manager: restrict Dump*() to privileged callers or ratelimit

Dump*() methods can take quite some time due to the amount of data to
serialize, so they can potentially stall the manager. Make them
privileged, as they are debugging tools anyway. Use a new 'dump'
capability for polkit, and the 'reload' capability for SELinux, as
that's also non-destructive but slow.

If the caller is not privileged, allow it but rate limited to 10 calls
every 10 minutes.

(cherry picked from commit d936595)

Resolves: RHEL-35703

Author: bluca

man/org.freedesktop.systemd1.xml

@@ -1363,7 +1363,8 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1 {
       <function>DumpByFileDescriptor()</function>/<function>DumpUnitsMatchingPatternsByFileDescriptor()</function>
       are usually the preferred interface, since it ensures the data can be passed reliably from the service
       manager to the client. Note though that they cannot work when communicating with the service manager
-      remotely, as file descriptors are strictly local to a system.</para>
+      remotely, as file descriptors are strictly local to a system. All the <function>Dump*()</function>
+      methods are rate limited for unprivileged users.</para>
 
       <para><function>Reload()</function> may be invoked to reload all unit files.</para>
 
@@ -1726,7 +1727,9 @@ node /org/freedesktop/systemd1 {
       <function>UnsetAndSetEnvironment()</function>) require
       <interfacename>org.freedesktop.systemd1.set-environment</interfacename>. <function>Reload()</function>
       and <function>Reexecute()</function> require
-      <interfacename>org.freedesktop.systemd1.reload-daemon</interfacename>.
+      <interfacename>org.freedesktop.systemd1.reload-daemon</interfacename>. Operations which dump internal
+      state require <interfacename>org.freedesktop.systemd1.bypass-dump-ratelimit</interfacename> to avoid
+      rate limits.
       </para>
     </refsect2>
   </refsect1>

man/systemd-analyze.xml

@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ multi-user.target @47.820s
       <para>Without any parameter, this command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of
       the complete service manager state. Optional glob pattern may be specified, causing the output to be
       limited to units whose names match one of the patterns. The output format is subject to change without
-      notice and should not be parsed by applications.</para>
+      notice and should not be parsed by applications. This command is rate limited for unprivileged users.</para>
 
       <example>
         <title>Show the internal state of user manager</title>

src/core/dbus-manager.c

@@ -1357,17 +1357,47 @@ static int dump_impl(
 
         assert(message);
 
-        /* Anyone can call this method */
-
+        /* 'status' access is the bare minimum always needed for this, as the policy might straight out
+         * forbid a client from querying any information from systemd, regardless of any rate limiting. */
         r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "status", error);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
+        /* Rate limit reached? Check if the caller is privileged/allowed by policy to bypass this. We
+         * check the rate limit first to avoid the expensive roundtrip to polkit when not needed. */
+        if (!ratelimit_below(&m->dump_ratelimit)) {
+                /* We need a way for SELinux to constrain the operation when the rate limit is active, even
+                 * if polkit would allow it, but we cannot easily add new named permissions, so we need to
+                 * use an existing one. Reload/reexec are also slow but non-destructive/modifying
+                 * operations, and can cause PID1 to stall. So it seems similar enough in terms of security
+                 * considerations and impact, and thus use the same access check for dumps which, given the
+                 * large amount of data to fetch, can stall PID1 for quite some time. */
+                r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reload", error);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto ratelimited;
+
+                r = bus_verify_bypass_dump_ratelimit_async(m, message, error);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto ratelimited;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it
+                         * has it */
+                        return 1;
+        }
+
         r = manager_get_dump_string(m, patterns, &dump);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
         return reply(message, dump);
+
+ratelimited:
+        log_warning("Dump request rejected due to rate limit on unprivileged callers, blocked for %s.",
+                    FORMAT_TIMESPAN(ratelimit_left(&m->dump_ratelimit), USEC_PER_SEC));
+        return sd_bus_error_setf(error,
+                                 SD_BUS_ERROR_LIMITS_EXCEEDED,
+                                 "Dump request rejected due to rate limit on unprivileged callers, blocked for %s.",
+                                 FORMAT_TIMESPAN(ratelimit_left(&m->dump_ratelimit), USEC_PER_SEC));
 }
 
 static int reply_dump(sd_bus_message *message, char *dump) {

src/core/dbus.c

@@ -1177,6 +1177,9 @@ int bus_verify_reload_daemon_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_erro
 int bus_verify_set_environment_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error) {
         return bus_verify_polkit_async(call, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.set-environment", NULL, false, UID_INVALID, &m->polkit_registry, error);
 }
+int bus_verify_bypass_dump_ratelimit_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_verify_polkit_async(call, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.bypass-dump-ratelimit", NULL, false, UID_INVALID, &m->polkit_registry, error);
+}
 
 uint64_t manager_bus_n_queued_write(Manager *m) {
         uint64_t c = 0;

src/core/dbus.h

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ int bus_verify_manage_units_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error
 int bus_verify_manage_unit_files_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error);
 int bus_verify_reload_daemon_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error);
 int bus_verify_set_environment_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_verify_bypass_dump_ratelimit_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error);
 
 int bus_forward_agent_released(Manager *m, const char *path);
 

src/core/manager-serialize.c

@@ -164,6 +164,14 @@ int manager_serialize(
                 (void) serialize_item_format(f, "user-lookup", "%i %i", copy0, copy1);
         }
 
+        (void) serialize_item_format(f,
+                                     "dump-ratelimit",
+                                     USEC_FMT " " USEC_FMT " %u %u",
+                                     m->dump_ratelimit.begin,
+                                     m->dump_ratelimit.interval,
+                                     m->dump_ratelimit.num,
+                                     m->dump_ratelimit.burst);
+
         bus_track_serialize(m->subscribed, f, "subscribed");
 
         r = dynamic_user_serialize(m, f, fds);
@@ -549,6 +557,21 @@ int manager_deserialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
                          * remains set until all serialized contents are handled. */
                         if (deserialize_varlink_sockets)
                                 (void) varlink_server_deserialize_one(m->varlink_server, val, fds);
+                } else if ((val = startswith(l, "dump-ratelimit="))) {
+                        usec_t begin, interval;
+                        unsigned num, burst;
+
+                        if (sscanf(val, USEC_FMT " " USEC_FMT " %u %u", &begin, &interval, &num, &burst) != 4)
+                                log_notice("Failed to parse dump ratelimit, ignoring: %s", val);
+                        else {
+                                /* If we changed the values across versions, flush the counter */
+                                if (interval != m->dump_ratelimit.interval || burst != m->dump_ratelimit.burst)
+                                        m->dump_ratelimit.num = 0;
+                                else
+                                        m->dump_ratelimit.num = num;
+                                m->dump_ratelimit.begin = begin;
+                        }
+
                 } else {
                         ManagerTimestamp q;
 

src/core/manager.c

@@ -866,6 +866,11 @@ int manager_new(LookupScope scope, ManagerTestRunFlags test_run_flags, Manager *
                 .test_run_flags = test_run_flags,
 
                 .default_oom_policy = OOM_STOP,
+
+                .dump_ratelimit = {
+                        .interval = 10 * USEC_PER_MINUTE,
+                        .burst = 10,
+                },
         };
 
 #if ENABLE_EFI

src/core/manager.h

@@ -461,6 +461,9 @@ struct Manager {
         struct restrict_fs_bpf *restrict_fs;
 
         char *default_smack_process_label;
+
+        /* Dump*() are slow, so always rate limit them to 10 per 10 minutes */
+        RateLimit dump_ratelimit;
 };
 
 static inline usec_t manager_default_timeout_abort_usec(Manager *m) {

src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.policy.in

@@ -70,4 +70,14 @@
                 </defaults>
         </action>
 
+        <action id="org.freedesktop.systemd1.bypass-dump-ratelimit">
+                <description gettext-domain="systemd">Dump the systemd state without rate limits</description>
+                <message gettext-domain="systemd">Authentication is required to dump the systemd state without rate limits.</message>
+                <defaults>
+                        <allow_any>auth_admin</allow_any>
+                        <allow_inactive>auth_admin</allow_inactive>
+                        <allow_active>auth_admin_keep</allow_active>
+                </defaults>
+        </action>
+
 </policyconfig>

test/units/testsuite-65.sh

@@ -51,6 +51,21 @@ systemd-analyze dot --require systemd-journald.service systemd-logind.service >/
 systemd-analyze dot "systemd-*.service" >/dev/null
 (! systemd-analyze dot systemd-journald.service systemd-logind.service "*" bbb ccc)
 # dump
+# this should be rate limited to 10 calls in 10 minutes for unprivileged callers
+for _ in {1..10}; do
+    runas testuser systemd-analyze dump systemd-journald.service >/dev/null
+done
+(! runas testuser systemd-analyze dump >/dev/null)
+# still limited after a reload
+systemctl daemon-reload
+(! runas testuser systemd-analyze dump >/dev/null)
+# and a re-exec
+systemctl daemon-reexec
+(! runas testuser systemd-analyze dump >/dev/null)
+# privileged call, so should not be rate limited
+for _ in {1..10}; do
+    systemd-analyze dump systemd-journald.service >/dev/null
+done
 systemd-analyze dump >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze dump "*" >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze dump "*.socket" >/dev/null