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sql-2003-2.ebnf
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//BNF Grammar for ISO/IEC 9075-2:2003 - Database Language SQL (SQL-2003)
SQL/Foundation
//21 Direct invocation of SQL
//21.1 direct_SQL_statement (p1047)
//Specify direct execution of SQL.
direct_SQL_statement ::= directly_executable_statement semicolon
directly_executable_statement ::=
direct_SQL_data_statement
| SQL_schema_statement
| SQL_transaction_statement
| SQL_connection_statement
| SQL_session_statement
| direct_implementation_defined_statement
direct_SQL_data_statement ::=
delete_statement__searched
| direct_select_statement__multiple_rows
| insert_statement
| update_statement__searched
| merge_statement
| temporary_table_declaration
//5 Lexical Elements
//Basic definitions of characters used, tokens, symbols, etc. Most of
this section would normally be handled within the lexical analyzer
rather than in the grammar proper. Further, the original document does
not quote the various single characters, which makes it hard to process
automatically.
//5.1 SQL_terminal_character (p151)
SQL_terminal_character ::= SQL_language_character
SQL_language_character ::= simple_Latin_letter | digit |
SQL_special_character
simple_Latin_letter ::= simple_Latin_upper_case_letter |
simple_Latin_lower_case_letter
simple_Latin_upper_case_letter ::=
'A' | 'B' | 'C' | 'D' | 'E' | 'F' | 'G' | 'H' | 'I' | 'J' | 'K'
| 'L' | 'M' | 'N' | 'O' | 'P' | 'Q' | 'R' | 'S' | 'T' | 'U' | 'V' | 'W'
| 'X' | 'Y' | 'Z'
simple_Latin_lower_case_letter ::=
'a' | 'b' | 'c' | 'd' | 'e' | 'f' | 'g' | 'h' | 'i' | 'j' | 'k'
| 'l' | 'm' | 'n' | 'o' | 'p' | 'q' | 'r' | 's' | 't' | 'u' | 'v' | 'w'
| 'x' | 'y' | 'z'
digit ::= '0' | '1' | '2' | '3' | '4' | '5' | '6' | '7' | '8' | '9'
SQL_special_character ::=
space
| double_quote
| percent
| ampersand
| quote
| left_paren
| right_paren
| asterisk
| plus_sign
| comma
| minus_sign
| period
| solidus
| colon
| semicolon
| less_than_operator
| equals_operator
| greater_than_operator
| question_mark
| left_bracket
| right_bracket
| circumflex
| underscore
| vertical_bar
| left_brace
| right_brace
space ::= //!! See the Syntax Rules.
double_quote ::= '"'
percent ::= '%'
ampersand ::= '&'
quote ::= "'"
left_paren ::= '('
right_paren ::= ')'
asterisk ::= '*'
plus_sign ::= '+'
comma ::= ','
minus_sign ::= '-'
period ::= '.'
solidus ::= '/'
colon ::= ':'
semicolon ::= ';'
less_than_operator ::= '<'
equals_operator ::= '='
greater_than_operator ::= '>'
question_mark ::= '?'
//The trigraphs are new in SQL-2003.
left_bracket_or_trigraph ::= left_bracket | left_bracket_trigraph
right_bracket_or_trigraph ::= right_bracket |
right_bracket_trigraph
left_bracket ::= '['
left_bracket_trigraph ::= "??("
right_bracket ::= ']'
right_bracket_trigraph ::= "??)"
circumflex ::= '^'
underscore ::= '_'
vertical_bar ::= '|'
left_brace ::= '{'
right_brace ::= '}'
//5.2 token and separator (p134)
//Specifying lexical units (tokens and separators) that participate in
SQL language.
token ::= nondelimiter_token | delimiter_token
nondelimiter_token ::=
regular_identifier
| key_word
| unsigned_numeric_literal
| national_character_string_literal
| bit_string_literal
| hex_string_literal
| large_object_length_token
| multiplier
regular_identifier ::= identifier_body
identifier_body ::= identifier_start identifier_part?
identifier_part ::= identifier_start | identifier_extend
//The previous version of the SQL standard defined an identifier start
as either an initial_alphabetic_character or an ideographic_character.
Neither of the defining terms is defined in SQL 2003 (and the SQL 99
definitions of those defininng terms referred to the syntax rules), but
the result of the SQL 2003 syntax rules will be similar to SQL 99 ones
except with Unicode support added.
identifier_start ::= //!! See the Syntax Rules.
identifier_extend ::= //!! See the Syntax Rules.
large_object_length_token ::= digit ... multiplier
multiplier ::= 'K' | 'M' | 'G'
delimited_identifier ::= double_quote delimited_identifier_body
double_quote
delimited_identifier_body ::= delimited_identifier_part ...
delimited_identifier_part ::= nondoublequote_character |
doublequote_symbol
//The productions for Unicode_delimited_identifier and so on are new in
SQL-2003.
Unicode_delimited_identifier ::=
U ampersand double_quote Unicode_delimiter_body double_quote
Unicode_escape_specifier
Unicode_escape_specifier ::= ( UESCAPE quote
Unicode_escape_character quote )?
Unicode_delimiter_body ::= Unicode_identifier_part ...
Unicode_identifier_part ::= delimited_identifier_part |
Unicode_escape_value
Unicode_escape_value ::=
Unicode_4_digit_escape_value
| Unicode_6_digit_escape_value
| Unicode_character_escape_value
//Syntax rule 20:
Unicode_4_digit_escape_value'Unicode_escape_character+xyzw' is
equivalent to the Unicode code point specified by U+xyzw.
Unicode_4_digit_escape_value ::= Unicode_escape_character hexit
hexit hexit hexit
//Syntax rule 21:
Unicode_6_digit_escape_value'Unicode_escape_character+xyzwrs' is
equivalent to the Unicode code point specified by U+xyzwrs.
//NOTE 64: The 6-hexit notation is derived by taking the UCS-4 notation
defined by ISO/IEC 10646-1 and removing the leading two hexits, whose
values are always 0 (zero).
Unicode_6_digit_escape_value ::=
Unicode_escape_character plus_sign hexit hexit hexit hexit
hexit hexit
//Syntax rule 22: Unicode_character_escape_value is equivalent to a
single instance of Unicode_escape_character.
Unicode_character_escape_value ::= Unicode_escape_character
Unicode_escape_character
//Syntax rule 15: Unicode_escape_character shall be a single character
from the source language character set other than a hexit, plus_sign, or
white_space.
//Syntax rule 16: If the source language character set contains
reverse_solidus, then let DEC be reverse_solidus; otherwise, let DEC be
an implementation-defined character from the source language character
set that is not a hexit, plus_sign, double_quote, or white_space.
//Syntax rule 17: If a Unicode_escape_specifier does not contain
Unicode_escape_character, then "UESCAPE quoteDECquote" is implicit.
//Syntax rule 18: In a Unicode_escape_value there shall be no separator
between the Unicode_escape_character and the first hexit, nor between
any of the hexits.
Unicode_escape_character ::= //!! See the Syntax Rules (15-18
above).
//Syntax rule 6: A nondoublequote_character is any character of the
source language character set other than a double_quote.
nondoublequote_character ::= //!! See the Syntax Rules.
//The rule for doublequote_symbol in the standard uses two adjacent
literal double quotes rather than referencing double_quote; the reasons
are not clear. It is annotated '//!! two consecutive double quote
characters'.
doublequote_symbol ::= double_quote double_quote
delimiter_token ::=
character_string_literal
| date_string
| time_string
| timestamp_string
| interval_string
| delimited_identifier
| Unicode_delimited_identifier
| SQL_special_character
| not_equals_operator
| greater_than_or_equals_operator
| less_than_or_equals_operator
| concatenation_operator
| right_arrow
| left_bracket_trigraph
| right_bracket_trigraph
| double_colon
| double_period
//The rules for not_equals_operator etc in the standard uses two
adjacent literal characters rather than referencing less_than and
greater_than; the reasons are not clear. Note that two characters must
be adjacent with no intervening space, not a pair of characters
separated by arbitrary white space.
not_equals_operator ::= "<>" //less_than_operator
greater_than_operator
greater_than_or_equals_operator ::= ">=" //greater_than_operator
equals_operator
less_than_or_equals_operator ::= "<=" //less_than_operator
equals_operator
concatenation_operator ::= "||" //vertical_bar vertical_bar
right_arrow ::= "->" //minus_sign greater_than_operator
double_colon ::= "::" //colon colon
double_period ::= ".." //period period
separator ::= ( comment | white_space )*
comment ::= simple_comment | bracketed_comment
simple_comment ::= simple_comment_introducer comment_character*
newline
simple_comment_introducer ::= minus_sign minus_sign minus_sign*
//The bracketed_comment rule included '//!! See the Syntax Rules'. This
probably says something about the slash asterisk and asterisk slash
needing to be adjacent characters rather than adjacent tokens.
bracketed_comment ::=
bracketed_comment_introducer bracketed_comment_contents
bracketed_comment_terminator
bracketed_comment_introducer ::= slash asterisk
bracketed_comment_terminator ::= asterisk slash
bracketed_comment_contents ::= ( comment_character | separator )*
comment_character ::= nonquote_character | quote
newline ::= //!! See the Syntax Rules.
//There was a surprising amount of movement of keywords between the
reserved and non-reserved word classes between SQL-99 and SQL-2003-2 FCD
and again between SQL 2003-2 FCD and SQL 2003-2 IS. There is also room
to think that much of the host language support moved out of Part 2
(SQL/Foundation).
key_word ::= reserved_word | non_reserved_word
non_reserved_word ::=
A
| ABS
| ABSOLUTE
| ACTION
| ADA
| ADMIN
| AFTER
| ALWAYS
| ASC
| ASSERTION
| ASSIGNMENT
| ATTRIBUTE
| ATTRIBUTES
| AVG
| BEFORE
| BERNOULLI
| BREADTH
| C
| CARDINALITY
| CASCADE
| CATALOG
| CATALOG_NAME
| CEIL
| CEILING
| CHAIN
| CHARACTERISTICS
| CHARACTERS
| CHARACTER_LENGTH
| CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
| CHARACTER_SET_NAME
| CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
| CHAR_LENGTH
| CHECKED
| CLASS_ORIGIN
| COALESCE
| COBOL
| CODE_UNITS
| COLLATION
| COLLATION_CATALOG
| COLLATION_NAME
| COLLATION_SCHEMA
| COLLECT
| COLUMN_NAME
| COMMAND_FUNCTION
| COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE
| COMMITTED
| CONDITION
| CONDITION_NUMBER
| CONNECTION_NAME
| CONSTRAINTS
| CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
| CONSTRAINT_NAME
| CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
| CONSTRUCTORS
| CONTAINS
| CONVERT
| CORR
| COUNT
| COVAR_POP
| COVAR_SAMP
| CUME_DIST
| CURRENT_COLLATION
| CURSOR_NAME
| DATA
| DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
| DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
| DEFAULTS
| DEFERRABLE
| DEFERRED
| DEFINED
| DEFINER
| DEGREE
| DENSE_RANK
| DEPTH
| DERIVED
| DESC
| DESCRIPTOR
| DIAGNOSTICS
| DISPATCH
| DOMAIN
| DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
| DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE
| EQUALS
| EVERY
| EXCEPTION
| EXCLUDE
| EXCLUDING
| EXP
| EXTRACT
| FINAL
| FIRST
| FLOOR
| FOLLOWING
| FORTRAN
| FOUND
| FUSION
| G
| GENERAL
| GO
| GOTO
| GRANTED
| HIERARCHY
| IMPLEMENTATION
| INCLUDING
| INCREMENT
| INITIALLY
| INSTANCE
| INSTANTIABLE
| INTERSECTION
| INVOKER
| ISOLATION
| K
| KEY
| KEY_MEMBER
| KEY_TYPE
| LAST
| LENGTH
| LEVEL
| LN
| LOCATOR
| LOWER
| M
| MAP
| MATCHED
| MAX
| MAXVALUE
| MESSAGE_LENGTH
| MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH
| MESSAGE_TEXT
| MIN
| MINVALUE
| MOD
| MORE
| MUMPS
| NAME
| NAMES
| NESTING
| NEXT
| NORMALIZE
| NORMALIZED
| NULLABLE
| NULLIF
| NULLS
| NUMBER
| OBJECT
| OCTETS
| OCTET_LENGTH
| OPTION
| OPTIONS
| ORDERING
| ORDINALITY
| OTHERS
| OVERLAY
| OVERRIDING
| PAD
| PARAMETER_MODE
| PARAMETER_NAME
| PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION
| PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG
| PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME
| PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA
| PARTIAL
| PASCAL
| PATH
| PERCENTILE_CONT
| PERCENTILE_DISC
| PERCENT_RANK
| PLACING
| PLI
| POSITION
| POWER
| PRECEDING
| PRESERVE
| PRIOR
| PRIVILEGES
| PUBLIC
| RANK
| READ
| RELATIVE
| REPEATABLE
| RESTART
| RETURNED_CARDINALITY
| RETURNED_LENGTH
| RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
| RETURNED_SQLSTATE
| ROLE
| ROUTINE
| ROUTINE_CATALOG
| ROUTINE_NAME
| ROUTINE_SCHEMA
| ROW_COUNT
| ROW_NUMBER
| SCALE
| SCHEMA
| SCHEMA_NAME
| SCOPE_CATALOG
| SCOPE_NAME
| SCOPE_SCHEMA
| SECTION
| SECURITY
| SELF
| SEQUENCE
| SERIALIZABLE
| SERVER_NAME
| SESSION
| SETS
| SIMPLE
| SIZE
| SOURCE
| SPACE
| SPECIFIC_NAME
| SQRT
| STATE
| STATEMENT
| STDDEV_POP
| STDDEV_SAMP
| STRUCTURE
| STYLE
| SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
| SUBSTRING
| SUM
| TABLESAMPLE
| TABLE_NAME
| TEMPORARY
| TIES
| TOP_LEVEL_COUNT
| TRANSACTION
| TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED
| TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK
| TRANSACTION_ACTIVE
| TRANSFORM
| TRANSFORMS
| TRANSLATE
| TRIGGER_CATALOG
| TRIGGER_NAME
| TRIGGER_SCHEMA
| TRIM
| TYPE
| UNBOUNDED
| UNCOMMITTED
| UNDER
| UNNAMED
| USAGE
| USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG
| USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE
| USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME
| USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA
| VIEW
| WORK
| WRITE
| ZONE
reserved_word ::=
ADD
| ALL
| ALLOCATE
| ALTER
| AND
| ANY
| ARE
| ARRAY
| AS
| ASENSITIVE
| ASYMMETRIC
| AT
| ATOMIC
| AUTHORIZATION
| BEGIN
| BETWEEN
| BIGINT
| BINARY
| BLOB
| BOOLEAN
| BOTH
| BY
| CALL
| CALLED
| CASCADED
| CASE
| CAST
| CHAR
| CHARACTER
| CHECK
| CLOB
| CLOSE
| COLLATE
| COLUMN
| COMMIT
| CONNECT
| CONSTRAINT
| CONTINUE
| CORRESPONDING
| CREATE
| CROSS
| CUBE
| CURRENT
| CURRENT_DATE
| CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP
| CURRENT_PATH
| CURRENT_ROLE
| CURRENT_TIME
| CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
| CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE
| CURRENT_USER
| CURSOR
| CYCLE
| DATE
| DAY
| DEALLOCATE
| DEC
| DECIMAL
| DECLARE
| DEFAULT
| DELETE
| DEREF
| DESCRIBE
| DETERMINISTIC
| DISCONNECT
| DISTINCT
| DOUBLE
| DROP
| DYNAMIC
| EACH
| ELEMENT
| ELSE
| END
| END-EXEC
| ESCAPE
| EXCEPT
| EXEC
| EXECUTE
| EXISTS
| EXTERNAL
| FALSE
| FETCH
| FILTER
| FLOAT
| FOR
| FOREIGN
| FREE
| FROM
| FULL
| FUNCTION
| GET
| GLOBAL
| GRANT
| GROUP
| GROUPING
| HAVING
| HOLD
| HOUR
| IDENTITY
| IMMEDIATE
| IN
| INDICATOR
| INNER
| INOUT
| INPUT
| INSENSITIVE
| INSERT
| INT
| INTEGER
| INTERSECT
| INTERVAL
| INTO
| IS
| ISOLATION
| JOIN
| LANGUAGE
| LARGE
| LATERAL
| LEADING
| LEFT
| LIKE
| LOCAL
| LOCALTIME
| LOCALTIMESTAMP
| MATCH
| MEMBER
| MERGE
| METHOD
| MINUTE
| MODIFIES
| MODULE
| MONTH
| MULTISET
| NATIONAL
| NATURAL
| NCHAR
| NCLOB
| NEW
| NO
| NONE
| NOT
| NULL
| NUMERIC
| OF
| OLD
| ON
| ONLY
| OPEN
| OR
| ORDER
| OUT
| OUTER
| OUTPUT
| OVER
| OVERLAPS
| PARAMETER
| PARTITION
| PRECISION
| PREPARE
| PRIMARY
| PROCEDURE
| RANGE
| READS
| REAL
| RECURSIVE
| REF
| REFERENCES
| REFERENCING
| REGR_AVGX
| REGR_AVGY
| REGR_COUNT
| REGR_INTERCEPT
| REGR_R2
| REGR_SLOPE
| REGR_SXX
| REGR_SXY
| REGR_SYY
| RELEASE
| RESULT
| RETURN
| RETURNS
| REVOKE
| RIGHT
| ROLLBACK
| ROLLUP
| ROW
| ROWS
| SAVEPOINT
| SCROLL
| SEARCH
| SECOND
| SELECT
| SENSITIVE
| SESSION_USER
| SET
| SIMILAR
| SMALLINT
| SOME
| SPECIFIC
| SPECIFICTYPE
| SQL
| SQLEXCEPTION
| SQLSTATE
| SQLWARNING
| START
| STATIC
| SUBMULTISET
| SYMMETRIC
| SYSTEM
| SYSTEM_USER
| TABLE
| THEN
| TIME
| TIMESTAMP
| TIMEZONE_HOUR
| TIMEZONE_MINUTE
| TO
| TRAILING
| TRANSLATION
| TREAT
| TRIGGER
| TRUE
| UESCAPE
| UNION
| UNIQUE
| UNKNOWN
| UNNEST
| UPDATE
| UPPER
| USER
| USING
| VALUE
| VALUES
| VAR_POP
| VAR_SAMP
| VARCHAR
| VARYING
| WHEN
| WHENEVER
| WHERE
| WIDTH_BUCKET
| WINDOW
| WITH
| WITHIN
| WITHOUT
| YEAR
//5.3 literal (p143)
literal ::= signed_numeric_literal | general_literal
unsigned_literal ::= unsigned_numeric_literal | general_literal
general_literal ::=
character_string_literal
| national_character_string_literal
| Unicode_character_string_literal
| binary_string_literal
| datetime_literal
| interval_literal
| boolean_literal
character_string_literal ::=
( introducer character_set_specification )?
quote ( character_representation )? quote
( separator quote ( character_representation )? quote )*
introducer ::= underscore
character_representation ::= nonquote_character | quote_symbol
nonquote_character ::= //!! See the Syntax Rules.
//The quote_symbol rule consists of two immediately adjacent quote marks
with no spaces. As usual, this would be best handled in the lexical
analyzer, not in the grammar.
quote_symbol ::= quote quote
national_character_string_literal ::=
N quote character_representation* quote
( separator quote character_representation* quote )*
Unicode_character_string_literal ::=
( introducer character_set_specification )?
U ampersand quote Unicode_representation? quote
( separator quote Unicode_representation? quote )*
( ESCAPE escape_character )?
Unicode_representation ::= character_representation |
Unicode_escape_value
binary_string_literal ::=
X quote ( hexit hexit )* quote
( separator quote ( hexit hexit )* quote )*
( ESCAPE escape_character )?
hexit ::= digit | 'A' | 'B' | 'C' | 'D' | 'E' | 'F' | 'a' | 'b' |
'c' | 'd' | 'e' | 'f'
signed_numeric_literal ::= sign? unsigned_numeric_literal
unsigned_numeric_literal ::= exact_numeric_literal |
approximate_numeric_literal
exact_numeric_literal ::=
unsigned_integer ( period unsigned_integer? )?
| period unsigned_integer
sign ::= plus_sign | minus_sign
approximate_numeric_literal ::= mantissa E exponent
mantissa ::= exact_numeric_literal
exponent ::= signed_integer
signed_integer ::= sign? unsigned_integer
unsigned_integer ::= digit ...
datetime_literal ::= date_literal | time_literal |
timestamp_literal
date_literal ::= DATE date_string
time_literal ::= TIME time_string
timestamp_literal ::= TIMESTAMP timestamp_string
date_string ::= quote unquoted_date_string quote
time_string ::= quote unquoted_time_string quote
timestamp_string ::= quote unquoted_timestamp_string quote
time_zone_interval ::= sign hours_value colon minutes_value
date_value ::= years_value minus_sign months_value minus_sign
days_value
time_value ::= hours_value colon minutes_value colon seconds_value
interval_literal ::= INTERVAL sign? interval_string
interval_qualifier
interval_string ::= quote unquoted_interval_string quote
unquoted_date_string ::= date_value
unquoted_time_string ::= time_value time_zone_interval?
unquoted_timestamp_string ::= unquoted_date_string space
unquoted_time_string
unquoted_interval_string ::= sign? ( year_month_literal |
day_time_literal )
year_month_literal ::= years_value | years_value minus_sign?
months_value
day_time_literal ::= day_time_interval | time_interval
day_time_interval ::=
days_value ( space hours_value ( colon minutes_value ( colon
seconds_value )? )? )?
time_interval ::=
hours_value ( colon minutes_value ( colon seconds_value )? )?
| minutes_value ( colon seconds_value )?
| seconds_value
years_value ::= datetime_value
months_value ::= datetime_value
days_value ::= datetime_value
hours_value ::= datetime_value
minutes_value ::= datetime_value
seconds_value ::= seconds_integer_value ( period ( seconds_fraction
)? )?
seconds_integer_value ::= unsigned_integer
seconds_fraction ::= unsigned_integer
datetime_value ::= unsigned_integer
boolean_literal ::= TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN
//5.4 Names and identifiers (p151)
identifier ::= actual_identifier
actual_identifier ::= regular_identifier | delimited_identifier
SQL_language_identifier ::=
SQL_language_identifier_start ( underscore |
SQL_language_identifier_part )*
SQL_language_identifier_start ::= simple_Latin_letter
SQL_language_identifier_part ::= simple_Latin_letter | digit