lbind.h

#ifndef LBIND_H
#define LBIND_H


#include <lua.h>
#include <lauxlib.h>


#if LUA_VERSION_NUM >= 503
# define lua53_getuservalue lua_getuservalue
# define lua53_gettable     lua_gettable
# define lua53_getfield     lua_getfield
# define lua53_rawget       lua_rawget
# define lua53_rawgeti      lua_rawgeti
# define lua53_rawgetp      lua_rawgetp
# define lua53_rotate       lua_rotate
#else
LUA_API int lua53_getuservalue(lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int lua53_gettable(lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int lua53_getfield(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *field);
LUA_API int lua53_rawget(lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int lua53_rawgeti(lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n);
LUA_API int lua53_rawgetp(lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p);
LUA_API void lua53_rotate(lua_State *L, int idx, int n);
#endif

#if LUA_VERSION_NUM < 502
# define LUA_OK                        0
# define lua_getuservalue              lua_getfenv
# define lua_setuservalue              lua_setfenv
# define lua_rawlen                    lua_objlen

# define luaL_newlibtable(L,l)	\
   lua_createtable(L, 0, sizeof(l)/sizeof((l)[0]) - 1)
# define luaL_newlib(L,l) \
   (luaL_newlibtable(L,l), luaL_setfuncs(L,l,0))

LUA_API lua_Integer (lua_tointegerx) (lua_State *L, int idx, int *valid);
LUA_API void (lua_rawsetp) (lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p);
LUA_API void (lua_rawgetp) (lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p);
LUALIB_API const char *(luaL_tolstring) (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len);
LUALIB_API void (luaL_setfuncs) (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup);
#endif /* LUA_VERSION_NUM */

#ifdef __cplusplus
# define LB_NS_BEGIN extern "C" {
# define LB_NS_END   }
#else
# define LB_NS_BEGIN
# define LB_NS_END
#endif

#ifdef LBIND_STATIC_API
# ifndef LBIND_IMPLEMENTATION
#  define LBIND_IMPLEMENTATION
# endif
# if __GNUC__
#   define LB_API static __attribute((unused))
# else
#   define LB_API static
# endif
#endif

#if !defined(LB_API) && defined(_WIN32)
# ifdef LBIND_IMPLEMENTATION
#   define LB_API __declspec(dllexport)
# else
#   define LB_API __declspec(dllimport)
# endif
#endif

#ifndef LB_API
# define LB_API extern
#endif

#if defined(_WIN32)
# define LBLIB_API __declspec(dllexport)
#else
# define LBLIB_API extern
#endif

/* lbind internal max alignment */
#ifndef LBIND_MAXALIGN
# define LBIND_MAXALIGN union { double u; void *s; long l; }
#endif

LB_NS_BEGIN


typedef LBIND_MAXALIGN lbind_MaxAlign;


/* lbind runtime */
#ifndef LBIND_NO_RUNTIME
LBLIB_API int luaopen_lbind (lua_State *L);
#endif /* LBIND_NO_RUNTIME */


/* lbind utils functions */
LB_API int lbind_relindex   (int idx, int onstack);
LB_API int lbind_argferror  (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *fmt, ...);
LB_API int lbind_typeerror  (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *tname);
LB_API int lbind_matcherror (lua_State *L, const char *extramsg);
LB_API int lbind_copystack  (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int nargs);
LB_API int lbind_hasfield   (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *field);
LB_API int lbind_self       (lua_State *L, const void *p, const char *method, int nargs, int *ptraceback);
LB_API int lbind_pcall      (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nrets);

LB_API const char *lbind_dumpstack (lua_State *L, const char *extramsg);

#define lbind_returnself(L) do { lua_settop((L), 1); return 1; } while (0)

#define lbind_printstack(L, msg) ( printf("%s\n", lbind_dumpstack((L), (msg))), lua_pop((L), 1) )


/* lbind lua module install */
typedef struct lbind_Reg {
    const char    *name; /* name of library */
    lua_CFunction  open_func; /* luaopen_ function of library */
} lbind_Reg;

LB_API void lbind_install     (lua_State *L, lbind_Reg *reg);
LB_API int  lbind_requiref    (lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction loader);
LB_API void lbind_requirelibs (lua_State *L, lbind_Reg *reg);
LB_API void lbind_requireinto (lua_State *L, const char *prefix, lbind_Reg *reg);


/* metatable maintain */
LB_API int lbind_setmetatable (lua_State *L, const void *t);
LB_API int lbind_getmetatable (lua_State *L, const void *t);
LB_API int lbind_setmetafield (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *field);
LB_API int lbind_setlibcall   (lua_State *L, const char *method);

#define LBIND_INDEX     0x01
#define LBIND_NEWINDEX  0x02

LB_API void lbind_setaccessors (lua_State *L, int ntables, int field);
LB_API void lbind_setarrayf    (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f, int field);
LB_API void lbind_sethashf     (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f, int field);
LB_API void lbind_setmaptable  (lua_State *L, luaL_Reg libs[], int field);

#define lbind_checkreadonly(L) ((void)( \
            lua_gettop(L)!=2 &&         \
            luaL_error((L), "field %s is read-only", \
                lbind_tostring((L), 2))))

#define lbind_checkwriteonly(L) ((void)( \
            lua_gettop(L)!=3 &&          \
            luaL_error((L), "field %s is write-only", \
                lbind_tostring((L), 2))))


/* light userdata utils */
LB_API int  lbind_getudtypebox (lua_State *L);
LB_API int  lbind_getlightuservalue (lua_State *L, const void *p);
LB_API void lbind_setlightuservalue (lua_State *L, const void *p);


/* lbind peer table support, define LBIND_NO_PEER to disable this.
 *
 * peer table is a normal table that has a field "__peer", t.__peer is
 * the real userdata, in this case, lbind use this table as it is
 * t.__peer. i.e. lbind treat that table as a native object.
 */
LB_API void *lbind_touserdata (lua_State *L, int idx);


/* lbind class runtime */

/*
 * NOTE: all types must have a global Type structure. its address used
 * to find the right informations about type. So all const lbind_Type *t
 * argument must be &var, where var is declared by LB_API, e.g.
 * LB_API lbind_Type basetype;
 */
typedef struct lbind_Type lbind_Type;

typedef void *lbind_Cast(lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *to_type);

struct lbind_Type {
    const char *name;
    int flags;
    lbind_Cast *cast;
    lbind_Type **bases;
};

/* lbind type registry
 *
 * a lbind object can tracked and interned.
 *
 * If a object is tracked, when it collected (i.e. not used any more)
 * it's delete function in metatable will called. otherwise it won't
 * deleted by Lua, i.e. it's life-time is not associate with Lua.
 *
 * When a object is interned, You can use it's pointer to find the
 * object itself.
 *
 * if a type has flags LBIND_ACCESSOR, it has a non-trival __index and
 * __newindex, that means the object of this type has the ability to
 * save any value into it's uservalue and can have custom accessors.
 * if a type has base type, it also have LBIND_ACCESSOR flag.
 */
#define LBIND_TRACK     0x01
#define LBIND_INTERN    0x02
#define LBIND_ACCESSOR  0x04

#ifndef LBIND_DEFAULT_FLAG
# define LBIND_DEFAULT_FLAG   (LBIND_TRACK)
#endif

#define LBIND_INIT(name, flags) { name, flags, NULL, NULL }
#define LBIND_TYPE_FLAGS(var, name, flags) LB_API lbind_Type var = LBIND_INIT(name, flags)
#define LBIND_TYPE(var, name) LB_API lbind_Type var = LBIND_INIT(name, LBIND_DEFAULT_FLAG)

LB_API void lbind_inittype  (lbind_Type *t, const char *name);
LB_API void lbind_setbase   (lbind_Type *t, lbind_Type **bases, lbind_Cast *cast);
LB_API int  lbind_settrack  (lbind_Type *t, int autotrack);
LB_API int  lbind_setintern (lbind_Type *t, int autointern);

/* lbind type metatable */
LB_API int  lbind_newmetatable (lua_State *L, luaL_Reg *libs, const lbind_Type *t);
LB_API void lbind_setagency    (lua_State *L);

/* get lbind_Type* from metatable */
LB_API lbind_Type *lbind_typeobject (lua_State *L, int idx);

/* lbind type system */
LB_API const char *lbind_tolstring (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *plen);
LB_API const char *lbind_type      (lua_State *L, int idx);

LB_API int   lbind_isa   (lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t);
LB_API int   lbind_copy  (lua_State *L, const void *p, const lbind_Type *t);
LB_API void *lbind_cast  (lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t);
LB_API void *lbind_check (lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t);
LB_API void *lbind_test  (lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t);

#define lbind_opt(L,idx,defs,t) \
    (lua_isnoneornil((L),(idx)) ? (defs) : lbind_check((L),(idx),(t)))

#define lbind_tostring(L,idx) lbind_tolstring((L),(idx),NULL)

/* lbind object creation
 * `lbind_raw` create a raw lbind object, not associate with a
 * lbind_Type, if `intern` is non-zero, intern it.
 * `lbind_new` create a lbind object associated with a lbind_Type,
 * this type decide whether the object is signed up.
 * `lbind_wrapraw` same as `lbind_raw`, but wrap a pointer instead.
 * `lbind_wrap` wrap a pointer to lbind object associated with
 * lbind_Type, the type decide the signing.
 */
LB_API void *lbind_newraw  (lua_State *L, size_t objsize, int intern);
LB_API void *lbind_new     (lua_State *L, size_t objsize, const lbind_Type *t);
LB_API void *lbind_wrapraw (lua_State *L, void *p, int intern);
LB_API void *lbind_wrap    (lua_State *L, void *p, const lbind_Type *t);

/* delete a lbind object. unsign, clear and remove metatable of it.  */
LB_API void *lbind_delete (lua_State *L, int idx);

/* get pointer from a lbind object, or NULL. */
LB_API void *lbind_object (lua_State *L, int idx);

/* intern a object with a pointer p, object is on stack. */
LB_API void lbind_intern (lua_State *L, const void *p);

/* get lbind object userdata from object pointer.
 * require interned before */
LB_API int lbind_retrieve (lua_State *L, const void *p);

/* track/untrack object */
LB_API void lbind_track    (lua_State *L, int idx);
LB_API void lbind_untrack  (lua_State *L, int idx);
LB_API int  lbind_hastrack (lua_State *L, int idx);


/* lbind enum runtime */
#ifndef LBIND_NO_ENUM

typedef struct lbind_EnumItem {
    const char *name;
    int value;
} lbind_EnumItem;

typedef struct lbind_Enum {
    const char *name;
    size_t nitem;
    lbind_EnumItem *items;
} lbind_Enum;

#define LBIND_INITENUM(name, es) { name, sizeof(es)/sizeof((es)[0]), es }
#define LBIND_ENUM(var, name, es) LB_API lbind_Enum var = LBIND_INITENUM(name, es)

LB_API void lbind_initenum (lbind_Enum *et, const char *name);

LB_API lbind_EnumItem *lbind_findenum (lbind_Enum *et, const char *s, size_t len);

LB_API int lbind_pushenum  (lua_State *L, const char *name, lbind_Enum *et);
LB_API int lbind_testenum  (lua_State *L, int idx, lbind_Enum *et);
LB_API int lbind_checkenum (lua_State *L, int idx, lbind_Enum *et);

LB_API int lbind_pushmask  (lua_State *L, int evalue, lbind_Enum *et);
LB_API int lbind_testmask  (lua_State *L, int idx, lbind_Enum *et);
LB_API int lbind_checkmask (lua_State *L, int idx, lbind_Enum *et);

#define lbind_optenum(L,idx,defs,t) \
    (lua_isnoneornil((L),(idx)) ? (defs) : lbind_checkenum((L),(idx),(t)))

#define lbind_optmask(L,idx,defs,t) \
    (lua_isnoneornil((L),(idx)) ? (defs) : lbind_checkmask((L),(idx),(t)))


#endif /* LBIND_NO_ENUM */


LB_NS_END

#endif /* LBIND_H */

#if defined(LBIND_IMPLEMENTATION) && !defined(lbind_implemented)
#define lbind_implemented


#include <string.h>

LB_NS_BEGIN


#if LUA_VERSION_NUM < 503
LUA_API int lua53_getuservalue(lua_State *L, int idx)
{ lua_getuservalue(L, idx); return lua_type(L, -1); }
LUA_API int lua53_gettable(lua_State *L, int idx)
{ lua_gettable(L, idx); return lua_type(L, -1); }
LUA_API int lua53_getfield(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *field)
{ lua_getfield(L, idx, field); return lua_type(L, -1); }
LUA_API int lua53_rawget(lua_State *L, int idx)
{ lua_rawget(L, idx); return lua_type(L, -1); }
LUA_API int lua53_rawgeti(lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n)
{ lua_rawgeti(L, idx, n); return lua_type(L, -1); }
LUA_API int lua53_rawgetp(lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p)
{ lua_rawgetp(L, idx, p); return lua_type(L, -1); }

LUA_API void lua53_rotate(lua_State *L, int idx, int n) {
  int i;
  if (n < 0)
    n += (idx < 0) ? -idx : (lua_gettop(L)-idx-1);
  for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    lua_insert(L, -idx);
}
#endif


/* compatible apis */
#if LUA_VERSION_NUM < 502
LUA_API lua_Integer lua_tointegerx(lua_State *L, int idx, int *valid) {
  lua_Integer n;
  *valid = (n = lua_tointeger(L, idx)) != 0 || lua_isnumber(L, idx);
  return n;
}

LUA_API void lua_rawgetp(lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p) {
  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void*)p);
  lua_rawget(L, lbind_relindex(idx, 1));
}

LUA_API void lua_rawsetp(lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p) {
  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void*)p);
  lua_insert(L, -2);
  lua_rawset(L, lbind_relindex(idx, 1));
}

LUALIB_API void luaL_setfuncs(lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup) {
  luaL_checkstack(L, nup, "too many upvalues");
  for (; l->name != NULL; l++) {  /* fill the table with given functions */
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < nup; i++)  /* copy upvalues to the top */
      lua_pushvalue(L, -nup);
    lua_pushcclosure(L, l->func, nup);  /* closure with those upvalues */
    lua_setfield(L, -(nup + 2), l->name);
  }
  lua_pop(L, nup);  /* remove upvalues */
}

LUALIB_API const char *luaL_tolstring(lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *plen) {
  if (!luaL_callmeta(L, idx, "__tostring")) {  /* no metafield? */
    switch (lua_type(L, idx)) {
      case LUA_TNUMBER:
      case LUA_TSTRING:
        lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
        break;
      case LUA_TBOOLEAN:
        lua_pushstring(L, (lua_toboolean(L, idx) ? "true" : "false"));
        break;
      case LUA_TNIL:
        lua_pushliteral(L, "nil");
        break;
      default:
        lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %p", luaL_typename(L, idx),
            lua_topointer(L, idx));
        break;
    }
  }
  return lua_tolstring(L, -1, plen);
}

/* LuaJIT has its own luaL_traceback(),
 * so we do not export this, use static instead.  */
#ifdef LUA_BITSINT /* not LuaJIT */
#define LEVELS1	12	/* size of the first part of the stack */
#define LEVELS2	10	/* size of the second part of the stack */
static void luaL_traceback(lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *msg, int level) {
  int top = lua_gettop(L);
  int firstpart = 1;  /* still before eventual `...' */
  lua_Debug ar;
  if (msg) lua_pushfstring(L, "%s\n", msg);
  lua_pushliteral(L, "stack traceback:");
  while (lua_getstack(L1, level++, &ar)) {
    if (level > LEVELS1 && firstpart) {
      /* no more than `LEVELS2' more levels? */
      if (!lua_getstack(L1, level+LEVELS2, &ar))
        level--;  /* keep going */
      else {
        lua_pushliteral(L, "\n\t...");  /* too many levels */
        while (lua_getstack(L1, level+LEVELS2, &ar))  /* find last levels */
          level++;
      }
      firstpart = 0;
      continue;
    }
    lua_pushliteral(L, "\n\t");
    lua_getinfo(L1, "Snl", &ar);
    lua_pushfstring(L, "%s:", ar.short_src);
    if (ar.currentline > 0)
      lua_pushfstring(L, "%d:", ar.currentline);
    if (*ar.namewhat != '\0')  /* is there a name? */
        lua_pushfstring(L, " in function " LUA_QS, ar.name);
    else {
      if (*ar.what == 'm')  /* main? */
        lua_pushfstring(L, " in main chunk");
      else if (*ar.what == 'C' || *ar.what == 't')
        lua_pushliteral(L, " ?");  /* C function or tail call */
      else
        lua_pushfstring(L, " in function <%s:%d>",
                           ar.short_src, ar.linedefined);
    }
    lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - top);
  }
  lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - top);
}
#endif /* LUA_BITSINT */

#endif /* LUA_VERSION_NUM < 502 */


/* lbind information hash routine */

#define LBIND_PTRBOX  0x90127B07
#define LBIND_TYPEBOX 0x799E0B07
#define LBIND_UDBOX   0xC5E7DB07

static int lbB_retrieve(lua_State *L, unsigned id) {
  if (lua53_rawgetp(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, (void*)(ptrdiff_t)id) == LUA_TNIL) {
    lua_pop(L, 1);
    lua_newtable(L);
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_rawsetp(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, (void*)(ptrdiff_t)id);
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

static void lbB_internbox(lua_State *L) {
  if (lbB_retrieve(L, LBIND_PTRBOX)) {
    lua_pushliteral(L, "v");
    lbind_setmetafield(L, -2, "__mode");
  }
}

static void lbB_typebox(lua_State *L) {
  lbB_retrieve(L, LBIND_TYPEBOX);
}


/* light userdata utils */

LB_API int lbind_getudtypebox(lua_State *L) {
  return lbB_retrieve(L, LBIND_UDBOX);
}

LB_API void lbind_setlightuservalue(lua_State *L, const void *p) {
  lbind_getudtypebox(L);
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
  lua_rawsetp(L, -2, p);
  lua_pop(L, 1);
}

LB_API int lbind_getlightuservalue(lua_State *L, const void *p) {
  lbind_getudtypebox(L);
  if (lua53_rawgetp(L, -1, p) == LUA_TNIL) {
    lua_pop(L, 2);
    return 0;
  }
  lua_remove(L, 2);
  return 1;
}


/* lbind class register */

LB_API void lbind_install(lua_State *L, lbind_Reg *libs) {
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_PRELOAD"); /* 1 */
  if (libs != NULL) {
    for (; libs->name != NULL; ++libs) {
      lua_pushstring(L, libs->name); /* 2 */
      lua_pushcfunction(L, libs->open_func); /* 3 */
      lua_rawset(L, -3); /* 2,3->1 */
    }
  }
#ifndef LBIND_NO_RUNTIME
  lua_pushstring(L, "lbind"); /* 2 */
  lua_pushcfunction(L, luaopen_lbind); /* 3 */
  lua_rawset(L, -3); /* 2,3->1 */
#endif
  lua_pop(L, 1); /* (1) */
}

LB_API int lbind_requiref(lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction loader) {
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED"); /* 1 */
  if (lua53_getfield(L, -1, name) != LUA_TNIL) { /* 2 */
    lua_remove(L, -2); /* (1) */
    return 0;
  }
  lua_pop(L, 1);
  lua_pushstring(L, name); /* 2 */
  lua_pushcfunction(L, loader); /* 3 */
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2); /* 2->4 */
  lua_call(L, 1, 1); /* 3,4->3 */
  lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* 3->4 */
  lua_insert(L, -4); /* 4->1 */
  /* stack: lib _LOADED name lib */
  lua_rawset(L, -3); /* 3,4->2 */
  lua_pop(L, 1); /* (2) */
  return 1;
}

LB_API void lbind_requirelibs(lua_State *L, lbind_Reg *libs) {
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED"); /* 1 */
  for (; libs->name != NULL; ++libs) {
    lua_pushstring(L, libs->name); /* 2 */
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* 3 */
    if (lua53_rawget(L, -3) != LUA_TNIL) { /* 3->3 */
      lua_pop(L, 2);
      continue;
    }
    lua_pop(L, 1);
    lua_pushcfunction(L, libs->open_func); /* 3 */
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2); /* 2->4 */
    lua_call(L, 1, 1); /* 3,4->3 */
    lua_rawset(L, -5); /* 2,3->1 */
  }
  lua_pop(L, 1);
}

LB_API void lbind_requireinto(lua_State *L, const char *prefix, lbind_Reg *libs) {
  /* stack: table */
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED"); /* 1 */
  for (; libs->name != NULL; ++libs) {
    lua_pushstring(L, libs->name); /* 2 */
    if (prefix == NULL)
      lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* 3 */
    else
      lua_pushfstring(L, "%s.%s", prefix, libs->name); /* 3 */
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* 4 */
    if (lua53_rawget(L, -4) == LUA_TNIL) { /* 4->4 */
      lua_pop(L, 1); /* (4) */
      lua_pushcfunction(L, libs->open_func); /* 4 */
      lua_pushvalue(L, -2); /* 3->5 */
      lua_call(L, 1, 1); /* 4,5->4 */
      lua_pushvalue(L, -2); /* 3->5 */
      lua_pushvalue(L, -2); /* 4->6 */
      /* stack: table [_LOADED name prefix.name ret prefix.name ret] */
      lua_rawset(L, -6); /* 4,5->1 */
    }
    lua_remove(L, -2); /* (3) */
    lua_rawset(L, -4); /* 2,3->table */
  }
  lua_pop(L, 1);
}


/* lbind utils functions */

static int lbL_traceback(lua_State *L) {
  const char *msg = lua_tostring(L, 1);
  if (msg)
    luaL_traceback(L, L, msg, 1);
  else if (!lua_isnoneornil(L, 1)) {  /* is there an error object? */
    if (!luaL_callmeta(L, 1, "__tostring"))  /* try its 'tostring' metamethod */
      lua_pushliteral(L, "(no error message)");
  }
  return 1;
}

LB_API int lbind_relindex(int idx, int onstack) {
  return (idx > 0 || idx <= LUA_REGISTRYINDEX)
    ? idx
    : idx - onstack;
}

LB_API int lbind_argferror(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *fmt, ...) {
    const char *errmsg;
    va_list argp;
    va_start(argp, fmt);
    errmsg = lua_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);
    va_end(argp);
    return luaL_argerror(L, idx, errmsg);
}

LB_API int lbind_typeerror(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *tname) {
  const char *real_type = lbind_type(L, idx);
  return lbind_argferror(L, idx, "%s expected, got %s", tname,
      real_type != NULL ? real_type : luaL_typename(L, idx));
}

LB_API int lbind_matcherror(lua_State *L, const char *extramsg) {
  lua_Debug ar;
  lua_getinfo(L, "n", &ar);
  if (ar.name == NULL)
    ar.name = "?";
  return luaL_error(L, "no matching functions for call to %s\n"
      "candidates are:\n%s", ar.name, extramsg);
}

LB_API int lbind_copystack(lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n) {
    int i;
    luaL_checkstack(from, n, "too many args");
    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        lua_pushvalue(from, -n);
    lua_xmove(from, to, n);
    return n;
}

LB_API const char *lbind_dumpstack(lua_State *L, const char *msg) {
  int i, top = lua_gettop(L);
  luaL_Buffer b;
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  luaL_addstring(&b, "dump stack: ");
  luaL_addstring(&b, msg != NULL ? msg : "");
  luaL_addstring(&b, "\n---------------------------\n");
  for (i = 1; i <= top; ++i) {
    lua_pushfstring(L, "%d: ", i);
    luaL_addvalue(&b);
    lbind_tolstring(L, i, NULL);
    luaL_addvalue(&b);
    luaL_addstring(&b, "\n");
  }
  luaL_addstring(&b, "---------------------------\n");
  luaL_pushresult(&b);
  return lua_tostring(L, -1);
}

LB_API int lbind_hasfield(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *field) {
  int hasfield = lua53_getfield(L, idx, field) != LUA_TNIL;
  lua_pop(L, 1);
  return hasfield;
}

LB_API int lbind_self(lua_State *L, const void *p, const char *method, int nargs, int *ptraceback) {
  int top = lua_gettop(L);
  luaL_checkstack(L, nargs+3, "too many arguments to self call");
  if (!lbind_retrieve(L, p) ||
      lua53_getuservalue(L, -1) == LUA_TNIL ||
      lua53_getfield(L, -1, method) == LUA_TNIL)
  { lua_settop(L, top); return 0; }
  lua_remove(L, -2);
  if (ptraceback) {
    lua_pushcfunction(L, lbL_traceback);
    lua_insert(L, -3);
    *ptraceback = top;
  }
  lua_insert(L, -2);
  /* stack: traceback? method object */
  return ptraceback ? 3 : 2;
}

LB_API int lbind_pcall(lua_State *L, int nargs, int nrets) {
  int res, tb_idx = lua_gettop(L)-nargs;
  lua_pushcfunction(L, lbL_traceback);
  lua_insert(L, tb_idx);
  res = lua_pcall(L, nargs, nrets, tb_idx);
  lua_remove(L, tb_idx);
  return res;
}


/* metatable utils */

static int lbL_libcall(lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushvalue(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
  if (lua53_rawget(L, 1) == LUA_TNIL) {
    lua_pushfstring(L, "no such method (%s)", lua_tostring(L, lua_upvalueindex(1)));
    return luaL_argerror(L, 1, lua_tostring(L, -1));
  }
  lua_replace(L, 1);
  lua_call(L, lua_gettop(L)-1, LUA_MULTRET);
  return lua_gettop(L);
}

static int lbM_callacc(lua_State *L, int idx, int nargs) {
  lua_CFunction f = lua_tocfunction(L, idx);
  if (f != NULL) {
    lua_settop(L, nargs);
    return f(L); 
  }
  return -1;
}

static int lbM_calllut(lua_State *L, int idx, int nargs) {
  lua_CFunction f;
  lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
  lua_rawget(L, lbind_relindex(idx, 1));
  f = lua_tocfunction(L, -1);
  if (f != NULL) {
    lua_settop(L, nargs);
    return f(L); 
  }
  lua_pop(L, 1);
  return -1;
}

static int lbL_newindex(lua_State *L) {
  int nret;
  /* upvalue: seti, seth 
   * order:
   *  - lut
   *  - accessor
   *  - normaltable
   *  - uservalue
   */
  if (!lua_isnone(L, lua_upvalueindex(3)) &&
      lua_type(L, 2) == LUA_TNUMBER &&
      (nret = lbM_callacc(L, lua_upvalueindex(3), 3)) >= 0)
    return nret;
  if (!lua_isnone(L, lua_upvalueindex(1)) &&
      (nret = lbM_calllut(L, lua_upvalueindex(1), 3)) >= 0)
    return nret;
  if (!lua_isnone(L, lua_upvalueindex(2)) &&
      (nret = lbM_callacc(L, lua_upvalueindex(2), 3)) >= 0)
    return nret;
  if (!lua_isuserdata(L, 1)) {
    lua_settop(L, 3);
    lua_rawset(L, 1);
    return 0;
  }
  if (lua53_getuservalue(L, 1) == LUA_TNIL) {
    lua_pop(L, 1);
    lua_newtable(L);
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_setuservalue(L, 1);
  }
  lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
  lua_pushvalue(L, 3);
  lua_rawset(L, -3);
  return 0;
}

static int lbL_index(lua_State *L) {
  int i, nret;
  /* upvalue: geti, geth, tables
   * order:
   *  - uservalue
   *  - metatable
   *  - lut
   *  - accessor
   *  - upvalue tables
   */
  if (lua_isuserdata(L, 1)) {
    if (lua53_getuservalue(L, 1) != LUA_TNIL) {
      lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
      if (lua53_rawget(L, -2) != LUA_TNIL)
        return 1;
    }
  }
  if (lua_getmetatable(L, 1)) {
    lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
    if (lua53_rawget(L, -2) != LUA_TNIL)
      return 1;
  }
  if (!lua_isnoneornil(L, lua_upvalueindex(3)) &&
      lua_type(L, 2) == LUA_TNUMBER &&
      (nret = lbM_callacc(L, lua_upvalueindex(3), 2)) >= 0)
    return nret;
  if (!lua_isnoneornil(L, lua_upvalueindex(1)) &&
      (nret = lbM_calllut(L, lua_upvalueindex(1), 2)) >= 0)
    return nret;
  if (!lua_isnoneornil(L, lua_upvalueindex(2)) &&
      (nret = lbM_callacc(L, lua_upvalueindex(2), 2)) >= 0)
    return nret;
  /* find in libtable/superlibtable */
  for (i = 4; !lua_isnoneornil(L, lua_upvalueindex(i)); ++i) {
    lua_settop(L, 2);
    if (lua_islightuserdata(L, lua_upvalueindex(i))) {
      if (!lbind_getmetatable(L, lua_touserdata(L, lua_upvalueindex(i))))
        continue;
      lua_replace(L, lua_upvalueindex(i));
    }
    lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
    if (lua53_gettable(L, lua_upvalueindex(i)) != LUA_TNIL)
      return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

static void lbM_newindex(lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnil(L);
  lua_pushnil(L);
  lua_pushnil(L);
  lua_pushcclosure(L, lbL_newindex, 3);
}

static void lbM_index(lua_State *L, int ntables) {
  lua_pushnil(L);
  lua_pushnil(L);
  lua_pushnil(L);
  if (ntables != 0)
    lua53_rotate(L, -ntables-3, 3);
  lua_pushcclosure(L, lbL_index, ntables+3);
}

static void get_default_metafield(lua_State *L, int idx, int field) {
  if (field == LBIND_INDEX) {
    if (lua53_getfield(L, idx, "__index") == LUA_TNIL
        || lua_tocfunction(L, -1) != lbL_index) {
      lua_pop(L, 1);
      lbM_index(L, 0);
      lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
      lua_setfield(L, lbind_relindex(idx, 2), "__index");
    }
  }
  else if (field == LBIND_NEWINDEX) {
    if (lua53_getfield(L, idx, "__newindex") == LUA_TNIL 
        || lua_tocfunction(L, -1) != lbL_newindex) {
      lua_pop(L, 1);
      lbM_newindex(L);
      lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
      lua_setfield(L, lbind_relindex(idx, 2), "__newindex");
    }
  }
}

static void set_cfuncupvalue(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f, int field, int idx) {
  if ((field & LBIND_INDEX) != 0) {
    get_default_metafield(L, -1, LBIND_INDEX);
    lua_pushcfunction(L, f);
    lua_setupvalue(L, -2, idx);
    lua_pop(L, 1);
  }
  if ((field & LBIND_NEWINDEX) != 0) {
    get_default_metafield(L, -1, LBIND_NEWINDEX);
    lua_pushcfunction(L, f);
    lua_setupvalue(L, -2, idx);
    lua_pop(L, 1);
  }
}

LB_API int lbind_setmetatable(lua_State *L, const void *t) {
  if (lbind_getmetatable(L, t)) {
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

LB_API int lbind_getmetatable(lua_State *L, const void *t) {
  if (lua53_rawgetp(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, t) == LUA_TNIL) {
    lua_pop(L, 1);
    return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}

LB_API int lbind_setmetafield(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *field) {
  if (!lua_getmetatable(L, idx)) {
    lua_createtable(L, 0, 1);
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, field);
    lua_setmetatable(L, lbind_relindex(idx, 1));
    lua_pop(L, 1);
    return 1;
  }
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, field);
  lua_pop(L, 2);
  return 0;
}

LB_API int lbind_setlibcall(lua_State *L, const char *method) {
  if (method == NULL) method = "new";
  lua_pushstring(L, method);
  lua_pushcclosure(L, lbL_libcall, 1);
  return lbind_setmetafield(L, -2, "__call");
}

LB_API void lbind_setaccessors(lua_State *L, int ntables, int field) {
  if ((field & LBIND_INDEX) != 0) {
    lbM_index(L, ntables);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");
  }
  if ((field & LBIND_NEWINDEX) != 0) {
    lbM_newindex(L);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__newindex");
  }
}

LB_API void lbind_sethashf(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f, int field) {
  set_cfuncupvalue(L, f, field, 2);
}

LB_API void lbind_setarrayf(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f, int field) {
  set_cfuncupvalue(L, f, field, 3);
}

LB_API void lbind_setmaptable(lua_State *L, luaL_Reg libs[], int field) {
  lua_newtable(L);
  luaL_setfuncs(L, libs, 0);
  if ((field & LBIND_INDEX) != 0) {
    get_default_metafield(L, -2, LBIND_INDEX);
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
    lua_setupvalue(L, -2, 1);
    lua_pop(L, 1);
  }
  if ((field & LBIND_NEWINDEX) != 0) {
    get_default_metafield(L, -2, LBIND_NEWINDEX);
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
    lua_setupvalue(L, -2, 1);
    lua_pop(L, 1);
  }
  lua_pop(L, 1);
}


/* lbind userdata maintain */

typedef union {
  lbind_MaxAlign dummy; /* ensures maximum alignment for `intern' object */
  struct {
    void *instance;
    int flags;
  } o;
} lbind_Object;

#define check_size(L,n) (lua_rawlen((L),(n)) >= sizeof(lbind_Object))

static lbind_Object *lbO_new(lua_State *L, size_t objsize, int flags) {
  lbind_Object *obj;
  obj = (lbind_Object*)lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(lbind_Object) + objsize);
  obj->o.flags = flags;
  obj->o.instance = (void*)(obj+1);
  if (objsize != 0 && (flags & LBIND_INTERN) != 0)
    lbind_intern(L, obj->o.instance);
  return obj;
}

static lbind_Object *lbO_test(lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lbind_Object *obj = (lbind_Object*)lbind_touserdata(L, idx);
  if (obj != NULL) {
    if (!check_size(L, idx) || obj->o.instance == NULL)
      obj = NULL;
#if 0
    else {
      lbB_internbox(L); /* 1 */
      lua_rawgetp(L, -1, obj->o.instance); /* 2 */
      if (!lua_rawequal(L, lbind_relindex(idx, 2), -1))
        obj = NULL;
      lua_pop(L, 2); /* (2)(1) */
    }
#endif
  }
  return obj;
}

LB_API void *lbind_touserdata(lua_State *L, int idx) {
#ifndef LBIND_NO_PEER
  if (lua_istable(L, idx)) {
    if (lua53_getfield(L, idx, "__peer") == LUA_TNIL) {
      lua_pop(L, 1);
      return NULL;
    }
    lua_replace(L, idx);
  }
#endif
  return lua_touserdata(L, idx);
}

LB_API void *lbind_newraw(lua_State *L, size_t objsize, int intern) {
  return lbO_new(L, objsize, intern ? LBIND_INTERN : 0)->o.instance;
}

LB_API void *lbind_new(lua_State *L, size_t objsize, const lbind_Type *t) {
  lbind_Object *obj = lbO_new(L, objsize, t->flags);
  if (lbind_getmetatable(L, t))
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
  return obj->o.instance;
}

LB_API void *lbind_wrapraw(lua_State *L, void *p, int intern) {
  lbind_Object *obj = lbO_new(L, 0, intern ? LBIND_INTERN : 0);
  obj->o.instance = p;
  if (intern) lbind_intern(L, p);
  return p;
}

LB_API void *lbind_wrap(lua_State *L, void *p, const lbind_Type *t) {
  lbind_Object *obj = lbO_new(L, 0, t->flags);
  obj->o.instance = p;
  if ((obj->o.flags & LBIND_INTERN) != 0)
    lbind_intern(L, p);
  if (lbind_getmetatable(L, t))
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
  return p;
}

LB_API void *lbind_delete(lua_State *L, int idx) {
  void *u = NULL;
  lbind_Object *obj = (lbind_Object*)lbind_touserdata(L, idx);
  if (obj != NULL) {
    if (!check_size(L, idx))
      return NULL;
    if ((u = obj->o.instance) != NULL) {
      obj->o.instance = NULL;
      obj->o.flags &= ~LBIND_TRACK;
#if LUA_VERSION_NUM < 502
      lbB_internbox(L); /* 1 */
      lua_pushnil(L); /* 2 */
      lua_rawsetp(L, -3, u); /* 2->1 */
      lua_pop(L, 1); /* (1) */
#endif
    }
  }
  return u;
}

LB_API void *lbind_object(lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lbind_Object *obj = lbO_test(L, idx);
  return obj == NULL ? NULL : obj->o.instance;
}

LB_API void lbind_intern(lua_State *L, const void *p) {
  /* stack: object */
  lbB_internbox(L);
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
  lua_rawsetp(L, -2, p);
  lua_pop(L, 1);
}

LB_API int lbind_retrieve(lua_State *L, const void *p) {
  lbind_Object *obj;
  if (p == NULL) return 0;
  lbB_internbox(L); /* 1 */
  if (lua53_rawgetp(L, -1, p) == LUA_TNIL) { /* 2 */
    lua_pop(L, 2);
    return 0;
  }
  obj = lbO_test(L, -1);
  if (obj == NULL || obj->o.instance != p) {
    lua_pop(L, 2);
    return 0;
  }
  lua_remove(L, -2);
  return 1;
}

LB_API void lbind_track(lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lbind_Object *obj = lbO_test(L, idx);
  if (obj != NULL)
    obj->o.flags |= LBIND_TRACK;
}

LB_API void lbind_untrack(lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lbind_Object *obj = lbO_test(L, idx);
  if (obj != NULL)
    obj->o.flags &= ~LBIND_TRACK;
}

LB_API int lbind_hastrack(lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lbind_Object *obj = lbO_test(L, idx);
  return obj != NULL && (obj->o.flags & LBIND_TRACK) != 0;
}


/* lbind type registry */

LB_API void lbind_inittype(lbind_Type *t, const char *name) {
  t->name = name;
  t->flags = LBIND_DEFAULT_FLAG;
  t->cast = NULL;
  t->bases = NULL;
}

LB_API void lbind_setbase(lbind_Type *t, lbind_Type **bases, lbind_Cast *cast) {
  t->bases = bases;
  t->cast = cast;
  if (bases != NULL)
    t->flags &= LBIND_ACCESSOR;
}

LB_API int lbind_settrack(lbind_Type *t, int autotrack) {
  int old_flag = t->flags&LBIND_TRACK ? 1 : 0;
  if (autotrack)
    t->flags |= LBIND_TRACK;
  else
    t->flags &= ~LBIND_TRACK;
  return old_flag;
}

LB_API int lbind_setintern(lbind_Type *t, int autointern) {
  int old_flag = t->flags&LBIND_INTERN ? 1 : 0;
  if (autointern)
    t->flags |= LBIND_INTERN;
  else
    t->flags &= ~LBIND_INTERN;
  return old_flag;
}

LB_API lbind_Type *lbind_typeobject(lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lbind_Type *t = NULL;
  if (lua_getmetatable(L, idx)) {
    lua_getfield(L, -1, "__type");
    t = (lbind_Type*)lua_touserdata(L, -1);
    lua_pop(L, 2);
    if (t != NULL)
      return t;
  }
  if (lua_istable(L, idx)) {
    lua_getfield(L, idx, "__type");
    t = (lbind_Type*)lua_touserdata(L, -1);
    lua_pop(L, 1);
  }
  return t;
}


/* lbind type metatable */

static int lbL_tostring(lua_State *L) {
  lbind_tolstring(L, 1, NULL);
  return 1;
}

static int lbL_gc(lua_State *L) {
  lbind_Object *obj = (lbind_Object*)lua_touserdata(L, 1);
  if (obj != NULL && check_size(L, 1)) {
    if ((obj->o.flags & LBIND_TRACK) != 0) {
      if (lua53_getfield(L, 1, "delete") != LUA_TNIL) {
        lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
        lua_call(L, 1, 0);
      }
      if ((obj->o.flags & LBIND_TRACK) != 0)
        lbind_delete(L, 1);
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

static void lbT_register(lua_State *L, const char *name, const void *t) {
  /* stack: metatable */
  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
  lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, name);
  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
  lua_rawsetp(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, t);

  lbB_typebox(L);
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, name);
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
  lua_rawsetp(L, -2, t);
  lua_pop(L, 1);
}

static int lbT_exists(lua_State *L, const lbind_Type *t) {
  if (lua53_rawgetp(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, (const void*)t) != LUA_TNIL) {
    lua_pop(L, 1);
    return 1;
  }

  if (lua53_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, t->name) != LUA_TNIL) {
    lua_pop(L, 1);
    return 1;
  }

  lua_pop(L, 2);
  return 0;
}

static int lbL_agency(lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushvalue(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
  lua_gettable(L, 1);
  lua_insert(L, 1);
  lua_call(L, lua_gettop(L)-1, LUA_MULTRET);
  return lua_gettop(L);
}

static void lbT_setagency(lua_State *L, const char *key) {
  /* stack: libtable mt */
  lua_pushstring(L, key);
  if (lua53_rawget(L, -3) != LUA_TNIL) { /* do not track __index */
    lua_pushfstring(L, "__%s", key);
    lua_pushstring(L, key);
    lua_pushcclosure(L, lbL_agency, 1);
    lua_rawset(L, -4);
  }
  lua_pop(L, 1);
}

LB_API int lbind_newmetatable(lua_State *L, luaL_Reg *libs, const lbind_Type *t) {
  if (lbT_exists(L, t)) return 0;

  lua_createtable(L, 0, 8);
  if (libs != NULL)
    luaL_setfuncs(L, libs, 0);

  /* init type metatable */
  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void*)t);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "__type");

  if (!lbind_hasfield(L, -1, "__gc")) {
    lua_pushcfunction(L, lbL_gc);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__gc");
  }

  if (!lbind_hasfield(L, -1, "__tostring")) {
    lua_pushcfunction(L, lbL_tostring);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__tostring");
  }

  if ((t->flags & LBIND_ACCESSOR) != 0) {
    int nups = 0;
    int freeslots = 0;
    lbind_Type **bases = t->bases;
    if (bases != NULL) {
      for (; *bases != NULL; ++nups, ++bases) {
        if (nups > freeslots) {
          luaL_checkstack(L, 10, "no space for base types");
          freeslots += 10;
        }
        if (!lbind_getmetatable(L, *bases))
          lua_pushlightuserdata(L, *bases);
      }
    }
    lbind_setaccessors(L, nups, LBIND_INDEX|LBIND_NEWINDEX);
  }

  else if (!lbind_hasfield(L, -1, "__index")) {
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");
  }

  lbT_register(L, t->name, (const void*)t);
  return 1;
}

LB_API void lbind_setagency(lua_State *L) {
  lbT_setagency(L, "len");
#if LUA_VERSION_NUM >= 502
  lbT_setagency(L, "pairs");
  lbT_setagency(L, "ipairs");
#endif /* LUA_VERSION_NUM >= 502 */
}


/* lbind type system */

static int lbT_testmeta(lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t) {
  if (lua_getmetatable(L, idx)) { /* does it have a metatable? */
    int res = 1;
    if (!lbind_getmetatable(L, t)) { /* get correct metatable */
      lua_pop(L, 1); /* no such metatable? fail */
      return 0;
    }
    if (!lua_rawequal(L, -1, -2)) /* not the same? */
      res = 0;  /* value is a userdata with wrong metatable */
    lua_pop(L, 2);
    return res;
  }
  return 0;
}

static void *lbT_trycast(lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t) {
  lbind_Type *from_type = lbind_typeobject(L, idx);
  void *obj = NULL;
  if (from_type != NULL
      && from_type->cast != NULL
      && (obj = from_type->cast(L, idx, t)) != NULL)
    return obj;
  if (t->cast != NULL && (obj = t->cast(L, idx, from_type)) != NULL)
    return obj;
  return NULL;
}

LB_API const char *lbind_tolstring(lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *plen) {
  const char *tname = lbind_type(L, idx);
  lbind_Object *obj = lbO_test(L, idx);
  if (obj != NULL && tname)
    lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %p", tname, obj->o.instance);
  else if (obj == NULL) {
    lbind_Object *obj = (lbind_Object*)lbind_touserdata(L, idx);
    if (obj == NULL)
      return luaL_tolstring(L, idx, plen);
    if (tname && check_size(L, idx))
      lua_pushfstring(L, "%s[N]: %p", tname, obj->o.instance);
    else
      lua_pushfstring(L, "userdata: %p", (void*)obj);
  }
  return lua_tolstring(L, -1, plen);
}

LB_API const char *lbind_type(lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lbind_Type *t = lbind_typeobject(L, idx);
  if (t != NULL) return t->name;
  return NULL;
}

LB_API int lbind_isa(lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t) {
  return lbT_testmeta(L, idx, t) || lbT_trycast(L, idx, t) != NULL;
}

LB_API void *lbind_cast(lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t) {
  lbind_Object *obj = (lbind_Object*)lbind_touserdata(L, idx);
  if (!check_size(L, idx) || obj == NULL || obj->o.instance == NULL)
    return NULL;
  return lbT_testmeta(L, idx, t) ? obj->o.instance : lbT_trycast(L, idx, t);
}

LB_API int lbind_copy(lua_State *L, const void *obj, const lbind_Type *t) {
  if (!lbind_getmetatable(L, t)) /* 1 */
    return 0;
  lua_pushliteral(L, "new"); /* 2 */
  if (lua53_rawget(L, -2) == LUA_TNIL) { /* 2->2 */
    lua_pop(L, 2); /* (2)(1) */
    return 0;
  }
  lua_remove(L, -2); /* (1) */
  if (!lbind_retrieve(L, obj))
    lbind_wrap(L, (void*)obj, t);
  if (lua_pcall(L, 1, 1, 0) != LUA_OK) {
    lua_pop(L, 1);
    return 0;
  }
  lbind_track(L, -1); /* enable autodeletion for copied stuff */
  return 1;
}

LB_API void *lbind_check(lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t) {
  lbind_Object *obj = (lbind_Object*)lbind_touserdata(L, idx);
  void *u = NULL;
  if (!check_size(L, idx))
    luaL_argerror(L, idx, "invalid lbind userdata");
  if (obj == NULL) lbind_typeerror(L, idx, t->name);
  if (obj->o.instance == NULL) {
    luaL_argerror(L, idx, "null lbind object");
    return NULL;
  }
  u = lbT_testmeta(L, idx, t) ? obj->o.instance : lbT_trycast(L, idx, t);
  if (u == NULL) lbind_typeerror(L, idx, t->name);
  return u;
}

LB_API void *lbind_test(lua_State *L, int idx, const lbind_Type *t) {
  lbind_Object *obj = (lbind_Object*)lbind_touserdata(L, idx);
  return lbT_testmeta(L, idx, t) ? obj->o.instance : lbT_trycast(L, idx, t);
}


/* lbind enum/mask support */
#ifndef LBIND_NO_ENUM
static const char *lbE_skipwhite(const char *s) {
  while (*s == '\t' || *s == '\n' || *s == '\r'
      || *s == ' '  || *s == '+'  || *s == '|' || *s == ',')
    ++s;
  return s;
}

static const char *lbE_skipident(const char *s) {
  while ((*s >= 'A' && *s <= 'Z') ||
         (*s >= 'a' && *s <= 'z') ||
         (*s == '-' || *s == '_'))
    ++s;
  return s;
}

static int lbE_parsemask(lbind_Enum *et, const char *s, int *penum, lua_State *L) {
  *penum = 0;
  while (*s != '\0') {
    const char *e;
    int inversion = 0;
    lbind_EnumItem *item;
    s = lbE_skipwhite(s);
    if (*s == '~') {
      inversion = 1;
      s = lbE_skipwhite(s+1);
    }
    if (*s == '\0') break;
    e = lbE_skipident(s);
    if (e == s || (item = lbind_findenum(et, s, e-s)) == NULL) {
      if (L == NULL) return 0;
      if (e == s)
        return luaL_error(L, "unexpected token '%c' in %s", *s, et->name);
      else {
        lua_pushlstring(L, s, e-s);
        return luaL_error(L, "unexpected mask '%s' in %s", lua_tostring(L, -1), et->name);
      }
    }
    s = e;
    if (inversion)
      *penum &= ~item->value;
    else
      *penum |= item->value;
  }
  return 1;
}

static int lbE_icmp(int ch1, int ch2) {
    if (ch1 == ch2)
        return 1;
    if (ch1 >= 'A' && ch1 <= 'Z')
        ch1 += 'a' - 'A';
    if (ch2 >= 'A' && ch2 <= 'Z')
        ch1 += 'a' - 'A';
    return ch1 == ch2;
}

static int lbE_stricmp(const char *a, const char *b, size_t len) {
  size_t i;
  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i, ++a, ++b) {
    if (!lbE_icmp(*a, *b))
      return *a > *b ? 1 : -1;
    if (*a == '\0')
      return *b == '\0' ? 0 : -1;
    if (*b == '\0')
      return *a != '\0' ? 1 : 0;
  }
  return 0;
}

static int lbE_toenum(lua_State *L, int idx, lbind_Enum *et, int mask, int check) {
  int type = lua_type(L, idx);
  if (type == LUA_TNUMBER)
    return (int)lua_tointeger(L, idx);
  else if (type == LUA_TSTRING) {
    size_t len;
    const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, idx, &len);
    int value;
    if (!mask) {
      lbind_EnumItem *item = lbind_findenum(et, s, len);
      if (item == NULL && check)
        return luaL_error(L, "invalid %s value: %s", et->name, s);
      if (item != NULL)
        return item->value;
    }
    else if (lbE_parsemask(et, s, &value, check ? L : NULL))
        return value;
  }
  if (check)
    lbind_typeerror(L, idx, et->name);
  return -1;
}

LB_API void lbind_initenum(lbind_Enum *et, const char *name) {
  et->name = name;
  et->nitem = 0;
  et->items = NULL;
}

LB_API lbind_EnumItem *lbind_findenum(lbind_Enum *et, const char *s, size_t len) {
  size_t b = 0, e = et->nitem-1;
  while (b < e) {
    size_t mid = (b + e) >> 1;
    int res = lbE_stricmp(et->items[mid].name, s, len);
    if (res == 0)
      return &et->items[mid];
    else if (res < 0)
      b = mid + 1;
    else
      e = mid;
  }
  return NULL;
}

LB_API int lbind_pushmask(lua_State *L, int value, lbind_Enum *et) {
  luaL_Buffer b;
  lbind_EnumItem *items;
  int first = 1;
  if (et->items == NULL) {
    lua_pushliteral(L, "");
    return 0;
  }
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  for (items = et->items; items->name != NULL; ++items) {
    if ((items->value & value) == value) {
      if (first)
        first = 0;
      else
        luaL_addchar(&b, ' ');
      luaL_addstring(&b, items->name);
      value &= ~items->value;
    }
  }
  luaL_pushresult(&b);
  return 1;
}

LB_API int lbind_pushenum(lua_State *L, const char *name, lbind_Enum *et) {
  lbind_EnumItem *item = lbind_findenum(et, name, ~(size_t)0);
  if (item == NULL)
    return -1;
  lua_pushinteger(L, item->value);
  return item->value;
}

LB_API int lbind_testmask(lua_State *L, int idx, lbind_Enum *et) {
  return lbE_toenum(L, idx, et, 1, 0);
}

LB_API int lbind_checkmask(lua_State *L, int idx, lbind_Enum *et) {
  return lbE_toenum(L, idx, et, 1, 1);
}

LB_API int lbind_testenum(lua_State *L, int idx, lbind_Enum *et) {
  return lbE_toenum(L, idx, et, 0, 0);
}

LB_API int lbind_checkenum(lua_State *L, int idx, lbind_Enum *et) {
  return lbE_toenum(L, idx, et, 0, 1);
}
#endif /* LBIND_NO_ENUM */


/* lbind Lua side runtime */
#ifndef LBIND_NO_RUNTIME
static lbind_Type *lbT_test(lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lbind_Type *t = (lbind_Type*)lua_touserdata(L, idx);
  lbB_typebox(L);
  lua_rawgetp(L, -1, t);
  t = lua_touserdata(L, -1);
  lua_pop(L, 2);
  return t != NULL ? t : lbind_typeobject(L, -1);
}

static int lbL_bases(lua_State *L) {
  int i = 1;
  lbind_Type **bases, *t = lbT_test(L, 1);
  if (t == NULL)
    return lbind_typeerror(L, 1, "type");
  bases = t->bases;
  lua_settop(L, 2);
  if (!lua_istable(L, 2)) {
    lua_newtable(L);
    lua_replace(L, 2);
  }
  for (; *bases != NULL; ++bases) {
    if (!lbind_getmetatable(L, *bases))
      lua_pushnil(L);
    lua_rawseti(L, -2, i);
  }
  lua_pushinteger(L, i);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "n");
  return 1;
}

static int lbL_track(lua_State *L) {
  int i, top = lua_gettop(L);
  for (i = 1; i <= top; ++i)
    lbind_track(L, i);
  return top;
}

static int lbL_untrack(lua_State *L) {
  int i, top = lua_gettop(L);
  for (i = 1; i <= top; ++i)
    lbind_untrack(L, i);
  return top;
}

static int lbL_owner(lua_State *L) {
  int i, top = lua_gettop(L);
  luaL_checkstack(L, top, "no space for owner info");
  for (i = 1; i <= top; ++i) {
    if (lbind_hastrack(L, i))
      lua_pushliteral(L, "Lua");
    else
      lua_pushliteral(L, "C");
  }
  return top;
}

static int lbL_type(lua_State *L) {
  int i, top = lua_gettop(L);
  if (top == 0) {
    lbB_typebox(L);
    return 1;
  }
  for (i = 1; i <= top; ++i) {
    lbind_Type *t = lbT_test(L, i);
    lua_pushstring(L, t != NULL ? t->name : luaL_typename(L, -1));
    lua_replace(L, i);
  }
  return top;
}

static int lbL_pointer(lua_State *L) {
  int i, top = lua_gettop(L);
  if (top == 0) {
    lbB_internbox(L);
    return 1;
  }
  for (i = 1; i <= top; ++i) {
    const void *u = lbind_object(L, i);
    if (u == NULL)
      lua_pushnil(L);
    else
      lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void*)u);
    lua_replace(L, i);
  }
  return top;
}

static int lbL_delete(lua_State *L) {
  int i, top = lua_gettop(L);
  for (i = 1; i <= top; ++i) {
    if (lua53_getfield(L, i, "delete") != LUA_TNIL) {
      lua_pushvalue(L, i);
      lua_call(L, 1, 0);
    }
    else {
      lua_pop(L, 1);
      lbind_delete(L, i);
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

static int lbL_isa(lua_State *L) {
  lbind_Type *t = lbT_test(L, 1);
  int i, top = lua_gettop(L);
  if (t == NULL)
    lbind_typeerror(L, 1, "lbind object/type");
  for (i = 2; i <= top; ++i) {
    if (!lbind_isa(L, i, t)) {
      lua_pushnil(L);
      lua_replace(L, i);
    }
  }
  return top - 1;
}

static int lbL_castto(lua_State *L) {
  lbind_Type *t = lbT_test(L, 1);
  int i, top = lua_gettop(L);
  if (t == NULL)
    lbind_typeerror(L, 1, "lbind object/type");
  for (i = 2; i <= top; ++i) {
    void *u = lbind_cast(L, -2, t);
    if (u == NULL)
      lua_pushnil(L);
    else if (!lbind_retrieve(L, u))
      lbind_wrap(L, u, t);
    lua_replace(L, i);
  }
  return top - 1;
}

LBLIB_API int luaopen_lbind(lua_State *L) {
  luaL_Reg libs[] = {
#define ENTRY(name) { #name, lbL_##name }
    ENTRY(bases),
    ENTRY(castto),
    ENTRY(delete),
    ENTRY(isa),
    ENTRY(owner),
    ENTRY(pointer),
    ENTRY(track),
    ENTRY(type),
    ENTRY(untrack),
#undef ENTRY
    { NULL, NULL }
  };

  luaL_newlib(L, libs);
#if LUA_VERSION_NUM < 502
  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
  lua_setglobal(L, "lbind");
#endif
  return 1;
}
#endif /* LBIND_NO_RUNTIME */


LB_NS_END

#endif /* LBIND_IMPLEMENTATION */
/* vim: set sw=2: */
/* win32cc: lua='lua53' flags+='-s -O2 -Wall -std=c99 -pedantic -mdll -Id:/$lua/include'
 * win32cc: flags+='-DLBIND_IMPLEMENTATION -xc' output='lbind.dll' libs+='-l$lua'
 * maccc: lua='lua53' flags+='-bundle -undefined dynamic_lookup -O2 -Wall -std=c99 -pedantic'
 * maccc: flags+='-DLBIND_IMPLEMENTATION -xc' output='lbind.so' cc: run='$lua tt.lua' */