Native Memory Leak by EmbeddingModel.embed(someText)

[slaout]

Hello,

Bug description
We discovered a memory leak after a few days we've put our application into production.
Native memory usage is growing slowly until it crashes with an OutOfMemory error.

Environment
Linux or MacOSX
Spring AI 1.0.0-SNAPSHOT as of 2024-09-27
Java 21
Using EmbeddingModel.embed()
Model huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-small

Steps to reproduce

while (true) {
    embeddingModel.embed("some text to embed");
}

Observe process RAM usage grow slowly.
It sometimes decreases a bit (as if some native code got some garbage collection done), but not as much as needed.

Expected behavior
Would be cool if it didn't crash in production :-)

Minimal Complete Reproducible example
Here is a real simple way to reproduce it:

The application code:
https://github.com/slaout/springai-embed-memoryleak-proof/blob/main/src/main/java/com/github/slaout/springai/embed/memoryleak/EmbedderMemoryLeakProof.java
The application properties:
https://github.com/slaout/springai-embed-memoryleak-proof/blob/main/src/main/resources/application.properties
The Maven dependencies:
https://github.com/slaout/springai-embed-memoryleak-proof/blob/main/pom.xml

It embeds a random string as fast as possible (but it could also be the same string over and over).
JVM RAM is normal and contained.
But the java process RAM is leaking.
This is the native memory part that is leaking.
I think this is PyTorch native executable that is eating all that RAM.

The application prints every seconds the RAM of the "java" Unix process.
If we plot it over more than 2 hours (8000 seconds), RAM alywas increases until it doubles (blue graph).
If we plot the delta from previous seconds (red graph), we see regular increases (and some seldom decreases, below 0) in a pattern.

And in our Kubernetes environment, all pods crash at about the same time with an OutOfMemory error, restart (every one to two days for us), and our application does not respond because remaining pods are overflowed.

The "top" command even reported memory growing from 2GB to 27GB during these two ours:
Begin :

PID    COMMAND      %CPU      TIME     #TH    #WQ   #PORT MEM    PURG   CMPRS  PGRP  PPID  STATE    BOOSTS               %CPU_ME %CPU_OTHRS
65832  java         830.3     01:48.61 73/9   1     206   2001M+ 0B     1546M- 48338 48338 running  *0[1]                0.00000 0.00000

End :

PID    COMMAND      %CPU      TIME     #TH    #WQ   #PORT MEM    PURG   CMPRS  PGRP  PPID  STATE    BOOSTS               %CPU_ME %CPU_OTHRS
65832  java         759.5     19:33:43 72/10  1/1   198   27G+   0B     24G+   48338 48338 running  *0[1]                0.00000 0.00000

Is there anything we can do about it?
Would it be Spring AI, DeepJavaLibrary (DJL), OnnxRuntime and/or PyTorch fault?