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First contact with R and RStudio

Gaston Sanchez

Learning Objectives:

  • To gain familiarity interacting with R
  • To gain familiarity with the pane layout of RStudio
  • To understand the help documentation in R
  • To be able to manage your workspace in an interactive R session
  • Introduction to package management
  • Differentiate between .R and .Rmd files

R and RStudio

I'm assuming that you already installed R and RStudio. If that is not the case, you can check these links and follow the corresponding instructions:

About the R-GUI

When you install R, it comes with a basic graphical user interface (GUI). Launching the R-GUI will let you interact with R in a "minimalist" way.

Basic R-GUI console

Nowadays, however, it is more convenient to interact with R through a more advanced and sophisticated development environment like RStudio.

RStudio IDE

Difference between R-GUI and RStudio:

  • R-GUI is a simple graphical user interface.
  • RStudio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
    • It is much more than a simple GUI.
    • It provides a nice working environment and development framework.
  • In this course you are going to use mainly RStudio.
  • But remember: RStudio is NOT R!
  • RStudio is like an outer layer that makes it easy to interact with R.

The R Console

For the most part in this course, you are going to be working with R in what is called interactive mode. This means establishing a dialogue between you and R. How? By writing commands, executing them, checking the output, and repeating these steps again, and again, until you get the job done. The main device to establish this interaction is the so-called console. This is where commands get executed, and it is also the place where most outputs get displayed.

There are various ways to work with R in interactive mode (via its console):

  • Using the basic R-GUI.
  • Using R via RStudio (or any other IDE).
  • Using R via a terminal emulator (e.g. command line).

Just for illustration purposes, I will briefly show you the basic R-GUI. However, your main workbench will be RStudio.

NBA Player Data Set

To have a working example that allows us to introduce and discuss many of the concepts in this course, I will make extensive use of data about NBA players. The main source is the website http://www.basketball-reference.com.

To make things more concrete, let's focus on data about the Golden State Warriors. Below are two screenshots; the first one shows part of the season statistics, and the second one shows the player salaries:

  • Rk: Rank of player
  • Name of player
  • Age of player
  • G number of games played
  • GS nuber of games started
  • MP minutes played
  • FG number of field goals (3-pts and 2-pts shots)
  • FGA number of field goal attempts

Totals

Salaries

R as a scientific calculator

The most recommended way to break the ice with R is by using it as a scientific calculator. Open RStudio and locate the console (or prompt). Let's start typing basic calculations in the console:

  • addition
1 + 1
2 + 3
  • subtraction
4 - 2
5 - 7
  • multiplication
10 * 0
7 * 7
  • division
9 / 3
1 / 2
  • power
5 ^ 2
2 ^ 3

Functions

R has many functions. To use a function, type its name followed by parenthesis. Inside the parenthesis you pass one or more inputs. Most functions will display some sort of output on the console:

  • absolute value
abs(-4)
## [1] 4
  • square root
sqrt(9)
## [1] 3
  • natural logarithm
log(2)
## [1] 0.6931472

Variables and Assignments

R is more powerful than a calculator, and you can do many more things than practically most scientific calculators. One of the things you will be doing a lot in R is creating variables or objects to store values.

For instance, you can create a variable thompson and give it the value of Field Goals made by Klay Thompson (644). This is done using what is known as the assignment operator <-, also known in R as the arrow operator:

thompson <- 644
thompson
## [1] 644

This is a way to tell R: create an object thompson and store in it the number 644. Alternatively, you can use the equals sign = as an assignment operator. Here's how to create a variable (or object) curry:

curry = 675
curry
## [1] 675

With variables, you can operate in the same way you do algebraic operations:

thompson + curry
## [1] 1319

thompson - curry
## [1] -31

thompson * curry
## [1] 434700

thompson / curry
## [1] 0.9540741

Case Sensitive

R is case sensitive. This means that abs() is not the same as Abs() or ABS(). Only the function abs() is the valid one. When working with variables and objects, make sure you are calling the right name:

# case sensitive
green <- 272
durant <- 551
Durant <- 0

green + durant
## [1] 823

green + Durant
## [1] 272

durant + Durant
## [1] 551

Comments in R

All programming languages use a set of characters to indicate that a specifc part or lines of code are comments, that is, things that are not to be executed. R uses the hash or pound symbol # to specify comments. Any code to the right of # will not be executed by R.

# this is a comment
# this is another comment
thompson + curry

thompson + curry + green  # you can place comments like this

Some Examples

Here are some examples that illustrate how to use R to define variables and perform basic calculations:

# convert Fahrenheit degrees to Celsius degrees
fahrenheit <- 50
celsius <- (fahrenheit - 32) * (5/9)
print(celsius)
## [1] 10

# compute the area of a rectangle
rec_length <- 10
rec_height <- 5
rec_area <- rec_length * rec_height
rec_area
## [1] 50

# degrees to radians
deg <- 90
rad <- (deg * pi) / 180
rad
## [1] 1.570796

More about RStudio

You will be working with RStudio a lot, and you will have time to learn most of the bells and whistles RStudio provides. Think about RStudio as your "workbench". Keep in mind that RStudio is NOT R. RStudio is an environment that makes it easier to work with R, while taking care of many of the little tasks than can be a hassle.

A quick tour of RStudio

  • Understand the pane layout (i.e. windows) of RStudio
    • Source
    • Console
    • Environment, History, etc
    • Files, Plots, Packages, Help, Viewer
  • Customize RStudio Appearance of source pane
  • font
  • size
  • background

Getting help

Because we work with functions all the time, it's important to know certain details about how to use them, what input(s) is required, and what is the returned output.

There are several ways to get information about a function in R. We refer to this as "getting help".

If you know the name of a function you are interested in knowing more, you can use the function help() and pass it the name of the function you are looking for:

# documentation about the 'abs' function
help(abs)

# documentation about the 'mean' function
help(mean)

Alternatively, you can use a shortcut using the question mark ? followed by the name of the function:

# documentation about the 'abs' function
?abs

# documentation about the 'mean' function
?mean
  • Anatomy of the manual documentation of a function:
    • Title
    • Description
    • Usage of function
    • Arguments
    • Details
    • See Also
    • Examples!!!

help() only works if you know the name of the function your are looking for. Sometimes, however, you don't know the name but you may know some keywords. To look for related functions associated to a keyword, use help.search() or simply a double question mark: ??

# search for 'absolute'
help.search("absolute")

# alternatively you can also search like this:
??absolute

Notice the use of quotes surrounding the input name inside help.search()

Example: NBA Player Variables

Let's go back to the Warriors data. Often, you want to create variables or objects that store more than one value. One way to do this in R is with vectors, which is the most basic data structure. To create a vector you can use the combine function c() by passing different values separated by comma:

# last name
player <- c('Thompson', 'Curry', 'Green', 'Durant', 'Iguodala')

# field goals
goals <- c(644, 675, 272, 551, 219)

# salary (dollars)
salary <- c(16663575, 12112359, 15330435, 26540100, 11131368)

In this case we don't really have all the points scored by each player but we have information about the field goals (combined number of 2-points and 3-points goals).

In order to investigate our research question, we can start visualizing the data with a scatterplot of goals and salary using the function plot():

plot(goals, salary)
text(goals, salary, labels = player)

Furthermore, we can calculate the correlation coefficient:

cor(goals, salary)
## [1] 0.2920802

Installing Packages

R comes with a large set of functions and packages. A package is a collection of functions that have been designed for a specific purpose. One of the great advantages of R is that many analysts, scientists, programmers, and users can create their own pacakages and make them available for everybody to use them. R packages can be shared in different ways. The most common way to share a package is to submit it to what is known as CRAN, the Comprehensive R Archive Network.

You can install a package using the install.packages() function. Just give it the name of a package, surrounded by qoutes, and R will look for it in CRAN, and if it finds it, R will download it to your computer.

# installing
install.packages("knitr")

You can also install a bunch of packages at once:

install.packages(c("readr", "ggplot2"))

Once you installed a package, you can start using its functions by loading the package with the function library()

library("knitr")
library("ggplot2")

Notice that when invoking library(), you can type the name of the package without using quotes:

# no quotes
library(knitr)
library(ggplot2)

Example: Plots for NBA data

The package "ggplot2" provides a wide range of functions to create nicer graphics than those offered in base R. We will cover how the functions in "ggplot2" work in a couple of weeks. In the meantime, here's some sample code to create a more visually apealing scatterplot:

dat <- data.frame(
  player = player,
  goals = goals,
  salary = salary
)

dat
##     player goals   salary
## 1 Thompson   644 16663575
## 2    Curry   675 12112359
## 3    Green   272 15330435
## 4   Durant   551 26540100
## 5 Iguodala   219 11131368

Scatter plot with ggplot2()

ggplot(data = dat, aes(x = goals, y = salary)) + 
  geom_point() + 
  geom_text(aes(label = player))

Quitting a session

To quit an R session, you can simply type the function quit() or its abbreviated version q().

By default, every time you quit a session, R will ask you if you want to save your workspace image. What does this mean? Your workspace involves all the objects that you've created in your current session. A workspace image, in turn, is a special type of R file. This is actually a binary file (using R's native binary format), and the default file extension is .RData. You can only open these files with R.

The workspace only contains the objects (variables, data objects, functions that you have created). But it does not contain all the commands that you've been invoking. The invoked commands, are actually in a separate file.

R keeps a log of all the commands that you've used in the current (and past) session(s). This log is known as the history, and R keeps this information in another special file called by default .Rhistory. In RStudio, you can actually see the history of your commands in the pane that has the tabs Environment and History.

.Rhistory is a simple text file, and you should be able to find it in your working directory.

Source Files

Most of the times you won't be working directly on the console. Instead, you will be typing your commands in some source file. The basic type of source files are known as R script files, commonly referred to as .R files. Another type of source file that is becoming quite popular are R Markdown files or .Rmd files.

Using an R script file

Open a new script file in the source pane and let's rewrite some of the previous commands.

How do you execute the commands in your source file? You can copy the commands in your source file and paste them in the console. But that's not very efficient. Alternatively, you can run (execute) the commands with some keyboard shortcuts. Or you can also use some buttons in RStudio (look for the "Run" icon).

In the next tutorial we'll see how to use the so-called Rmd files: Getting Started with R Markdown files