience.,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,Comment on the Copyright Amendment Bill (B-13-2017),4 p. Department of Trade and Industry Republic of South Africa. 2017 Comment to the South 
African Parliament on the Copyright Amendment Bill (B-13-2017) … Kouletakis J. Comment 
on the Copyright Amendment Bill (B-13-2017). 2017. 4 p.  ,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,South Africa's draft copyright amendment bill to incorporate exception for the visually impaired,On 27 July 2015 the South African government published the Draft Copyright Amendment Bill for comments. What makes this Draft Copyright Bill such an achievement is that it includes copyright exceptions for the visually impaired in the spirit of the Marrakesh Treaty. However the dismal nature of the Draft Copyright Bill as a whole threatens to compromise this momentous achievement.,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,The language of western homogeneity: a rose by any other name is a potential lawsuit,It has sometimes been stated that international legislation favours the developed nations that create it to the detriment of the developing nations who must abide by it. This paper shall pose this question with regard to the issue of copyright law relating to the right to translate a literary work as expressed in the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement and applied in South Africa. In other words this paper shall ask: Does the right to make a translation of a literary work as currently expressed in international instruments work to the detriment of developing countries such as South Africa? The answer shall be a resounding ‘yes’. This is because whilst developed countries are largely homogenous in culture and therefore language developing countries have become cultural melting pots through centuries of migration and colonialization. The failure of such instruments to adequately cater for the developing world’s …,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,Marrakesh treaty implementation guide South Africa,This guideline document aims to enable the South African lawmaker to swiftly move forward with the implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled in line with the country’s public expression of support for the treaty. The document examines the compatibility of the provisions of the treaty with the current copyright regime in South Africa and where necessary it provides suggestions for legislative amendments. The copyright law revision process currently underway in South Africa together with the country’s goal of introducing a national IP Policy provide a unique opportunity for making these changes in a timely manner.,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,A critical examination of copyright limitations and exceptions for the visually impaired pertaining to literary works in South Africa in the local and global context,The aim of the paper will be to demonstrate that South African law as it stands in terms of the Copyright Act fails to provide equal access to literary works for the visually impaired community compared to the able bodied community. In failing to provide equal access the South African government has failed to realise the theoretical justifications underpinning the law of copyright as well as its obligations on both a national (in terms of the constitution legislation and case law) and international level. It will then be asked what South Africa ought to do so as to better this situation by examining what the international community is doing in order to better establish an environment of equal access to literary works specifically in terms of the recent Marrakesh Treaty and what implications this may have for South Africa in its quest to better balance the interests of copyright users and owners in such a way that equal access is achieved.,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Jade Kouletakis,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en,The Oscar Pistorius trial: the case for copyright infringement regarding the image of state witnesses,The Oscar Pistorius trial needs no introduction. However what does need investigating is the potential copyright issue which undercurrents the trial particularly in regards to one of the state witnesses Dr Michelle Burger. Dr Burger works as a lecturer at the University of Pretoria. As such her staff photo was made available on the University’s website along with her colleagues’ photos. It is that staff photo which shall be the topic of this legal opinion. Many academic and non-fiction authors have their images displayed on the websites of their research institutions and so there is a need for clarity on what may and may not be done by third parties in regards to such images.Before testifying Dr Burger exercised her right to permit only an audio recording of her testimony be used for broadcasting purposes. In other words the media was barred from showing her image but not from recording and publishing her oral testimony. However local media house eNCA and newspaper Die Beeld ignored this limitation and respectively broadcasted and published the staff photograph of Dr Burger which they had sourced from the University’s website. In order to decide whether or not there is an action for copyright infringement to be had against eNCA and Die Beeld we shall have to ask whether or not the two media houses unlawfully in their use of Dr Burger’s photo. If as shall be argued here they did act unlawfully we shall then have to surmise who might be able to hold the two media houses accountable in terms of copyright law.,intellectual property/public policy/public law/developing nations,2,Abertay University,2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=uE1oO1gAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,The French Legislation against Digital Information Manipulation in Electoral Campaigns: A Scope Limited by Freedom of Expression,As France is traditionally opposed to electronic voting especially when used in general elections or national referenda electoral interference could take the form of false information disseminated online. Indeed misinformation may affect the honesty of electoral debates and influence voting behavior. This article first studies the electoral interference that occurred in France during the 2017 presidential campaign and that targeted more particularly the future president of the republic Emmanuel Macron. It shows that the laws that existed at the time could only imperfectly counter disinformation spread in an online environment. This article then analyzes the new laws on the fight against the manipulation of information adopted in reaction to the 2017 electoral interference with the support of the president of the republic. It studies how those laws aim to react to manipulation of digital information before general elections …,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2021,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Hacking-Back by Private Companies and the Rule of Law,States exercise their sovereign authority over the cyber infrastructure based on their territory but many of them have only limited sovereign authority over other non-physical layers of cyber space. Those do not control the use of the cyber infrastructure located on their territorial base or any other area under their exclusive control. This is true of poorly technologically developed States yet also of technologically developed States–whose political and legal culture currently precludes the level of monitoring that would be necessary to completely monitor cyber communications. So despite the will to exert sovereign authority over cyber space most States are not currently able to completely prevent react to or even detect cyber attacks on or emanating from the cyber infrastructure within their territorial borders. In particular States are generally slow in deterring and prosecuting cyber attackers targeting private companies. In light of the ineffective action of many States in securing cyber space private actors whether multinational information corporations or private cyber security companies hired by other companies have reacted to harmful cyber operations themselves. Cyber defence activities may stay in the network of the defender. Alternatively they may intrude into the network of the cyber attacker and are then known as “hack-back” activities. International law does not recognise the right of hacking-back by private entities and in principle does not prohibit it. Hacking-back by non-State actors is however currently contrary to national legal systems and as such contrary to the content of the rule of law at municipal levels. States may be tempted to …,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,A necessary harmonised criminalisation of online acts precursor of terrorism,error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,The Criminalization of Online Terrorism Preparatory Acts Under International Law,Terrorist organizations increasingly resort to the Internet to promote terrorism recruit new terrorists plan and finance their operations. The paper first proposes a definition of terrorism cyberterrorism and online terrorism preparatory acts. It then analyses whether current binding international instruments on terrorism organized crime or cybercrime could prohibit cyber activities precursor of terrorism. The paper concludes that there is no gap in international law that leaves online terrorism related acts completely unregulated. It nevertheless recommends the drafting of an international treaty that would respond more comprehensively precisely and thus efficiently to the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes.,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Respect for State Sovereignty: Primacy of Intervention by Invitation over the Right to Self-Defence,error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Securing cyber space: the obligation of States to prevent harmful international cyber operations,The paper argues that the obligation of States to prevent harmful international activities perpetrated within their territory or any other area under their exclusive control applies to activities conducted in cyber space. Thus a State is bound by an obligation to prevent detrimental cyber conduct committed from its territory or transiting through its territory or any other area under its exclusive control when it knows or should have known of the conduct when the conduct contradicts the rights of another State and when it may cause or is causing serious harm. Where a State is aware or should have been aware of the misuse of its territorial cyber infrastructure the State must attempt to prevent or to react to the harmful transboundary operation applying all reasonable measures. The content of the obligation of due diligence to prevent damaging cross-border cyber activities depends on the economic financial and human …,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,United Nations Security Council Resolution 1390 (2002) on continuation of measures against the Taliban and Al-Qaida 16th January 2002 (UN Doc S/RES/1390/2002),error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Le respect des droits de l’homme dans les actions du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies,Cet article analyse si le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies doit respecter le droit international des droits de l’homme quand il adopte des mesures sur la base du chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations qui affectent directement des individus. L’étude examine également si le Conseil de sécurité doit prendre en considération le droit international des droits de l’homme quand il adopte des mesures coercitives qui doivent être appliquées sans pouvoir discrétionnaire par les États membres. Un objectif des Nations Unies inscrit à l’article 1 § 3 de la Charte de l’Organisation est de développer et d’encourager le respect des droits de l’homme par les États membres. Le principe général de droit international de bonne foi qui s’applique aux Nations Unies requiert que l’Organisation y compris le Conseil de sécurité interprètent la Charte de bonne foi. Cette étude applique le principe général de bonne foi à l …,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,The Right to Self-Defence against Non-State Actors: Criteria of the ‘Unwilling or Unable’Test,Some of the States involved in the fight against ISIL in Syria assert that they have a right to individual and/or collective self-defence for two reasons: because ISIL perpetrates armed attacks and because Syria is “unwilling or unable” to prevent the commission of those attacks. The “unwilling or unable” test is not part of contemporary international law. Indeed State practice remains unclear as to the requirements for the implementation of this test when it is applied to a State from which a non-State actor commits armed attacks in the absence of any positive support of that State. This essay aims to present what should be those requirements.,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,The Fight Against the “Islamic State” in Syria: Towards the modification of the right to self-defence?,This article analyses whether the military operation against the “Islamic State” in Syria led to a modification of the right to self-defence in customary international law. It outlines the arguments presented by some States in favour of a right to self-defence against the IS as a non-State actor. It also explains that in contradiction with the traditional temporal understanding of the right to self-defence some of the States intervening in Syria assert a right to react to imminent armed attacks or even to a simple threat of armed attacks committed by the IS. This article shows that there is limited international acceptance of a broad right to self-defence as a justification for the military involvement in Syria. It concludes that neither a right to self-defence against a non-State actor nor a right to self-defence in reaction to potential future attacks has crystallised in customary international law. However it acknowledges that the fight directed …,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Self-Defence Against Non-State Actors: Impulses from the Max Planck Trialogues on the Law of Peace and War,The legality of self-defence against non-state actors is currently one of the most contested issues of the jus contra bellum. How should we interpret state practice–has it already given rise in law to a broader concept of self-defence or is the traditional state centred view still good law? Under which specific requirements should self-defence against non-state actors if at all be regarded as lawful and how can an abuse of an extended right to self-defence be prevented? The “Impulses from the Max Planck Trialogues on the Law of Peace and War” consist of short essays dealing with these questions.,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Enforcement of UN Security Council Resolutions and of International Court of Justice Judgments: The Unreliability of Political Enforcement Mechanisms,This study outlines the different enforcement mechanisms of Security Council resolutions as well as of ICJ judgments. Overall enforcement can take two forms: direct enforcement when the content of the decision not implemented by the addressee is implemented by another actor; or indirect enforcement when coercive measures are taken against the non-complying actor in order to compel compliance. The study first outlines how binding Security Council measures are enforced before analysing the enforcement of ICJ judgments. It then examines the enforcement of Security Council resolutions and of ICJ judgments arguing that such enforcement is mostly political influenced by State sensitivities and thus unreliable. The study finally concludes with some proposed alternatives to improving the consistency of the enforcement of Security Council and ICJ measures.,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,United Nations Security Council Resolution 2253 (2015) on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts 17th December 2015 (UN Doc S/RES/2253/2015),error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,The United Nations Security Council Sanctions and International Human Rights, This article assesses whether the United Nations Security Council must respect human rights under international law when acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. It argues that the Security Council has to respect human rights enshrined in those human rights treaties drawn up under the United Nations’ auspices and in non-peremptory customary international law when this is not incompatible with the Security Council’s objective of maintaining or restoring international peace and security. The analysis also argues however that the Security Council must comply with peremptory international human rights with no exception. The paper concludes that Chapter VII action by the Security Council is limited only to a small extent by international human rights standards.,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,The Fight against the ‘Islamic State’in Syria and the Right to Self-Defence,Since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011 organised networks have spread out across borders overtaking cities. The most famous of these is the ‘Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant’(ISIL) more commonly known as ‘Islamic State’(IS)(Flasch 2015: 3). Militants of IS now control wide portions of territory in Iraq and Syria as well as an area in Libya. IS has killed and injured thousands of people and IS-related violence has led to the displacement of over a million people. Atrocities committed by the IS have extended to several other countries in the Middle-East in West-Africa and in Europe (Zerrouky Audureau and Vaudano 2015).In response to attacks of IS Iraq has requested that the United States and its allies assist it in defending itself against the group. Since September 2014 Iraq together with the United States and several other states has been using force against IS in Syria without the consent of the Syrian regime. Iraq acts on the basis of its right to individual self-defence and the other intervening states intervene on the basis of the right to collective self-defence. Self-defence as well as the use of force within an authorisation given by the United Nations (UN) Security Council constitute the two exceptions to the international prohibition on the use of force between states (Articles 51 and 42 UN Charter). An action in self-defence can be individual when the victim state reacts to an armed attack or collective when other states react to an armed attack on the request of the victim state. France began its military intervention in Syria in September 2015 resorting to the rights to both individual and collective self-defence. After the terror attacks …,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Review of ‘Emmanuelle Tourme Jouannet International Law Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2015 126p’,In: Leiden journal of international law Vol. 29 No. 2 06.2016 p. 605-608 … Couzigou 
Irene. / Review of 'Emmanuelle Tourme Jouannet International Law Cambridge Cambridge 
University Press 2015 126p'. In: Leiden journal of international law. 2016 ; Vol. 29 No. 2. 
pp. 605-608.  ,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,A Short Introduction to International Law,(CUP 2014) 328 pages and What is a Fair International Society?(Hart Publishing 2013) 252 pages. This new book totally departs from traditional introductions to international law describing the content and functioning of that law. The book explains that current international law is the product of an evolution that began at the beginning of the eighteenth century and that was influenced by the political sociological and cultural context. This historical-contextual approach gives a realistic and critical vision of international law. Thus the author departs from the traditional positivist point of view that dominates French speaking academia. She also makes a valuable contribution to other introductions to international law by English-speaking academia that when it studies international law in context usually only examines how international law is influenced by international politics. The book contains three chapters each …,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,United Nations Security Council Resolution 2249 (2015) on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts 20th November 2015 (UN Doc S/RES/2249/2015),error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Yalta Conference,Couzigou I. (2016). Yalta Conference. In F. Lachenmann & R. Wolfrum (Eds.) The Law of Armed 
Conflict and the Use of Force (pp. 1422-1427). Oxford University Press … The Law of Armed 
Conflict and the Use of Force. ed. / Frauke Lachenmann; Rüdiger Wolfrum. Oxford University 
Press 2016. p. 1422-1427 … Couzigou I 2016 Yalta Conference. in F Lachenmann & R Wolfrum 
(eds) The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force. Oxford University Press pp. 
1422-1427.  ,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,The use of force as a response to cyberterrorism,Cyber technology is likely to become an essential terrorist tool. Indeed the development of cyberspace enables terrorist actors to increase their offensive capabilities significantly. Furthermore cyberattacks can be carried out more easily and with a lower risk of detection than attacks with conventional weapons: it is enough to have a computer and a connection to the Internet. It is important then that general definitions of terrorism can be applied to cyberterrorism. Article 2 of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism understands a terrorist act as:[a] ny other act intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to a civilian or to any other person not taking an active part in hostilities in a situation of armed conflict when the purpose of such an act by its nature or context is to intimidate a population or to compel a Government or an international Organization to do or to abstain from doing any act.(at www. un. org/law/cod/finterr. htm 1 July 2014)This definition is only for the purposes of the Convention. However since the convention is almost universal–186 state parties as of December 2014–it constitutes the nearest approach today to a comprehensive definition of terrorism agreed on by the international community. Similarly article 2 (1) of the Draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism provides:,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,International organisations and states within an agency relationship: The distribution of responsibility, This article first examines the entire range of agency relationships between an international organisation acting as a principal and one or more states acting as its agent(s). It is here argued that an agency relationship between an international organisation and one or more state(s) can be established by the constitutive treaty of the organisation or ad hoc. In particular an ad hoc agency relationship results from a state placing one of its organs at the disposal of an international organisation and under its effective control with the purpose of carrying out functions of that organisation.The article then examines the consequences for the responsibility of the organisation andthe relevant state(s) of an agency relationship between an international organisation acting as a principal and one or more states acting as its agent(s). It is demonstrated that an international organisation may be responsible …,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,The Challenges Posed by Cyber Attacks to the Law on Self-Defence,States have become increasingly dependent on computers and the networks that connect them. The development of cyber space enables States and non-State actors to increase their offensive capabilities significantly. Cyber attacks can now be carried out more easily and with a lower risk of detection than attacks with conventional weapons. These attacks may produce effects that are not only internal to a computer or network but also external by causing harm to connected facilities which could in turn lead to serious physical harm to property or individuals. Such would be the case for example when a computer network attack disables an air traffic control system and causes an airliner to crash. This paper addresses a number of challenges posed by cyber attacks to the law of self-defence. Section II outlines the international criteria for the attribution of a cyber operation to a State. Section III argues that only cyber attacks reaching the level of an armed attack give the right to the victim State to use self-defence. Section IV explains that the law on self-defence does not offer an effective response to cyber attacks because as international law stands only cyber attacks attributed to States trigger the right to self-defence. Section V concludes that current international law on self-defence needs to be adapted to meet the challenges posed by cyber attacks.,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,La relation de mandat entre Etats et organisations internationales et ses conséquences sur la responsabilité des organisations internationales,Couzigou I. (2014). La relation de mandat entre Etats et organisations internationales et ses 
conséquences sur la responsabilité des organisations internationales. In D. Sarooshi (Ed.) Mesures 
de réparation et responsabilité à raison des actes des organisations internationales (pp. 
147-184). [4] (Centre for Studies and Research in International Law and International Relations 
Series; Vol. 14). Brill … La relation de mandat entre Etats et organisations internationales et 
ses conséquences sur la responsabilité des organisations internationales. / Couzigou 
Irene … Mesures de réparation et responsabilité à raison des actes des organisations 
internationales. ed. / Dan Sarooshi. Brill 2014. p. 147-184 4 (Centre for Studies and Research 
in International Law and International Relations Series; Vol. 14) … Couzigou I 2014 La relation 
de mandat entre Etats et organisations internationales et ses conséquences sur la … ,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2014,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Territorial Decentralisation in France: Towards Autonomy and Democracy,error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2013,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Kehler Hafen Case,Couzigou I. (2012). Kehler Hafen Case. In Wolfrum (Ed.) [Max Planck] Encyclopedia of Public 
International Law (pp. 575-578). Oxford University Press … [Max Planck] Encyclopedia of Public 
International Law. ed. / Wolfrum. Oxford University Press 2012. p. 575-578 … Couzigou I 
2012 Kehler Hafen Case. in Wolfrum (ed.) [Max Planck] Encyclopedia of Public International 
Law. Oxford University Press pp. 575-578.  ,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2012,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Société Levant Express Transport Case,Couzigou I. (2012). Société Levant Express Transport Case. In R. Wolfrum (Ed.) [Max 
Planck] Encyclopedia of Public International Law (pp. 250-252). Oxford University Press … 
Société Levant Express Transport Case. / Couzigou Irene … [Max Planck] Encyclopedia of 
Public International Law. ed. / Rudiger Wolfrum. Oxford University Press 2012. p. 250-252 … 
Couzigou I 2012 Société Levant Express Transport Case. in R Wolfrum (ed.) [Max Planck] Encyclopedia 
of Public International Law. Oxford University Press pp. 250-252.  ,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2012,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Review of ‘Theodor Schilling Internationaler Menschenrechtsschutz Tübingen Mohr Siebeck 2010 398p',Couzigou I. (2012). Review of 'Theodor Schilling Internationaler Menschenrechtsschutz 
Tübingen Mohr Siebeck 2010 398p'. Archiv des Völkerrechts 50(1) 102-103 … Review of 
'Theodor Schilling Internationaler Menschenrechtsschutz Tübingen Mohr Siebeck 2010 
398p'. / Couzigou Irene … In: Archiv des Völkerrechts Vol. 50 No. 1 03.2012 p. 102-103.   … Couzigou I 2012 'Review of 'Theodor Schilling Internationaler Menschenrechtsschutz 
Tübingen Mohr Siebeck 2010 398p'' Archiv des Völkerrechts vol. 50 no. 1 pp. 102-103 … 
Couzigou I. Review of 'Theodor Schilling Internationaler Menschenrechtsschutz Tübingen Mohr 
Siebeck 2010 398p'. Archiv des Völkerrechts. 2012 Mar;50(1):102-103 … Couzigou 
Irene. / Review of 'Theodor Schilling Internationaler Menschenrechtsschutz Tübingen Mohr 
Siebeck 2010 398p'. In: Archiv des Völkerrechts. 2012 ; Vol. 50 No. 1. pp. 102-103.  ,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2012,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,La Bretagne Arbitral Award,Couzigou I. (2012). La Bretagne Arbitral Award. In R. Wolfrum (Ed.) [Max Planck] Encyclopedia 
of Public International Law (pp. 619-621). OXFORD UNIV PRESS … [Max Planck] Encyclopedia 
of Public International Law. ed. / Rudiger Wolfrum. OXFORD UNIV PRESS 2012. p. 
619-621 … Couzigou I 2012 La Bretagne Arbitral Award. in R Wolfrum (ed.) [Max Planck] 
Encyclopedia of Public International Law. OXFORD UNIV PRESS pp. 619-621.  ,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2012,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Review of ‘Jane McAdam Climate Change Forced Migration and International Law Oxford Oxford University Press 2012 319p',error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2012,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,L'évolution du statut international de l'Allemagne depuis 1945,Skip to main navigation Skip to search Skip to main content … 
,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2011,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Review of 'Olivier Corten The Law Against War Oxford Hart Publishing 2010 569p',error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2011,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,L'incidence du droit à la vie sur le droit à un procès équitable dans la jurisprudence du Comité des droits de l'homme,Le Comité des droits de l’homme interprète de manière plus exigeante des garanties du droit à un procès équitable dans des procès pouvant aboutir à une condamnation à mort et qui mettent donc en cause le droit à la vie. Le Comité interprète de manière assez prudente la base du droit à un procès équitable. Il requiert en revanche une mise en oeuvre plus rigoureuse des garanties spécifiques au droit à un procès équitable en matière pénale dans les procès où la peine capitale est encourue que dans d’autres procès où la peine encourue est moins grave. En outre suite à une interprétation englobante du paragraphe 2 de l’article 6 du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques le Comité des droits de l’homme intègre le droit au procès équitable dans le droit à la vie. Il constate dès lors que la violation de la règle du procès équitable constitue aussi en soi une violation du droit à la vie si une sentence de mort a été prononcée. Or le droit à la vie faisant partie des droits intangibles le droit à un procès équitable devient lui-même indérogeable quand l’individu est passible de la peine capitale.,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2010,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Le référendum obligatoire sur l'Europe en France,error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2010,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,La lutte du Conseil de sécurité contre le terrorisme international et les droits de l'homme,Información del artículo La lutte du Conseil de sécurité contre le
terrorisme international et les droits de l'homme.
,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2008,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Le référendum français et la construction européenne,Couzigou I. (2008). Le référendum français et la construction européenne. Revue de Droit International 
et de Droit Comparé 87(1) 30-72 … Le référendum français et la construction 
européenne. / Couzigou Irene … In: Revue de Droit International et de Droit Comparé Vol. 
87 No. 1 2008 p. 30-72 … Couzigou I 2008 'Le référendum français et la construction 
européenne' Revue de Droit International et de Droit Comparé vol. 87 no. 1 pp. 30-72 … 
Couzigou I. Le référendum français et la construction européenne. Revue de Droit International 
et de Droit Comparé. 2008;87(1):30-72 … Couzigou Irene. / Le référendum français et la construction 
européenne. In: Revue de Droit International et de Droit Comparé. 2008 ; Vol. 87 No. 1. pp. 
30-72.  ,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2008,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Le droit à la réunification des nations des Etats divisés,Couzigou I. (2008). Le droit à la réunification des nations des Etats divisés. Revue de Droit 
International 3 221-250 … Le droit à la réunification des nations des Etats divisés. / 
Couzigou Irene … In: Revue de Droit International Vol. 3 2008 p. 221-250 … Couzigou 
I 2008 'Le droit à la réunification des nations des Etats divisés' Revue de Droit International 
vol. 3 pp. 221-250 … Couzigou I. Le droit à la réunification des nations des Etats divisés. Revue 
de Droit International. 2008;3:221-250 … Couzigou Irene. / Le droit à la réunification des nations 
des Etats divisés. In: Revue de Droit International. 2008 ; Vol. 3. pp. 221-250.  ,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2008,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Le Conseil de Securite Doit-il Respecter les Droits de l'Homme dans son Action Coercitive de Maintien de la Paix,Le Conseil de sécurité doit respecter dans son action coercitive de maintien de la paix les droits de l’homme non impératifs inscrits dans les instruments de base de protection des droits de l’homme édifiés dans le cadre de l’Organisation des Nations unies à moins que cela ne soit pas compatible avec l’objectif poursuivi de sauvegarde de la paix. Il est lié par une obligation conditionnée de respect des droits de l’homme (non impératifs) garantis par les principaux instruments internationaux des droits de l’homme. Cette obligation peut être issue d’une application du principe général de bonne foi à la Charte des Nations unies. Plus simplement elle peut correspondre à un engagement coutumier du Conseil de sécurité. L’organe de l’ONU est également lié en vertu de la Charte par le droit international coutumier (seulement obligatoire) des droits de l’homme. Il s’agit aussi d’une obligation conditionnée par le …,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2007,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,L'évolution du statut international de l'Allemagne depuis 1945: Contribution à la théorie de l'Etat en droit international,La question centrale de l’étude juridique du statut international de l’Allemagne depuis 1945 est celle de la continuité de cet Etat. En 1945 les Etats-Unis l’Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques le Royaume-Uni et la France instaurent une occupation quadripartite en Allemagne. La mésentente entre les Alliés occidentaux et l’Union soviétique aboutit en 1949 à l’établissement de deux Républiques sur le territoire de l’Etat allemand: la République fédérale d’Allemagne et la République démocratique allemande. Les Quatre grands conservent des droits d’occupation sur l’Etat allemand dans son ensemble c’est-à-dire sur l’Etat allemand englobant le territoire des deux Républiques allemandes. Berlin continue de subir un statut d’occupation particulier. Les pouvoirs réservés d'occupation des quatre vainqueurs sur l’Etat allemand dans son ensemble incluent une compétence de détermination du statut de cet Etat. Les attributions réservées des occupants limitent également la plénitude des compétences étatiques de la RFA Et de la RDA lesquelles sont pourtant reconnues comme Etats. La situation d’exception constituée par l’incertitude du statut de l’Etat allemand se termine avec l’effondrement du bloc communiste. Seuls quelques mois suffisent pour organiser la disparition de la RDA Et le rétablissement en 1991 d’une Allemagne souveraine identique à la RFA Cette thèse tente de synthétiser l’ensemble des enseignements que peut apporter à la théorie de l’Etat en droit international l’évolution de la condition internationale de l’Allemagne à partir de 1945.,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),2005,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Irene Couzigou, PhD, LLM,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en,Le Refus d'adhésion de la Suisse à l'ONU,error,General Public International Law/The law of International Peace and Security/International Cyber Security Law/International H,77,Senior Lecturer University of Aberdeen School of Law (UK),1996,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=vNvRYksAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Hossein Fazilatfar Overriding Mandatory Rules in International Commercial Arbitration,Edinburgh Studies in Law is an important series that was launched by Edinburgh University Press in 2005 in association with the Edinburgh Law Review Trust. The series provides a forum for high-quality academic writing on contemporary substantive law private and public as well as for legal theory and legal history.A distinctive feature is a focus on Scots law and legal culture from an international and comparative perspective. Scots law is among the handful of legal systems which combines the common law with the civil law and some of the initial volumes in the series explore aspects of such'mixed'legal systems.,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Metka Potočnik Arbitrating Brands:: International Investment Treaties and Trade Marks (Elgar International Investment Law 2019) ISBN: 978 1 78897 180 5 (print copy available …,In: ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal Vol. 35 No. 1-2 12.06.2020 p. 
415–418 … Zivkovic Patricia. / Metka Potočnik Arbitrating Brands: International Investment 
Treaties and Trade Marks ( Elgar International Investment Law 2019) ISBN: 978 1 78897 180 
5 (print copy available from Elgar Publishing £90.00; ebook version available from various ebook 
vendors £22). In: ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal. 2020 ; Vol. 35 No. 1-2. 
pp. 415–418.  ,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Arbitrating Brands: International Investment Treaties and Trade Marks,Lawyers involved in investment arbitration are now more than ever racing with the demands of the legal and business market. The most recent event that is expected to develop a discussion in the realm of investment arbitration and more widely is the COVID-19 situation that has marked the year 2020 and it is yet to be seen how long this public health crisis will remain active. The triggering of force majeure clauses and the financial consequences caused by COVID-19 will certainly find their place in future investment disputes. However investment arbitration has been a dynamic field of law for some time before that. Recently investment arbitration has been exposed to several important developments such as: the issues of the applicability and validity of intra-EU investment bilateral investment treaties (BITs); that of considering an international arbitral award a form of state aid; the arbitration saga on plain …,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Metka Potočnik Arbitrating Brands: International Investment Treaties and Trade Marks,Lawyers involved in investment arbitration are now more than ever racing with the demands of the legal and business market. The most recent event that is expected to develop a discussion in the realm of investment arbitration and more widely is the COVID-19 situation that has marked the year 2020 and it is yet to be seen how long this public health crisis will remain active. The triggering of force majeure clauses and the financial consequences caused by COVID-19 will certainly find their place in future investment disputes. However investment arbitration has been a dynamic field of law for some time before that. Recently investment arbitration has been exposed to several important developments such as: the issues of the applicability and validity of intra-EU investment bilateral investment treaties (BITs); that of considering an international arbitral award a form of state aid; the arbitration saga on plain …,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Overriding Mandatory Rules in International Commercial Arbitration,Public policy and its reflection in overriding mandatory rules has been a long-discussed hurdle in the international arbitration community and it still represents a puzzle for even experienced arbitrators and academics. This book leads the reader through five chapters of a well-thoughtout perspective on the application of overriding mandatory rules in international commercial arbitration.The definition of overriding mandatory rules has long been discussed back-to-back with the notion of public policy. It is not an easy job to offer a solid definition of either of these terms; however the author's attempted definition in chapter one is concise and supported by a thorough overview of legal sources and authorities. The leitmotiv of the pursuit of the definition of overriding mandatory rules is that the definition of these rules is underpinned by the notion of public policy even though the mandatory rules have over time emerged …,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2020,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,From Our Archives: Admitting Illegally Obtained Evidence in International Arbitration,error,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA,Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is the testing ground for investment arbitration in Europe: the majority of the cases against EU Member States are proceedings launched against countries from the region. Despite their relevance CEE experiences have not been analysed in a comprehensive manner. This book is the first of its kind to present an extensive collection of case law on investment arbitration within Europe. Contributors provide contextual analysis taking political economic and regulatory factors in to account to create an accessible text for practitioners and scholars alike.,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Croatia,View the chapter Croatia by Boris Praštalo Patricia Živkovic -
IEL Commercial and Economic Law.
,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2019,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,The Impact of Cost Decisions on the Efficiency of Arbitral Proceedings,There is a stance in the arbitration community that the allocation of the costs of arbitration can be used as a means to enhance efficiency in international arbitration. Such adverse costs decisions are supposed to be incentives for parties and counsels to act more diligently and efficiently. However there are certain limits to this approach stemming from the lack of predictability the applicable cost allocation standard and the party against which these sanctions are rendered. These limits are explored in this article. Also the article investigates the impact of decisions on the...,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2018,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,The Recoverability of Outcome-Based Fees Related to Dispute Financing in International Arbitration: Does the Essar in Norscot Case Bring Anything New to the Table?,The article provides an in-depth analysis of the recent decisions made in Essar in the Norscot case in which the arbitrator decided to order a non-funded party to recover the third party funder's uplift in its entirety. The follow-up discussion focused on the question of whether the arbitrator had the power to do so in the first place and the funder's uplift properly characterized as costs under applicable rules. This article follows this discussion and embeds it within international arbitration theory and practice to determine whether there are any novelties that are brought to the table by Essar in Norscot decisions when it comes to recoverability of outcome-based fees in international arbitration.,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2017,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Impecunious Parties in Arbitration: An Overview of European National Courts’ Practice,Arbitration is a privately funded dispute resolution mechanism. When concluding the arbitration agreement the parties usually agree to pay the advance on costs which is calculated in accordance with a predictable cost schedule for the calculation of the arbitrator’s fees and administrative charges and at the same time they are expected to fund their attorney’s fees. Since without the payment of the advance or the sufficient funds for legal representation the parties’ claims will not be heard at all or the principle on the equality of the parties may be disturbed the financial incapacity of either of the parties may severely jeopardize their due process rights. This paper analyses the aftermath of the impecuniosity of the parties in arbitration depending on the procedural position of an impecunious party in an arbitral proceeding. The analysis is based on the comparison of national courts’ practice in Germany Austria Hungary England and Wales France and Portugal.,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2016,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,The Challenge of the Yukos Award: an Award Written by Someone Else–a Violation of the Tribunal’s Mandate,error,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,If they finance your claim will they pay me if I win: implications of third party funding on adverse costs awards in international arbitration,Third party funding is a new industry which provides financial support to parties in litigation and arbitration proceedings. The full variety of its implications on international commercial arbitration is yet to be seen. For that reason national courts arbitral tribunals and doctrine are widely dealing with its repercussions on arbitration proceedings. In order to contribute to this wide discussion this paper focuses on one particular aspect within the arbitration proceedings influenced by a third party funding: responsibility for payment of adverse costs in cases involving impecunious claimants. The problem presented in this paper is whether in case where the claimant cannot cover the costs the third party funder should be responsible for the successful adverse party's costs and on which legal basis? The two parts of the paper analyze the possibilities for such funder's responsibility at two stages of the proceedings:(1) at the …,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Enforcement of an Award Set Aside: the So-Called ‘Preferred Approach’and its Application under English Law’,error,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Impecunious party in arbitration proceedings and its rights under Article 6 (1) of the European Convention on Human Rights,The paper is focused on the protection of the right to a fair trial under Article 6 (1) of the European Convention on Human Rights in the arbitration proceedings. The topic is narrowed down to situations in which the parties to arbitration agreement become impecunious and cannot afford the costs of arbitration proceedings. The suspension or termination of these proceedings which follows when parties do not pay the required advance on costs leaves the parties without the forum before which they can vindicate their rights. Moreover in case of impecunious respondents who participate in arbitration without necessary funds the right to be heard can be violated. Since arbitration agreements are considered to be a waiver of the right of access to court under Article 6 (1) the question is whether subsequent financial incapacity of either of the parties can and should lift such a waiver. The paper analyses both the jurisprudence of the European Court for Human Rights and of the national courts dealing with this matter.,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Bankruptcy and International Arbitration: Some Comparative Snapshots,The article contains the comparative snapshots of national laws and courts’ decisions which deal with the effects of bankruptcy on international arbitration. These effects are severe and they may affect the arbitrability of a dispute the conduct of arbitration or the validity of an arbitration agreement. They stem from the conflict of the underlying policies of the two procedures: bankruptcy and arbitration. While arbitration is based on the principle of parties’ autonomy and privity and it supposes the decentralization of the forum bankruptcy proceedings are judicial collective and centralized. This conflict is usually left to be resolved at the national level which results in the lack of uniformity of solutions at the international level and consequently there is no predictability for the parties involved in international arbitration. The author provided an overview and a critical analysis of the determination of the law applicable to the effects of bankruptcy on arbitration and the comparative analysis of several specific effects.,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,If They Finance Your Claim Will They Pay Me If I Win: Implications of Third Party Funding on Adverse Costs Awards in International Arbitration,Third party funding is a new industry which provides financial support to parties in litigation and arbitration proceedings. The full variety of its implications on international commercial arbitration is yet to be seen. For that reason national courts arbitral tribunals and doctrine are widely dealing with its repercussions on arbitration proceedings. In order to contribute to this wide discussion this paper focuses on one particular aspect within the arbitration proceedings influenced by a third party funding: responsibility for payment of adverse costs in cases involving impecunious claimants. The problem presented in this paper is whether in case where the claimant cannot cover the costs the third party funder should be responsible for the successful adverse party’s costs and on which legal basis? The two parts of the paper analyze the possibilities for such funder’s responsibility at two stages of the proceedings:(1) at the stage of a final award and (2) during the proceedings when the security for costs may be sought. The analysis encompasses the court practice and national arbitration laws from several jurisdictions (the United States the United Kingdom and Germany) the arbitration rules of two leading arbitration institutions (ICC Rules LCIA Rules) as well as arbitral practice in order to predict possible issues and illustrate available solutions.,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2015,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,Floating Security Interest-Comparative Analysis of the US English and Croatian Approaches,Zivkovic P. (2013). Floating Security Interest - Comparative Analysis of the US English and 
Croatian Approaches. In Official Almanac of the Conference "Milestones of Law in the Area of 
Central Europe" (Vol. 2013). Comenius University … Floating Security Interest - Comparative 
Analysis of the US English and Croatian Approaches. / Zivkovic Patricia … Official Almanac 
of the Conference "Milestones of Law in the Area of Central Europe". Vol. 2013 Comenius 
University 2013 … Zivkovic P 2013 Floating Security Interest - Comparative Analysis of the 
US English and Croatian Approaches. in Official Almanac of the Conference "Milestones of 
Law in the Area of Central Europe". vol. 2013 Comenius University … Zivkovic Patricia. / Floating 
Security Interest - Comparative Analysis of the US English and Croatian Approaches. Official 
Almanac of the Conference "Milestones of Law in the Area of Central Europe". Vol. 2013 … ,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2013,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,EFFECTS OF BANKRUPTCY ON ARBITRATION,Commercial arbitration is dispute settlement procedure created by parties’ agreement that provides parties with neutral forum for resolution of their disputes. However parties’ autonomy is subjected to certain restrictions imposed by public law rules. One of them is bankruptcy law. This paper analyzes the influence of the bankruptcy law on arbitration. It provides summarized overview of the choice of law problem with which the arbitrators are encountered due to the lack of lex fori and analysis of the relevant provisions that can affect the arbitration proceedings.,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2012,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en
Patricia Živković,https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en,The Impact of Florida Statute 800.03 on Local Regulation of Nude Dancing Facilities,Local governments throughout the country have enacted adult entertainment codes regulating among other things massage parlors adult movie theaters adult video stores and adult toy stores. Local governments have not forgotten live performances particularly nude or topless dancing. Regulations throughout the country require facilities to get licenses before they operate; require that the dancers get licenses; regulate the location of these facilities; and regulate their interiors. These regulations are often challenged with the challenge being based on the First Amendment. The assumption behind all these cases is that the First Amendment protects nude dancing. That assumption is now unassailable but perhaps irrelevant. In 1991 in Barnes v. Glen Theatre eight justices unequivocally stated that the First Amendment protects nude dancing. At the same time the Court (with five members concurring in the result) in Barnes held that a statute that prohibited all public nudity could be constitutionally prohibited. These positions were reinforced in 2000 in City of Erie v. Pap's AM In City of Erie seven members of the Court agreed that the First Amendment protects nude dancing. Different justices agreed that a ban on public nudity could be constitutionally applied to nude dancing. More importantly six of the seven agreed (in two separate opinions) that a general public nudity ban is always constitutional even if applied to nude dancing. This paper is based on the assumption that a public nudity ban is constitutional as applied to nude dancing.,Commercial Arbitration/Negotiation/Biometrics/Data Protection/Private International Law,31,Lecturer in International Dispute Resolution,2000,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=wIFFAosAAAAJ&hl=en