0-Introduction-to-Non-Personalized-Recommenders.ipynb

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     "source": [
      "# Introduction to Non-Personalized Recommenders"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "## The recommendation problem\n",
      "\n",
      "Recommenders have been around since at least 1992. Today we see different flavours of recommenders, deployed across different verticals: \n",
      "\n",
      "- Amazon\n",
      "- Netflix\n",
      "- Facebook\n",
      "- Last.fm.\n",
      "\n",
      "What exactly do they do?\n",
      "\n",
      "### Definitions from the literature\n",
      "\n",
      "*In a typical recommender system people provide recommendations as inputs, which\n",
      "the system then aggregates and directs to appropriate recipients.* -- Resnick\n",
      "and Varian, 1997\n",
      "\n",
      "*Collaborative filtering simply means that people collaborate to help one\n",
      "another perform filtering by recording their reactions to documents they read.*\n",
      "-- Goldberg et al, 1992\n",
      "\n",
      "*In its most common formulation, the recommendation problem is reduced to the\n",
      "problem of estimating ratings for the items that have not been seen by a\n",
      "user. Intuitively, this estimation is usually based on the ratings given by this\n",
      "user to other items and on some other information [...] Once we can estimate\n",
      "ratings for the yet unrated items, we can recommend to the user the item(s) with\n",
      "the highest estimated rating(s).* -- Adomavicius and Tuzhilin, 2005\n",
      "\n",
      "*Driven by computer algorithms, recommenders help consumers\n",
      "by selecting products they will probably like and might buy\n",
      "based on their browsing, searches, purchases, and preferences.* -- Konstan and Riedl, 2012"
     ]
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      "### Notation\n",
      "\n",
      "- $U$ is the set of users in our domain. Its size is $|U|$.\n",
      "- $I$ is the set of items in our domain. Its size is $|I|$.\n",
      "- $I(u)$ is the set of items that user $u$ has rated.\n",
      "- $-I(u)$ is the complement of $I(u)$ i.e., the set of items not yet seen by user $u$.\n",
      "- $U(i)$ is the set of users that have rated item $i$.\n",
      "- $-U(i)$ is the complement of $U(i)$."
     ]
    },
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     "cell_type": "markdown",
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     "source": [
      "### Goal of a recommendation system\n",
      "\n",
      "$$ \n",
      "\\newcommand{\\argmax}{\\mathop{\\rm argmax}\\nolimits}\n",
      "\\forall{u \\in U},\\; i^* = \\argmax_{i \\in -I(u)} [S(u,i)] \n",
      "$$"
     ]
    },
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     "cell_type": "markdown",
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     "source": [
      "### Problem statement\n",
      "\n",
      "The recommendation problem in its most basic form is quite simple to define:\n",
      "\n",
      "```\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| user_id, movie_id | m_1 | m_2 | m_3 | m_4 | m_5 |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| u_1               | ?   | ?   | 4   | ?   | 1   |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| u_2               | 3   | ?   | ?   | 2   | 2   |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| u_3               | 3   | ?   | ?   | ?   | ?   |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| u_4               | ?   | 1   | 2   | 1   | 1   |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| u_5               | ?   | ?   | ?   | ?   | ?   |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| u_6               | 2   | ?   | 2   | ?   | ?   |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| u_7               | ?   | ?   | ?   | ?   | ?   |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| u_8               | 3   | 1   | 5   | ?   | ?   |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "| u_9               | ?   | ?   | ?   | ?   | 2   |\n",
      "|-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|\n",
      "```\n",
      "\n",
      "*Given a partially filled matrix of ratings ($|U|x|I|$), estimate the missing values.*\n"
     ]
    },
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     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "### Challenges\n",
      "\n",
      "#### Availability of item metadata\n",
      "\n",
      "Content-based techniques are limited by the amount of metadata that is available\n",
      "to describe an item. There are domains in which feature extraction methods are\n",
      "expensive or time consuming, e.g., processing multimedia data such as graphics,\n",
      "audio/video streams. In the context of grocery items for example, it's often the\n",
      "case that item information is only partial or completely missing. Examples\n",
      "include:\n",
      "\n",
      "- Ingredients\n",
      "- Nutrition facts\n",
      "- Brand\n",
      "- Description\n",
      "- County of origin\n",
      "\n",
      "#### New user problem\n",
      "\n",
      "A user has to have rated a sufficient number of items before a recommender\n",
      "system can have a good idea of what their preferences are. In a content-based\n",
      "system, the aggregation function needs ratings to aggregate.\n",
      "\n",
      "#### New item problem\n",
      "\n",
      "Collaborative filters rely on an item being rated by many users to compute\n",
      "aggregates of those ratings. Think of this as the exact counterpart of the new\n",
      "user problem for content-based systems.\n",
      "\n",
      "#### Data sparsity\n",
      "\n",
      "When looking at the more general versions of content-based and collaborative\n",
      "systems, the success of the recommender system depends on the availability of a\n",
      "critical mass of user/item iteractions. We get a first glance at the data\n",
      "sparsity problem by quantifying the ratio of existing ratings vs $|U|x|I|$. A\n",
      "highly sparse matrix of interactions makes it difficult to compute similarities\n",
      "between users and items. As an example, for a user whose tastes are unusual\n",
      "compared to the rest of the population, there will not be any other users who\n",
      "are particularly similar, leading to poor recommendations.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "### Flow chart: the big picture\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "from IPython.core.display import Image \n",
      "Image(filename='./imgs/recsys_arch.png')"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
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PGxZihLCzKrvttlta/+ijj/Zah6jjwZf1c+fOVdiPIN+Ncq8l3GnzTjrppLR+3LhxHSc4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       "prompt_number": 3,
       "text": [
        "<IPython.core.display.Image at 0x1a6c9b0>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "## The CourseTalk dataset: loading and first look\n",
      "\n",
      "Loading of the CourseTalk database.\n",
      "\n",
      "The CourseTalk data is spread across three files. Using the `pd.read_table`\n",
      "method we load each file:\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import pandas as pd\n",
      "\n",
      "unames = ['user_id', 'username']\n",
      "users = pd.read_table('./data/users_set.dat',\n",
      "                      sep='|', header=None, names=unames)\n",
      "\n",
      "rnames = ['user_id', 'course_id', 'rating']\n",
      "ratings = pd.read_table('./data/ratings.dat',\n",
      "                        sep='|', header=None, names=rnames)\n",
      "\n",
      "mnames = ['course_id', 'title', 'avg_rating', 'workload', 'university', 'difficulty', 'provider']\n",
      "courses = pd.read_table('./data/cursos.dat',\n",
      "                       sep='|', header=None, names=mnames)\n",
      "\n",
      "# show how one of them looks\n",
      "ratings.head(10)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
        "  <thead>\n",
        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th>user_id</th>\n",
        "      <th>course_id</th>\n",
        "      <th>rating</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </thead>\n",
        "  <tbody>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>0</th>\n",
        "      <td>  1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>1</th>\n",
        "      <td>  2</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>2</th>\n",
        "      <td>  3</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>3</th>\n",
        "      <td>  4</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>4</th>\n",
        "      <td>  5</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>5</th>\n",
        "      <td>  6</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>6</th>\n",
        "      <td>  7</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>7</th>\n",
        "      <td>  8</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8</th>\n",
        "      <td>  9</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>9</th>\n",
        "      <td> 10</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </tbody>\n",
        "</table>\n",
        "</div>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 5,
       "text": [
        "   user_id  course_id  rating\n",
        "0        1          1       5\n",
        "1        2          1       5\n",
        "2        3          1       5\n",
        "3        4          1       5\n",
        "4        5          1       5\n",
        "5        6          1       5\n",
        "6        7          1       5\n",
        "7        8          1       5\n",
        "8        9          1       5\n",
        "9       10          1       5"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# show how one of them looks\n",
      "users[:5]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
        "  <thead>\n",
        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th>user_id</th>\n",
        "      <th>username</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </thead>\n",
        "  <tbody>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>0</th>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> patrickdijusto1</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>1</th>\n",
        "      <td> 2</td>\n",
        "      <td> natalya_ivanova</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>2</th>\n",
        "      <td> 3</td>\n",
        "      <td>  justineittreim</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>3</th>\n",
        "      <td> 4</td>\n",
        "      <td>          ronmay</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>4</th>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "      <td>       paulstock</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </tbody>\n",
        "</table>\n",
        "</div>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 293,
       "text": [
        "   user_id         username\n",
        "0        1  patrickdijusto1\n",
        "1        2  natalya_ivanova\n",
        "2        3   justineittreim\n",
        "3        4           ronmay\n",
        "4        5        paulstock"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 293
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "courses[:5]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
        "  <thead>\n",
        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th>course_id</th>\n",
        "      <th>title</th>\n",
        "      <th>avg_rating</th>\n",
        "      <th>workload</th>\n",
        "      <th>university</th>\n",
        "      <th>difficulty</th>\n",
        "      <th>provider</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </thead>\n",
        "  <tbody>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>0</th>\n",
        "      <td> 1</td>\n",
        "      <td> An Introduction to Interactive Programming in ...</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.9</td>\n",
        "      <td> 7-10 hours/week</td>\n",
        "      <td>            Rice University</td>\n",
        "      <td>      Medium</td>\n",
        "      <td> coursera</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>1</th>\n",
        "      <td> 2</td>\n",
        "      <td>         Modern &amp;amp; Contemporary American Poetry</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.9</td>\n",
        "      <td>  5-9 hours/week</td>\n",
        "      <td> University of Pennsylvania</td>\n",
        "      <td> Easy/medium</td>\n",
        "      <td> coursera</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>2</th>\n",
        "      <td> 3</td>\n",
        "      <td>     A Beginner&amp;#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.9</td>\n",
        "      <td> 7-10 hours/week</td>\n",
        "      <td>            Duke University</td>\n",
        "      <td>      Medium</td>\n",
        "      <td> coursera</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>3</th>\n",
        "      <td> 4</td>\n",
        "      <td>          Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.9</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5-10 hours/week</td>\n",
        "      <td> University of Pennsylvania</td>\n",
        "      <td>      Medium</td>\n",
        "      <td> coursera</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>4</th>\n",
        "      <td> 5</td>\n",
        "      <td>                         Greek and Roman Mythology</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.9</td>\n",
        "      <td> 8-10 hours/week</td>\n",
        "      <td> University of Pennsylvania</td>\n",
        "      <td>      Medium</td>\n",
        "      <td> coursera</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </tbody>\n",
        "</table>\n",
        "</div>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 254,
       "text": [
        "   course_id                                              title avg_rating  \\\n",
        "0          1  An Introduction to Interactive Programming in ...        4.9   \n",
        "1          2          Modern &amp; Contemporary American Poetry        4.9   \n",
        "2          3      A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior        4.9   \n",
        "3          4           Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society        4.9   \n",
        "4          5                          Greek and Roman Mythology        4.9   \n",
        "\n",
        "          workload                  university   difficulty  provider  \n",
        "0  7-10 hours/week             Rice University       Medium  coursera  \n",
        "1   5-9 hours/week  University of Pennsylvania  Easy/medium  coursera  \n",
        "2  7-10 hours/week             Duke University       Medium  coursera  \n",
        "3  5-10 hours/week  University of Pennsylvania       Medium  coursera  \n",
        "4  8-10 hours/week  University of Pennsylvania       Medium  coursera  "
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 254
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Using `pd.merge` we get it all into  one big DataFrame."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "coursetalk = pd.merge(pd.merge(ratings, courses), users)\n",
      "coursetalk"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "<pre>\n",
        "&lt;class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'&gt;\n",
        "Int64Index: 2773 entries, 0 to 2772\n",
        "Data columns (total 10 columns):\n",
        "user_id       2773  non-null values\n",
        "course_id     2773  non-null values\n",
        "rating        2773  non-null values\n",
        "title         2773  non-null values\n",
        "avg_rating    2773  non-null values\n",
        "workload      2773  non-null values\n",
        "university    2616  non-null values\n",
        "difficulty    2773  non-null values\n",
        "provider      2773  non-null values\n",
        "username      2773  non-null values\n",
        "dtypes: float64(1), int64(2), object(7)\n",
        "</pre>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 6,
       "text": [
        "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
        "Int64Index: 2773 entries, 0 to 2772\n",
        "Data columns (total 10 columns):\n",
        "user_id       2773  non-null values\n",
        "course_id     2773  non-null values\n",
        "rating        2773  non-null values\n",
        "title         2773  non-null values\n",
        "avg_rating    2773  non-null values\n",
        "workload      2773  non-null values\n",
        "university    2616  non-null values\n",
        "difficulty    2773  non-null values\n",
        "provider      2773  non-null values\n",
        "username      2773  non-null values\n",
        "dtypes: float64(1), int64(2), object(7)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "coursetalk.ix[0]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 295,
       "text": [
        "user_id                                                       1\n",
        "course_id                                                     1\n",
        "rating                                                        5\n",
        "title         An Introduction to Interactive Programming in ...\n",
        "avg_rating                                                  4.9\n",
        "workload                                        7-10 hours/week\n",
        "university                                      Rice University\n",
        "difficulty                                               Medium\n",
        "provider                                               coursera\n",
        "username                                        patrickdijusto1\n",
        "Name: 0, dtype: object"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 295
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "### Collaborative filtering: generalizations of the aggregation function\n",
      "\n",
      "#### Non-personalized recommendations\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "### Groupby\n",
      "\n",
      "The idea of groupby is that of *split-apply-combine*:\n",
      "\n",
      "- split data in an object according to a given key;\n",
      "- apply a function to each subset;\n",
      "- combine results into a new object."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      " To get mean course ratings grouped by the provider, we can use the pivot_table method:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "mean_ratings = coursetalk.pivot_table('rating', rows='provider', aggfunc='mean')\n",
      "mean_ratings.order(ascending=False)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 284,
       "text": [
        "provider\n",
        "None            4.562500\n",
        "coursera        4.527835\n",
        "edx             4.491620\n",
        "codecademy      4.450000\n",
        "udacity         4.241071\n",
        "udemy           4.200000\n",
        "open2study      4.083333\n",
        "khanacademy     4.000000\n",
        "novoed          3.281250\n",
        "mruniversity    3.250000\n",
        "Name: rating, dtype: float64"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 284
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Now let's filter down to courses that received at least 20 ratings (a completely arbitrary number);\n",
      "To do this, I group the data by course_id and use size() to get a Series of group sizes for each title:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ratings_by_title = coursetalk.groupby('title').size()\n",
      "ratings_by_title[:10]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 297,
       "text": [
        "title\n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                     2\n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                2\n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                3\n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                            10\n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming     21\n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life          3\n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                             3\n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                    1\n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior              147\n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                 5\n",
        "dtype: int64"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 297
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "active_titles = ratings_by_title.index[ratings_by_title >= 20]\n",
      "active_titles[:10]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 298,
       "text": [
        "Index([u'6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming', u'A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior', u'An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python', u'An Introduction to Operations Management', u'CS-191x: Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Computation', u'CS188.1x Artificial Intelligence', u'Calculus: Single Variable', u'Computing for Data Analysis', u'Critical Thinking in Global Challenges', u'Cryptography I'], dtype=object)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 298
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "The index of titles receiving at least 20 ratings can then be used to select rows from mean_ratings above:\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "mean_ratings = coursetalk.pivot_table('rating', rows='title', aggfunc='mean')\n",
      "mean_ratings"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 300,
       "text": [
        "title\n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                        4.250000\n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                   4.750000\n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                   4.166667\n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                4.800000\n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming         4.166667\n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life             4.666667\n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                4.333333\n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                       5.000000\n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                   4.874150\n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                    3.500000\n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                               4.318182\n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                        3.000000\n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1    0.500000\n",
        "AIDS                                                            5.000000\n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                             4.333333\n",
        "...\n",
        "The Modern World: Global History since 1760        4.775862\n",
        "The Modern and the Postmodern                      4.777778\n",
        "The Science of Gastronomy                          4.000000\n",
        "The Social Context of Mental Health and Illness    4.333333\n",
        "Think Again: How to Reason and Argue               3.815789\n",
        "Useful Genetics Part 1                             4.500000\n",
        "VLSI CAD:  Logic to Layout                         4.500000\n",
        "Vaccine Trials: Methods and Best Practices         5.000000\n",
        "Vaccines                                           3.750000\n",
        "Web Development                                    4.625000\n",
        "Web Intelligence and Big Data                      3.802326\n",
        "Women and the Civil Rights Movement                5.000000\n",
        "Writing for the Web (WriteWeb)                     5.000000\n",
        "Writing in the Sciences                            4.000000\n",
        "jQuery                                             4.250000\n",
        "Name: rating, Length: 211, dtype: float64"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 300
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "By computing the mean rating for each course, we will order with the highest rating listed first.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "mean_ratings.ix[active_titles].order(ascending=False)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 301,
       "text": [
        "title\n",
        "An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python            4.915652\n",
        "Modern &amp; Contemporary American Poetry                       4.901515\n",
        "Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society                        4.879581\n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                   4.874150\n",
        "Greek and Roman Mythology                                       4.864198\n",
        "Calculus: Single Variable                                       4.854167\n",
        "CS188.1x Artificial Intelligence                                4.833333\n",
        "Machine Learning                                                4.830000\n",
        "Functional Programming Principles in Scala                      4.822581\n",
        "Gamification                                                    4.796296\n",
        "An Introduction to Operations Management                        4.785714\n",
        "The Modern World: Global History since 1760                     4.775862\n",
        "Programming Languages                                           4.770833\n",
        "CS-191x: Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Computation              4.727273\n",
        "Cryptography I                                                  4.700000\n",
        "Discrete Optimization                                           4.695652\n",
        "Introduction to Computer Science                                4.687500\n",
        "Learn to Program: Crafting Quality Code                         4.585714\n",
        "Model Thinking                                                  4.578125\n",
        "Internet History, Technology, and Security                      4.541667\n",
        "Fantasy and Science Fiction: The Human Mind, Our Modern World    4.522727\n",
        "Learn to Program: The Fundamentals                              4.303571\n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming         4.166667\n",
        "Critical Thinking in Global Challenges                          3.961538\n",
        "Web Intelligence and Big Data                                   3.802326\n",
        "Computing for Data Analysis                                     3.187500\n",
        "Introduction to Finance                                         3.086957\n",
        "Introduction to Data Science                                    3.060000\n",
        "Name: rating, dtype: float64"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 301
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "To see the top courses among Coursera students, we can sort by the 'Coursera' column in descending order:\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "mean_ratings = coursetalk.pivot_table('rating', rows='title',cols='provider', aggfunc='mean')\n",
      "mean_ratings[:10]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
        "  <thead>\n",
        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
        "      <th>provider</th>\n",
        "      <th>None</th>\n",
        "      <th>codecademy</th>\n",
        "      <th>coursera</th>\n",
        "      <th>edx</th>\n",
        "      <th>khanacademy</th>\n",
        "      <th>mruniversity</th>\n",
        "      <th>novoed</th>\n",
        "      <th>open2study</th>\n",
        "      <th>udacity</th>\n",
        "      <th>udemy</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>title</th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </thead>\n",
        "  <tbody>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>     NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.250000</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>2.01x: Elements of Structures</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>     NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.750000</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>     NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.166667</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>6.002x: Circuits and Electronics</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>     NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.800000</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>     NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.166667</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>     NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.666667</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>     NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.333333</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>     NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 5.000000</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A Beginner&amp;#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 4.87415</td>\n",
        "      <td>      NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A Crash Course on Creativity</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>     NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>      NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td> 3.5</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </tbody>\n",
        "</table>\n",
        "</div>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 7,
       "text": [
        "provider                                                 None  codecademy  \\\n",
        "title                                                                       \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                  NaN         NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                             NaN         NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry             NaN         NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                          NaN         NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming   NaN         NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life       NaN         NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                          NaN         NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                 NaN         NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior             NaN         NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                              NaN         NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "provider                                                 coursera       edx  \\\n",
        "title                                                                         \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                      NaN  4.250000   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                 NaN  4.750000   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                 NaN  4.166667   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                              NaN  4.800000   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming       NaN  4.166667   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life           NaN  4.666667   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                              NaN  4.333333   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                     NaN  5.000000   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior             4.87415       NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                  NaN       NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "provider                                                 khanacademy  \\\n",
        "title                                                                  \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                         NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                    NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                    NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                 NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming          NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life              NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                 NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                        NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                    NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                     NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "provider                                                 mruniversity  novoed  \\\n",
        "title                                                                           \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                          NaN     NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                     NaN     NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                     NaN     NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                  NaN     NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming           NaN     NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life               NaN     NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                  NaN     NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                         NaN     NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                     NaN     NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                      NaN     3.5   \n",
        "\n",
        "provider                                                 open2study  udacity  \\\n",
        "title                                                                          \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                        NaN      NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                   NaN      NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                   NaN      NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                NaN      NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming         NaN      NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life             NaN      NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                NaN      NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                       NaN      NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                   NaN      NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                    NaN      NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "provider                                                 udemy  \n",
        "title                                                           \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                   NaN  \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                              NaN  \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry              NaN  \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                           NaN  \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming    NaN  \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life        NaN  \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                           NaN  \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                  NaN  \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior              NaN  \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                               NaN  "
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "mean_ratings['coursera'][active_titles].order(ascending=False)[:10]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 303,
       "text": [
        "title\n",
        "An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python    4.915652\n",
        "Modern &amp; Contemporary American Poetry               4.901515\n",
        "Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society                4.879581\n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior           4.874150\n",
        "Greek and Roman Mythology                               4.864198\n",
        "Calculus: Single Variable                               4.854167\n",
        "Programming Languages                                   4.850000\n",
        "Machine Learning                                        4.830000\n",
        "Functional Programming Principles in Scala              4.822581\n",
        "Gamification                                            4.796296\n",
        "Name: coursera, dtype: float64"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 303
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "\n",
      "Now, let's go further!  How about rank the courses with the highest percentage of ratings that are 4 or higher ?  % of ratings 4+\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Let's start with a simple pivoting example that does not involve any aggregation. We can extract a ratings matrix as follows:\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# transform the ratings frame into a ratings matrix\n",
      "ratings_mtx_df = coursetalk.pivot_table(values='rating',\n",
      "                                             rows='user_id',\n",
      "                                             cols='title')\n",
      "ratings_mtx_df.ix[ratings_mtx_df.index[:15], ratings_mtx_df.columns[:15]]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
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        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
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        "      <th>title</th>\n",
        "      <th>14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty</th>\n",
        "      <th>2.01x: Elements of Structures</th>\n",
        "      <th>3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry</th>\n",
        "      <th>6.002x: Circuits and Electronics</th>\n",
        "      <th>6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming</th>\n",
        "      <th>7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life</th>\n",
        "      <th>8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism</th>\n",
        "      <th>8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView</th>\n",
        "      <th>A Beginner&amp;#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior</th>\n",
        "      <th>A Crash Course on Creativity</th>\n",
        "      <th>A History of the World since 1300</th>\n",
        "      <th>A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology</th>\n",
        "      <th>A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1</th>\n",
        "      <th>AIDS</th>\n",
        "      <th>Aboriginal Worldviews and Education</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>user_id</th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
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        "      <th></th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>5 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>6 </th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>  5</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>11</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>12</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>13</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>14</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>15</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </tbody>\n",
        "</table>\n",
        "</div>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 8,
       "text": [
        "title    14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty  \\\n",
        "user_id                                             \n",
        "1                                             NaN   \n",
        "2                                             NaN   \n",
        "3                                             NaN   \n",
        "4                                             NaN   \n",
        "5                                             NaN   \n",
        "6                                             NaN   \n",
        "7                                             NaN   \n",
        "8                                             NaN   \n",
        "9                                             NaN   \n",
        "10                                            NaN   \n",
        "11                                            NaN   \n",
        "12                                            NaN   \n",
        "13                                            NaN   \n",
        "14                                            NaN   \n",
        "15                                            NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    2.01x: Elements of Structures  \\\n",
        "user_id                                  \n",
        "1                                  NaN   \n",
        "2                                  NaN   \n",
        "3                                  NaN   \n",
        "4                                  NaN   \n",
        "5                                  NaN   \n",
        "6                                  NaN   \n",
        "7                                  NaN   \n",
        "8                                  NaN   \n",
        "9                                  NaN   \n",
        "10                                 NaN   \n",
        "11                                 NaN   \n",
        "12                                 NaN   \n",
        "13                                 NaN   \n",
        "14                                 NaN   \n",
        "15                                 NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                  \n",
        "1                                                  NaN   \n",
        "2                                                  NaN   \n",
        "3                                                  NaN   \n",
        "4                                                  NaN   \n",
        "5                                                  NaN   \n",
        "6                                                  NaN   \n",
        "7                                                  NaN   \n",
        "8                                                  NaN   \n",
        "9                                                  NaN   \n",
        "10                                                 NaN   \n",
        "11                                                 NaN   \n",
        "12                                                 NaN   \n",
        "13                                                 NaN   \n",
        "14                                                 NaN   \n",
        "15                                                 NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    6.002x: Circuits and Electronics  \\\n",
        "user_id                                     \n",
        "1                                     NaN   \n",
        "2                                     NaN   \n",
        "3                                     NaN   \n",
        "4                                     NaN   \n",
        "5                                     NaN   \n",
        "6                                       5   \n",
        "7                                     NaN   \n",
        "8                                     NaN   \n",
        "9                                     NaN   \n",
        "10                                    NaN   \n",
        "11                                    NaN   \n",
        "12                                    NaN   \n",
        "13                                    NaN   \n",
        "14                                    NaN   \n",
        "15                                    NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                            \n",
        "1                                                      NaN         \n",
        "2                                                      NaN         \n",
        "3                                                      NaN         \n",
        "4                                                      NaN         \n",
        "5                                                      NaN         \n",
        "6                                                      NaN         \n",
        "7                                                      NaN         \n",
        "8                                                      NaN         \n",
        "9                                                      NaN         \n",
        "10                                                     NaN         \n",
        "11                                                     NaN         \n",
        "12                                                     NaN         \n",
        "13                                                     NaN         \n",
        "14                                                     NaN         \n",
        "15                                                     NaN         \n",
        "\n",
        "title    7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                        \n",
        "1                                                      NaN     \n",
        "2                                                      NaN     \n",
        "3                                                      NaN     \n",
        "4                                                      NaN     \n",
        "5                                                      NaN     \n",
        "6                                                      NaN     \n",
        "7                                                      NaN     \n",
        "8                                                      NaN     \n",
        "9                                                      NaN     \n",
        "10                                                     NaN     \n",
        "11                                                     NaN     \n",
        "12                                                     NaN     \n",
        "13                                                     NaN     \n",
        "14                                                     NaN     \n",
        "15                                                     NaN     \n",
        "\n",
        "title    8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism  8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                                \n",
        "1                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "2                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "3                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "4                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "5                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "6                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "7                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "8                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "9                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "10                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "11                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "12                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "13                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "14                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "15                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                  \n",
        "1                                                  NaN   \n",
        "2                                                  NaN   \n",
        "3                                                  NaN   \n",
        "4                                                  NaN   \n",
        "5                                                  NaN   \n",
        "6                                                  NaN   \n",
        "7                                                  NaN   \n",
        "8                                                  NaN   \n",
        "9                                                  NaN   \n",
        "10                                                 NaN   \n",
        "11                                                 NaN   \n",
        "12                                                 NaN   \n",
        "13                                                 NaN   \n",
        "14                                                 NaN   \n",
        "15                                                 NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    A Crash Course on Creativity  A History of the World since 1300  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                                    \n",
        "1                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "2                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "3                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "4                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "5                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "6                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "7                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "8                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "9                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "10                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "11                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "12                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "13                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "14                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "15                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology  \\\n",
        "user_id                                             \n",
        "1                                             NaN   \n",
        "2                                             NaN   \n",
        "3                                             NaN   \n",
        "4                                             NaN   \n",
        "5                                             NaN   \n",
        "6                                             NaN   \n",
        "7                                             NaN   \n",
        "8                                             NaN   \n",
        "9                                             NaN   \n",
        "10                                            NaN   \n",
        "11                                            NaN   \n",
        "12                                            NaN   \n",
        "13                                            NaN   \n",
        "14                                            NaN   \n",
        "15                                            NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                                               \n",
        "1                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "2                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "3                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "4                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "5                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "6                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "7                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "8                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "9                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "10                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "11                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "12                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "13                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "14                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "15                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "\n",
        "title    AIDS  Aboriginal Worldviews and Education  \n",
        "user_id                                             \n",
        "1         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "2         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "3         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "4         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "5         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "6         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "7         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "8         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "9         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "10        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "11        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "12        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "13        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "14        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "15        NaN                                  NaN  "
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Let's extract only the rating that are 4 or higher."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ratings_gte_4 = ratings_mtx_df[ratings_mtx_df>=4.0]\n",
      "# with an integer axis index only label-based indexing is possible\n",
      "\n",
      "ratings_gte_4.ix[ratings_gte_4.index[:15], ratings_gte_4.columns[:15]]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
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        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
        "  <thead>\n",
        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
        "      <th>title</th>\n",
        "      <th>14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty</th>\n",
        "      <th>2.01x: Elements of Structures</th>\n",
        "      <th>3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry</th>\n",
        "      <th>6.002x: Circuits and Electronics</th>\n",
        "      <th>6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming</th>\n",
        "      <th>7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life</th>\n",
        "      <th>8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism</th>\n",
        "      <th>8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView</th>\n",
        "      <th>A Beginner&amp;#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior</th>\n",
        "      <th>A Crash Course on Creativity</th>\n",
        "      <th>A History of the World since 1300</th>\n",
        "      <th>A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology</th>\n",
        "      <th>A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1</th>\n",
        "      <th>AIDS</th>\n",
        "      <th>Aboriginal Worldviews and Education</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>user_id</th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
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        "      <th>1 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>2 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>3 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>4 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>5 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>6 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>  5</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>7 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>9 </th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>10</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>11</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>12</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>13</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>14</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>15</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </tbody>\n",
        "</table>\n",
        "</div>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 19,
       "text": [
        "title    14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty  \\\n",
        "user_id                                             \n",
        "1                                             NaN   \n",
        "2                                             NaN   \n",
        "3                                             NaN   \n",
        "4                                             NaN   \n",
        "5                                             NaN   \n",
        "6                                             NaN   \n",
        "7                                             NaN   \n",
        "8                                             NaN   \n",
        "9                                             NaN   \n",
        "10                                            NaN   \n",
        "11                                            NaN   \n",
        "12                                            NaN   \n",
        "13                                            NaN   \n",
        "14                                            NaN   \n",
        "15                                            NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    2.01x: Elements of Structures  \\\n",
        "user_id                                  \n",
        "1                                  NaN   \n",
        "2                                  NaN   \n",
        "3                                  NaN   \n",
        "4                                  NaN   \n",
        "5                                  NaN   \n",
        "6                                  NaN   \n",
        "7                                  NaN   \n",
        "8                                  NaN   \n",
        "9                                  NaN   \n",
        "10                                 NaN   \n",
        "11                                 NaN   \n",
        "12                                 NaN   \n",
        "13                                 NaN   \n",
        "14                                 NaN   \n",
        "15                                 NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                  \n",
        "1                                                  NaN   \n",
        "2                                                  NaN   \n",
        "3                                                  NaN   \n",
        "4                                                  NaN   \n",
        "5                                                  NaN   \n",
        "6                                                  NaN   \n",
        "7                                                  NaN   \n",
        "8                                                  NaN   \n",
        "9                                                  NaN   \n",
        "10                                                 NaN   \n",
        "11                                                 NaN   \n",
        "12                                                 NaN   \n",
        "13                                                 NaN   \n",
        "14                                                 NaN   \n",
        "15                                                 NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    6.002x: Circuits and Electronics  \\\n",
        "user_id                                     \n",
        "1                                     NaN   \n",
        "2                                     NaN   \n",
        "3                                     NaN   \n",
        "4                                     NaN   \n",
        "5                                     NaN   \n",
        "6                                       5   \n",
        "7                                     NaN   \n",
        "8                                     NaN   \n",
        "9                                     NaN   \n",
        "10                                    NaN   \n",
        "11                                    NaN   \n",
        "12                                    NaN   \n",
        "13                                    NaN   \n",
        "14                                    NaN   \n",
        "15                                    NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                            \n",
        "1                                                      NaN         \n",
        "2                                                      NaN         \n",
        "3                                                      NaN         \n",
        "4                                                      NaN         \n",
        "5                                                      NaN         \n",
        "6                                                      NaN         \n",
        "7                                                      NaN         \n",
        "8                                                      NaN         \n",
        "9                                                      NaN         \n",
        "10                                                     NaN         \n",
        "11                                                     NaN         \n",
        "12                                                     NaN         \n",
        "13                                                     NaN         \n",
        "14                                                     NaN         \n",
        "15                                                     NaN         \n",
        "\n",
        "title    7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                        \n",
        "1                                                      NaN     \n",
        "2                                                      NaN     \n",
        "3                                                      NaN     \n",
        "4                                                      NaN     \n",
        "5                                                      NaN     \n",
        "6                                                      NaN     \n",
        "7                                                      NaN     \n",
        "8                                                      NaN     \n",
        "9                                                      NaN     \n",
        "10                                                     NaN     \n",
        "11                                                     NaN     \n",
        "12                                                     NaN     \n",
        "13                                                     NaN     \n",
        "14                                                     NaN     \n",
        "15                                                     NaN     \n",
        "\n",
        "title    8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism  8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                                \n",
        "1                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "2                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "3                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "4                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "5                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "6                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "7                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "8                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "9                                     NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "10                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "11                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "12                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "13                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "14                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "15                                    NaN                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                  \n",
        "1                                                  NaN   \n",
        "2                                                  NaN   \n",
        "3                                                  NaN   \n",
        "4                                                  NaN   \n",
        "5                                                  NaN   \n",
        "6                                                  NaN   \n",
        "7                                                  NaN   \n",
        "8                                                  NaN   \n",
        "9                                                  NaN   \n",
        "10                                                 NaN   \n",
        "11                                                 NaN   \n",
        "12                                                 NaN   \n",
        "13                                                 NaN   \n",
        "14                                                 NaN   \n",
        "15                                                 NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    A Crash Course on Creativity  A History of the World since 1300  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                                    \n",
        "1                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "2                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "3                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "4                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "5                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "6                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "7                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "8                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "9                                 NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "10                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "11                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "12                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "13                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "14                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "15                                NaN                                NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology  \\\n",
        "user_id                                             \n",
        "1                                             NaN   \n",
        "2                                             NaN   \n",
        "3                                             NaN   \n",
        "4                                             NaN   \n",
        "5                                             NaN   \n",
        "6                                             NaN   \n",
        "7                                             NaN   \n",
        "8                                             NaN   \n",
        "9                                             NaN   \n",
        "10                                            NaN   \n",
        "11                                            NaN   \n",
        "12                                            NaN   \n",
        "13                                            NaN   \n",
        "14                                            NaN   \n",
        "15                                            NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "title    A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1  \\\n",
        "user_id                                                                               \n",
        "1                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "2                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "3                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "4                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "5                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "6                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "7                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "8                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "9                                                      NaN                            \n",
        "10                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "11                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "12                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "13                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "14                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "15                                                     NaN                            \n",
        "\n",
        "title    AIDS  Aboriginal Worldviews and Education  \n",
        "user_id                                             \n",
        "1         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "2         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "3         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "4         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "5         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "6         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "7         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "8         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "9         NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "10        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "11        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "12        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "13        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "14        NaN                                  NaN  \n",
        "15        NaN                                  NaN  "
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 19
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Now picking the number of total ratings for each course and the count of ratings 4+ , we can merge them into one DataFrame."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ratings_gte_4_pd = pd.DataFrame({'total': ratings_mtx_df.count(), 'gte_4': ratings_gte_4.count()})\n",
      "ratings_gte_4_pd.head(10)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
        "  <thead>\n",
        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th>gte_4</th>\n",
        "      <th>total</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>title</th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </thead>\n",
        "  <tbody>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>2.01x: Elements of Structures</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   3</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>6.002x: Circuits and Electronics</th>\n",
        "      <td>  10</td>\n",
        "      <td>  10</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming</th>\n",
        "      <td>  15</td>\n",
        "      <td>  21</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life</th>\n",
        "      <td>   3</td>\n",
        "      <td>   3</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   3</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView</th>\n",
        "      <td>   1</td>\n",
        "      <td>   1</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A Beginner&amp;#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior</th>\n",
        "      <td> 146</td>\n",
        "      <td> 147</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A Crash Course on Creativity</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   5</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </tbody>\n",
        "</table>\n",
        "</div>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 90,
       "text": [
        "                                                         gte_4  total\n",
        "title                                                                \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                     2      2\n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                2      2\n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                2      3\n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                            10     10\n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming     15     21\n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life          3      3\n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                             2      3\n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                    1      1\n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior              146    147\n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                 2      5"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 90
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ratings_gte_4_pd['gte_4_ratio'] = (ratings_gte_4_pd['gte_4'] * 1.0)/ ratings_gte_4_pd.total\n",
      "ratings_gte_4_pd.head(10)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
        "  <thead>\n",
        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th>gte_4</th>\n",
        "      <th>total</th>\n",
        "      <th>gte_4_ratio</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>title</th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </thead>\n",
        "  <tbody>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1.000000</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>2.01x: Elements of Structures</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1.000000</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   3</td>\n",
        "      <td> 0.666667</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>6.002x: Circuits and Electronics</th>\n",
        "      <td>  10</td>\n",
        "      <td>  10</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1.000000</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming</th>\n",
        "      <td>  15</td>\n",
        "      <td>  21</td>\n",
        "      <td> 0.714286</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life</th>\n",
        "      <td>   3</td>\n",
        "      <td>   3</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1.000000</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   3</td>\n",
        "      <td> 0.666667</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView</th>\n",
        "      <td>   1</td>\n",
        "      <td>   1</td>\n",
        "      <td> 1.000000</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A Beginner&amp;#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior</th>\n",
        "      <td> 146</td>\n",
        "      <td> 147</td>\n",
        "      <td> 0.993197</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A Crash Course on Creativity</th>\n",
        "      <td>   2</td>\n",
        "      <td>   5</td>\n",
        "      <td> 0.400000</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </tbody>\n",
        "</table>\n",
        "</div>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 92,
       "text": [
        "                                                         gte_4  total  gte_4_ratio\n",
        "title                                                                             \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                     2      2     1.000000\n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                2      2     1.000000\n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                2      3     0.666667\n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                            10     10     1.000000\n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming     15     21     0.714286\n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life          3      3     1.000000\n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                             2      3     0.666667\n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                    1      1     1.000000\n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior              146    147     0.993197\n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                 2      5     0.400000"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 92
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ranking = [(title,total,gte_4, score) for title, total, gte_4, score in ratings_gte_4_pd.itertuples()]\n",
      "\n",
      "for title, total, gte_4, score in sorted(ranking, key=lambda x: (x[3], x[2], x[1])  , reverse=True)[:10]:\n",
      "    print title, total, gte_4, score"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Functional Programming Principles in Scala 31 31 1.0\n",
        "Introduction to Computer Science 24 24 1.0\n",
        "Programming Languages 24 24 1.0\n",
        "Web Development 16 16 1.0\n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics 10 10 1.0\n",
        "Compilers 8 8 1.0\n",
        "Archaeology&#39;s Dirty Little Secrets 7 7 1.0\n",
        "How to Build a Startup 7 7 1.0\n",
        "Introduction to Sociology 7 7 1.0\n",
        "Stat2.1X: Introduction to Statistics: Descriptive Statistics 7 7 1.0\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 86
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Let's now go easy. Let's count the number of ratings for each course, and order with the most number of ratings.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ratings_by_title = coursetalk.groupby('title').size()\n",
      "ratings_by_title.order(ascending=False)[:10]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 96,
       "text": [
        "title\n",
        "An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python    575\n",
        "Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society                191\n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior           147\n",
        "Modern &amp; Contemporary American Poetry               132\n",
        "An Introduction to Operations Management                 98\n",
        "Greek and Roman Mythology                                81\n",
        "Critical Thinking in Global Challenges                   65\n",
        "Gamification                                             54\n",
        "Machine Learning                                         50\n",
        "Web Intelligence and Big Data                            43\n",
        "dtype: int64"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 96
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Considering this information we can sort by the most rated ones with highest percentage of 4+ ratings."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "for title, total, gte_4, score in sorted(ranking, key=lambda x: (x[2], x[3], x[1])  , reverse=True)[:10]:\n",
      "    print title, total, gte_4, score"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python 572 575 0.994782608696\n",
        "Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society 190 191 0.994764397906\n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior 146 147 0.993197278912\n",
        "Modern &amp; Contemporary American Poetry 130 132 0.984848484848\n",
        "An Introduction to Operations Management 96 98 0.979591836735\n",
        "Greek and Roman Mythology 80 81 0.987654320988\n",
        "Critical Thinking in Global Challenges 47 65 0.723076923077\n",
        "Gamification 52 54 0.962962962963\n",
        "Machine Learning 48 49 0.979591836735\n",
        "Web Intelligence and Big Data 26 43 0.604651162791\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 97
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Finally using the formula above that we learned, let's find out what the courses that most often occur wit the popular MOOC An introduction to Interactive Programming with Python by using the method \"x + y/ x\" .  For each course, calculate the percentage of Programming with python raters who also rated that course. Order with the highest percentage first, and voil\u00e1 we have the top 5 moocs."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "course_users = coursetalk.pivot_table('rating', rows='title', cols='user_id')\n",
      "course_users.ix[course_users.index[:15], course_users.columns[:15]]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
        "  <thead>\n",
        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
        "      <th>user_id</th>\n",
        "      <th>1</th>\n",
        "      <th>2</th>\n",
        "      <th>3</th>\n",
        "      <th>4</th>\n",
        "      <th>5</th>\n",
        "      <th>6</th>\n",
        "      <th>7</th>\n",
        "      <th>8</th>\n",
        "      <th>9</th>\n",
        "      <th>10</th>\n",
        "      <th>11</th>\n",
        "      <th>12</th>\n",
        "      <th>13</th>\n",
        "      <th>14</th>\n",
        "      <th>15</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>title</th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
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        "      <th>14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>2.01x: Elements of Structures</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>6.002x: Circuits and Electronics</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>  5</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <th>A Beginner&amp;#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>AIDS</th>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                           NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN   \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN   \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN   \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN   \n",
        "AIDS                                                                       NaN   \n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "user_id                                                                     14  \\\n",
        "title                                                                            \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                                   NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                              NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                           NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN   \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN   \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN   \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN   \n",
        "AIDS                                                                       NaN   \n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "user_id                                                                     15  \n",
        "title                                                                           \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                                   NaN  \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                              NaN  \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN  \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                           NaN  \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN  \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN  \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN  \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN  \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN  \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN  \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN  \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN  \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN  \n",
        "AIDS                                                                       NaN  \n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                                        NaN  "
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 102
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "First, let's get only the users that rated the course An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ratings_by_course = coursetalk[coursetalk.title == 'An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python']\n",
      "ratings_by_course.set_index('user_id', inplace=True)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 122
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Now, for all other courses let's filter out only the ratings from users that  rated the Python course."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "their_ids = ratings_by_course.index\n",
      "their_ratings = course_users[their_ids]\n",
      "course_users[their_ids].ix[course_users[their_ids].index[:15], course_users[their_ids].columns[:15]]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "<div style=\"max-height:1000px;max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;\">\n",
        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
        "  <thead>\n",
        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
        "      <th>user_id</th>\n",
        "      <th>1</th>\n",
        "      <th>2</th>\n",
        "      <th>3</th>\n",
        "      <th>4</th>\n",
        "      <th>5</th>\n",
        "      <th>6</th>\n",
        "      <th>7</th>\n",
        "      <th>8</th>\n",
        "      <th>9</th>\n",
        "      <th>10</th>\n",
        "      <th>11</th>\n",
        "      <th>12</th>\n",
        "      <th>13</th>\n",
        "      <th>14</th>\n",
        "      <th>15</th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>title</th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "      <th></th>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </thead>\n",
        "  <tbody>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>2.01x: Elements of Structures</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>6.002x: Circuits and Electronics</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>  5</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A Beginner&amp;#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A Crash Course on Creativity</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A History of the World since 1300</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>AIDS</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "    <tr>\n",
        "      <th>Aboriginal Worldviews and Education</th>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
        "    </tr>\n",
        "  </tbody>\n",
        "</table>\n",
        "</div>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 138,
       "text": [
        "user_id                                                                     1   \\\n",
        "title                                                                            \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                                   NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                              NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                           NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN   \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN   \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN   \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN   \n",
        "AIDS                                                                       NaN   \n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "user_id                                                                     2   \\\n",
        "title                                                                            \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                                   NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                              NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                           NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN   \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN   \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN   \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN   \n",
        "AIDS                                                                       NaN   \n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "user_id                                                                     3   \\\n",
        "title                                                                            \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                                   NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                              NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                           NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN   \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN   \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN   \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN   \n",
        "AIDS                                                                       NaN   \n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "user_id                                                                     4   \\\n",
        "title                                                                            \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                                   NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                              NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                           NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN   \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN   \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN   \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN   \n",
        "AIDS                                                                       NaN   \n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "user_id                                                                     5   \\\n",
        "title                                                                            \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                                   NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                              NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                           NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN   \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN   \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN   \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN   \n",
        "AIDS                                                                       NaN   \n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "user_id                                                                     6   \\\n",
        "title                                                                            \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                                   NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                              NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                             5   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN   \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN   \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN   \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN   \n",
        "AIDS                                                                       NaN   \n",
        "Aboriginal Worldviews and Education                                        NaN   \n",
        "\n",
        "user_id                                                                     7   \\\n",
        "title                                                                            \n",
        "14.73x: The Challenges of Global Poverty                                   NaN   \n",
        "2.01x: Elements of Structures                                              NaN   \n",
        "3.091x: Introduction to Solid State Chemistry                              NaN   \n",
        "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics                                           NaN   \n",
        "6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming                    NaN   \n",
        "7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life                        NaN   \n",
        "8.02x: Electricity and Magnetism                                           NaN   \n",
        "8.MReVx: Mechanics ReView                                                  NaN   \n",
        "A Beginner&#39;s Guide to Irrational Behavior                              NaN   \n",
        "A Crash Course on Creativity                                               NaN   \n",
        "A History of the World since 1300                                          NaN   \n",
        "A Look at Nuclear Science and Technology                                   NaN   \n",
        "A New History for a New China, 1700-2000: New Data and New Methods, Part 1 NaN   \n",
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     ],
     "prompt_number": 138
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "By applying the division: number of ratings who rated Python Course and the given course / total of ratings who rated the Python Course we have  our percentage."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "course_count =  their_ratings.ix['An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python'].count()\n",
      "sims = their_ratings.apply(lambda profile: profile.count() / float(course_count) , axis=1)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 158
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Ordering by the score, highest first excepts the first one which contains the course itself."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "sims.order(ascending=False)[1:][:10]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 162,
       "text": [
        "title\n",
        "Machine Learning                           0.006957\n",
        "Cryptography I                             0.006957\n",
        "Web Development                            0.005217\n",
        "Python                                     0.005217\n",
        "Learn to Program: Crafting Quality Code    0.005217\n",
        "Introduction to Computer Science           0.005217\n",
        "Human-Computer Interaction                 0.005217\n",
        "Gamification                               0.005217\n",
        "Computational Investing, Part I            0.005217\n",
        "CS-169.1x: Software as a Service           0.005217\n",
        "dtype: float64"
       ]
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     "prompt_number": 162
    }
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}