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SQL Query Guidelines

This document describes various guidelines to follow when writing SQL queries, either using ActiveRecord/Arel or raw SQL queries.

Using LIKE Statements

The most common way to search for data is using the LIKE statement. For example, to get all issues with a title starting with "WIP:" you'd write the following query:

SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE title LIKE 'WIP:%';

On PostgreSQL the LIKE statement is case-sensitive. On MySQL this depends on the case-sensitivity of the collation, which is usually case-insensitive. To perform a case-insensitive LIKE on PostgreSQL you have to use ILIKE instead. This statement in turn isn't supported on MySQL.

To work around this problem you should write LIKE queries using Arel instead of raw SQL fragments as Arel automatically uses ILIKE on PostgreSQL and LIKE on MySQL. This means that instead of this:

Issue.where('title LIKE ?', 'WIP:%')

You'd write this instead:

Issue.where(Issue.arel_table[:title].matches('WIP:%'))

Here matches generates the correct LIKE / ILIKE statement depending on the database being used.

If you need to chain multiple OR conditions you can also do this using Arel:

table = Issue.arel_table

Issue.where(table[:title].matches('WIP:%').or(table[:foo].matches('WIP:%')))

For PostgreSQL this produces:

SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE (title ILIKE 'WIP:%' OR foo ILIKE 'WIP:%')

In turn for MySQL this produces:

SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE (title LIKE 'WIP:%' OR foo LIKE 'WIP:%')

LIKE & Indexes

Neither PostgreSQL nor MySQL use any indexes when using LIKE / ILIKE with a wildcard at the start. For example, this will not use any indexes:

SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE title ILIKE '%WIP:%';

Because the value for ILIKE starts with a wildcard the database is not able to use an index as it doesn't know where to start scanning the indexes.

MySQL provides no known solution to this problem. Luckily PostgreSQL does provide a solution: trigram GIN indexes. These indexes can be created as follows:

CREATE INDEX [CONCURRENTLY] index_name_here
ON table_name
USING GIN(column_name gin_trgm_ops);

The key here is the GIN(column_name gin_trgm_ops) part. This creates a GIN index with the operator class set to gin_trgm_ops. These indexes can be used by ILIKE / LIKE and can lead to greatly improved performance. One downside of these indexes is that they can easily get quite large (depending on the amount of data indexed).

To keep naming of these indexes consistent please use the following naming pattern:

index_TABLE_on_COLUMN_trigram

For example, a GIN/trigram index for issues.title would be called index_issues_on_title_trigram.

Due to these indexes taking quite some time to be built they should be built concurrently. This can be done by using CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY instead of just CREATE INDEX. Concurrent indexes can not be created inside a transaction. Transactions for migrations can be disabled using the following pattern:

class MigrationName < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
  disable_ddl_transaction!
end

For example:

class AddUsersLowerUsernameEmailIndexes < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
  disable_ddl_transaction!

  def up
    return unless Gitlab::Database.postgresql?

    execute 'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_on_users_lower_username ON users (LOWER(username));'
    execute 'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_on_users_lower_email ON users (LOWER(email));'
  end

  def down
    return unless Gitlab::Database.postgresql?

    remove_index :users, :index_on_users_lower_username
    remove_index :users, :index_on_users_lower_email
  end
end

Plucking IDs

This can't be stressed enough: never use ActiveRecord's pluck to pluck a set of values into memory only to use them as an argument for another query. For example, this will make the database very sad:

projects = Project.all.pluck(:id)

MergeRequest.where(source_project_id: projects)

Instead you can just use sub-queries which perform far better:

MergeRequest.where(source_project_id: Project.all.select(:id))

The only time you should use pluck is when you actually need to operate on the values in Ruby itself (e.g. write them to a file). In almost all other cases you should ask yourself "Can I not just use a sub-query?".

Use UNIONs

UNIONs aren't very commonly used in most Rails applications but they're very powerful and useful. In most applications queries tend to use a lot of JOINs to get related data or data based on certain criteria, but JOIN performance can quickly deteriorate as the data involved grows.

For example, if you want to get a list of projects where the name contains a value or the name of the namespace contains a value most people would write the following query:

SELECT *
FROM projects
JOIN namespaces ON namespaces.id = projects.namespace_id
WHERE projects.name ILIKE '%gitlab%'
OR namespaces.name ILIKE '%gitlab%';

Using a large database this query can easily take around 800 milliseconds to run. Using a UNION we'd write the following instead:

SELECT projects.*
FROM projects
WHERE projects.name ILIKE '%gitlab%'

UNION

SELECT projects.*
FROM projects
JOIN namespaces ON namespaces.id = projects.namespace_id
WHERE namespaces.name ILIKE '%gitlab%';

This query in turn only takes around 15 milliseconds to complete while returning the exact same records.

This doesn't mean you should start using UNIONs everywhere, but it's something to keep in mind when using lots of JOINs in a query and filtering out records based on the joined data.

GitLab comes with a Gitlab::SQL::Union class that can be used to build a UNION of multiple ActiveRecord::Relation objects. You can use this class as follows:

union = Gitlab::SQL::Union.new([projects, more_projects, ...])

Project.from("(#{union.to_sql}) projects")

Ordering by Creation Date

When ordering records based on the time they were created you can simply order by the id column instead of ordering by created_at. Because IDs are always unique and incremented in the order that rows are created this will produce the exact same results. This also means there's no need to add an index on created_at to ensure consistent performance as id is already indexed by default.

Use WHERE EXISTS instead of WHERE IN

While WHERE IN and WHERE EXISTS can be used to produce the same data it is recommended to use WHERE EXISTS whenever possible. While in many cases PostgreSQL can optimise WHERE IN quite well there are also many cases where WHERE EXISTS will perform (much) better.

In Rails you have to use this by creating SQL fragments:

Project.where('EXISTS (?)', User.select(1).where('projects.creator_id = users.id AND users.foo = X'))

This would then produce a query along the lines of the following:

SELECT *
FROM projects
WHERE EXISTS (
    SELECT 1
    FROM users
    WHERE projects.creator_id = users.id
    AND users.foo = X
)

.find_or_create_by is not atomic

The inherent pattern with methods like .find_or_create_by and .first_or_create and others is that they are not atomic. This means, it first runs a SELECT, and if there are no results an INSERT is performed. With concurrent processes in mind, there is a race condition which may lead to trying to insert two similar records. This may not be desired, or may cause one of the queries to fail due to a constraint violation, for example.

Using transactions does not solve this problem.

The following pattern should be used to avoid the problem:

Project.transaction do
  begin
    User.find_or_create_by(username: "foo")
  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
    retry
  end
end

If the above block is run inside a transaction and hits the race condition, the transaction is aborted and we cannot simply retry (any further queries inside the aborted transaction are going to fail). We can employ nested transactions here to only rollback the "inner transaction". Note that requires_new: true is required here.

Project.transaction do
  begin
    User.transaction(requires_new: true) do
      User.find_or_create_by(username: "foo")
    end
  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
    retry
  end
end