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<div class="section" id="statistics-done-wrong">
<h1>Statistics Done Wrong<a class="headerlink" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/index.html#statistics-done-wrong" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="the-woefully-complete-guide">
<h2>The woefully complete guide<a class="headerlink" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/index.html#the-woefully-complete-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><em>by</em> <a class="reference external" href="https://www.refsmmat.com/">Alex Reinhart</a></p>
<p>If you’re a practicing scientist, you probably use statistics to analyze your
data. From basic <em>t</em> tests and standard error calculations to Cox proportional
hazards models and propensity score matching, we rely on statistics to give
answers to scientific problems.</p>
<p>This is unfortunate, because statistical errors are rife.</p>
<p><em>Statistics Done Wrong</em> is a guide to the most popular statistical errors and
slip-ups committed by scientists every day, in the lab and in peer-reviewed
journals. Many of the errors are prevalent in vast swaths of the published
literature, casting doubt on the findings of thousands of papers. <em>Statistics
Done Wrong</em> assumes no prior knowledge of statistics, so you can read it before
your first statistics course or after thirty years of scientific practice.</p>
<p>If you find any errors or typos, or want to suggest other popular
misconceptions, <a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/introduction.html#contact"><span class="std std-ref">contact me</span></a>. If you find this website useful,
consider buying <a class="reference external" href="http://www.nostarch.com/statsdonewrong">the book</a>! Or find
it in <a class="reference external" href="https://mitp.de/IT-WEB/Statistik/Statistics-Done-Wrong-Deutsche-Ausgabe.html">Deutsch</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.aladin.co.kr/shop/wproduct.aspx?ItemId=64707803">한국어</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.amazon.it/dp/885180284X/">Italiano</a>,
中文
(<a class="reference external" href="https://www.amazon.cn/dp/B01LY7GFOD">简体</a>
and <a class="reference external" href="http://www.cite.com.tw/book?id=75600">繁體</a>), or <a class="reference external" href="http://www.keisoshobo.co.jp/book/b272873.html">日本語</a>.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>“Of all the books that tackle these issues, Reinhart’s is the most succinct,
accessible and accurate assessment of the statistical flaws that render many
scientific studies suspect… It should be required reading for all
scientists”</p>
<p class="attribution">—<a class="reference external" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/research-cant-be-right-statistics-done-wrong">Science News</a></p>
</div></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<div><p>“If you analyze data with any regularity but aren’t sure if you’re doing it
correctly, get this book.”</p>
<p class="attribution">—<a class="reference external" href="http://flowingdata.com/2015/04/23/book-statistics-done-wrong/">FlowingData</a></p>
</div></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="contents">
<h2>Contents<a class="headerlink" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/index.html#contents" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/introduction.html">Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/introduction.html#changes">Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/introduction.html#contact">Contact</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/introduction.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/introduction.html#copyright-note">Copyright note</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/data-analysis.html">An introduction to data analysis</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/data-analysis.html#the-power-of-p-values">The power of <em>p</em> values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/power.html">Statistical power and underpowered statistics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/power.html#the-power-of-being-underpowered">The power of being underpowered</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/power.html#the-wrong-turn-on-red">The wrong turn on red</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/pseudoreplication.html">Pseudoreplication: choose your data wisely</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html">The <em>p</em> value and the base rate fallacy</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html#the-base-rate-fallacy-in-medical-testing">The base rate fallacy in medical testing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html#taking-up-arms-against-the-base-rate-fallacy">Taking up arms against the base rate fallacy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html#if-at-first-you-don-t-succeed-try-try-again">If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html#red-herrings-in-brain-imaging">Red herrings in brain imaging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html#controlling-the-false-discovery-rate">Controlling the false discovery rate</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/significant-differences.html">When differences in significance aren’t significant differences</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/significant-differences.html#when-significant-differences-are-missed">When significant differences are missed</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/regression.html">Stopping rules and regression to the mean</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/regression.html#truth-inflation">Truth inflation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/regression.html#little-extremes">Little extremes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/freedom.html">Researcher freedom: good vibrations?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/mistakes.html">Everybody makes mistakes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/hiding.html">Hiding the data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/hiding.html#just-leave-out-the-details">Just leave out the details</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/hiding.html#science-in-a-filing-cabinet">Science in a filing cabinet</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/results.html">What have we wrought?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/what-next.html">What can be done?</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/what-next.html#statistical-education">Statistical education</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/what-next.html#scientific-publishing">Scientific publishing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/what-next.html#your-job">Your job</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/zbibliography.html">Bibliography</a></li>
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<h3><a href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/index.html#">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/introduction.html">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/data-analysis.html">An introduction to data analysis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/power.html">Statistical power and underpowered statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/pseudoreplication.html">Pseudoreplication: choose your data wisely</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html">The <em>p</em> value and the base rate fallacy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/significant-differences.html">When differences in significance aren’t significant differences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/regression.html">Stopping rules and regression to the mean</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/freedom.html">Researcher freedom: good vibrations?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/mistakes.html">Everybody makes mistakes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/hiding.html">Hiding the data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/results.html">What have we wrought?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/what-next.html">What can be done?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/zbibliography.html">Bibliography</a></li>
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