fix sat hist capability and add test

Ressurecting a long-forgotten capability to output
variable along ship/flight tracks, and adding a
test to (weakly try to) ensure it doesn't break again.

The code is rewritten such that it uses a different
IO logic (more serial) and support is added for
different types of output variables.

Fixes E3SM-Project#6543

[BFB]

Note: I don't have full provenance from where the
code edits are from. I recall attempting to fix this
capability in July and August 2024, and I recall
trying different versions of available CAM code to do so.
But the final version isn't easily traceable
(so it could be a mix of edits from CAM and debug edits
to make it work in current EAM). For reference, here's
the CAM code:
https://github.com/ESCOMP/CAM/blob/cam_cesm2_1_rel/src/control/sat_hist.F90.

I don't claim ownership of the code at all, and I am
happy to give "authorship" to whomever claims it.

Author: mahf708

cime_config/tests.py

@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@
             "REP_Ln5.ne4pg2_oQU480.F2010",
             "SMS_Ld3.ne4pg2_oQU480.F2010.eam-thetahy_sl_pg2_mass",
             "ERP_Ld3.ne4pg2_ne4pg2.FIDEAL.allactive-pioroot1",
+            "SMS_Ld5.ne4pg2_oQU480.F2010.eam-sathist_F2010",
             )
         },
 

components/eam/cime_config/testdefs/testmods_dirs/eam/sathist_F2010/readme

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+test for sat hist capability components/eam/src/control/sat_hist.F90

components/eam/cime_config/testdefs/testmods_dirs/eam/sathist_F2010/shell_commands

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+./xmlchange RUN_STARTDATE=2015-01-01

components/eam/cime_config/testdefs/testmods_dirs/eam/sathist_F2010/user_nl_eam

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+&satellite_options_nl
+ sathist_mfilt          = 10000,
+ sathist_track_infile   = '$DIN_LOC_ROOT/atm/waccm/sat/sathist_master_19700410-20150419_c20150616.nc'
+ sathist_hfilename_spec = '%c.sathist_master_19700410-20150419_c20150616.%y-%m-%d-%s.nc'
+ sathist_nclosest       = 1
+ sathist_ntimestep      = 1
+ sathist_fincl          = 'T', 'PS'