diff --git a/_lessons/11/index.md b/_lessons/11/index.md index 35962db..23c3204 100644 --- a/_lessons/11/index.md +++ b/_lessons/11/index.md @@ -1,78 +1,81 @@ --- -title: 'Héıshıko chıetoaı' +title: 'Chíetoaı kọheıshı' +delta: true --- -# **Héıshıko chıetoaı** -- Lesson 11 +# **Chíetoaı kọheıshı** -- Lesson 11 {: .sentences} | **Koa da.** | It's cold. | -| **Du bîa súq da. Tıshue súq núofua ba.** [①](#fn-1) **Jıa bâi jí baq chaı nha.** [②](#fn-2) | It seems like you are sick. You should stay in bed. I will make tea. | -| **Kuaq kıe ka.** | Thank you. | -| **Enı. Loq cháı da. Pıe ba.** | Here. The tea is hot. Drink. | -| **Jaq lôq da.** | It is very hot. | -| **Ma noqgı moq? Pu tûa jí nîe baq matu chái da.** [③](#fn-3) | Is it delicious? I put honey in the tea. | -| **Gı da.** | It's good. | -| **Ma shao súq bâı jí baq tuzy moq?** | Do you want me to make soup? | -| **Chuqkuaı bũ jí da...** [④](#fn-4) **Jaq lôi jí baq koacao da. [⑤](#fn-5) Shao jí cêo lóqcao da.** | I'm not hungry... I really hate winter. I want the summer to begin. | -| **Lao súq rôe súq ba. Jıa bâi múy baq nıaopoq ba.** [⑥](#fn-6) | Wait until you are well. We will build a snow figure. | -| **Gı sío da.** | That is a good idea. | -| **Tu cao bı paq sa gı cáo da. Naı sêa súq ba.** [⑦](#fn-7) | Every season has good parts. Now rest. | -| **Kuaq kıe ka. Jaq pâı súq da.** | Thank you. You are a very good friend. | +| **Du, ꝡä bıa súq da. Tıshue súq núofua ba.** [①](#fn-1) **Jıa bai jí báq chaı nha.** [②](#fn-2) | It seems like you are sick. You should stay in bed. I will make tea. | +| **Kıjı.** | Thank you. | +| **Enı. Loq cháı ꝡo. Pıe súq máq ba.** | Here. The tea is hot. Drink it. | +| **Jaq loq máq da.** [③](#fn-3) | It is very hot. | +| **Ma noqgı máq móq? Pu tua jí, ꝡä nıe báq matu chái da.** [④](#fn-4) | Is it delicious? I put honey in the tea. | +| **Gı máq da.** | It's good. | +| **Ma shao súq, ꝡä baı jí báq tuze móq?** | Do you want me to make soup? | +| **Bu chuqkuaı jí da...** [⑤](#fn-5) **Jaq loi jí báq koacao da. [⑥](#fn-6) Aojaı jí, ꝡä ceo lóqcao da.** | I'm not hungry... I really hate winter. I want the summer to begin. | +| **Lao súq, ꝡä roe súq ba. Jıa bai íme báq nıaopoq ba.** [⑦](#fn-7) | Wait until you are well. We will build a snow figure. | +| **Gı sío da.** | (That) idea is good. | +| **Tú cao nä paq sá gı cáo da. Naı sea súq ba.** [⑧](#fn-8) | Every season has good parts. Now rest. | +| **Kıjı. Jaq paı súq da.** | Thank you. You are a very good friend. | ## Notes 1. **nuofua** "to be a bed" has the familiar component **nuo** "to be asleep", and **fua** "to be a piece of furniture". -2. **Jıa** "to be the case in the future" is the verb that expresses the future tense. **Jıa fâ jí** "It will be the case [that I go]", or simply "I will go". **baq chaı** "tea in general", as opposed to any particular instance of tea, is used in **Baı jí baq chaı** "I make tea" because the (finished) tea does not exist prior to making it. **nha** is a new sentence-ending particle that indicates a promise. +2. **Jıa** comes before a verb and expresses the future tense. **Jıa fa jí** "I will go". **báq chaı** "tea in general", as opposed to any particular instance of tea, is used in **Baı jí baq chaı** "I make tea" because the (finished) tea does not exist prior to making it. **nha** is a new sentence-ending particle that indicates a promise. -3. **Pu** "to be the case in the past", is the verb that expresses the past tense. **Pu fâ jí** "I went". +3. **Jaq** is a verb meaning "to be very much the case". It can come before another verb to mean "very", as in **jaq loq** "very hot". We'll learn more about how this works later. -4. The compound **chuqkuaı** has the familiar component **chuq** "to eat", and the component **kuaı** "to long or hunger for", which also appeared in the word **seakuai** "to be exhausted" ("to need rest") in lesson 4. Additional examples would be **pıekuaı** "to be thirsty" and **nuokuaı** "to be tired". +4. **Pu** comes before a verb and expresses the past tense. **Pu fa jí** "I went". -5. **baq koacao** "winter, in general". The words for summer and winter are **loqcao**, from **loq** "to be hot" + **cao** "to be a season", and **koacao**, from **koa** "to be cold" + **cao** "to be a season" respectively. +5. The compound **chuqkuaı** has the familiar component **chuq** "to eat", and the component **kuaı** "to long or hunger for", which also appeared in the word **seakuai** "to be exhausted" ("to need rest") in lesson 4. Additional examples would be **pıekuaı** "to be thirsty" and **nuokuaı** "to be tired". -6. **nıaopoq** "to be a snow figure", from **nıao** "to be snow" and **poq** "to be a person". +6. **báq koacao** "winter, in general". The words for summer and winter are **loqcao**, from **loq** "to be hot" + **cao** "to be a season", and **koacao**, from **koa** "to be cold" + **cao** "to be a season" respectively. -7. **Naı** "to be the case now" is the verb that expresses the present tense. **Naı fâ jí** "I go (now)". +7. **nıaopoq** "to be a snow figure", from **nıao** "to be snow" and **poq** "to be a person". + +8. **Naı** expresses the present tense. **Naı fa jí** "I go (now)". ## Exercises ### Translate: - - **Ma noqgı mátu moq?** + **Ma noqgı mátu móq?** "Is the honey delicious?" - - **Koa túzy da.** + **Koa túze da.** "The soup is cold." - - **Shao jí pîe súq cháı da.** + **Aojaı jí, ꝡä pıe súq cháı da.** "I want you to drink the tea." - - **Lao súq hı raı moq?** + **Lao súq hí raı móq?** "What are you waiting for?" - - **Naı bîa súq da. Keo jıa rôe súq da.** + **Naı bıa súq da. Kéo jıa roe súq da.** "Now you are sick. But in the future, you will be well." ### Fill in the blanks: - "I drank the tea." - **Pu pîe jí cháı da.** + **Pu pıe jí cháı da.** - "We like winter." - **Cho míy baq koacao da.** + **Cho íme báq koacao da.** - "The tea is cold. But the soup is hot." - **Koa cháı da. Keo loq túzy da.** + **Koa cháı da. Kéo loq túze da.** - "I will go to a friend." - **Jıa fâ jí sa paı da.** + **Jıa fa jí sá paı da.** - "Wait for me to be home." - **Lao súq tî jí búe ba.** + **Lao súq, ꝡä tı jí búe ba.** diff --git a/_lessons/12/index.md b/_lessons/12/index.md index 763c9e2..aeb7d68 100644 --- a/_lessons/12/index.md +++ b/_lessons/12/index.md @@ -1,31 +1,32 @@ --- -title: 'Héıguko chıetoaı' +title: 'Chíetoaı kọheıgu' +delta: true --- -# **Héıguko chıetoaı** -- Lesson 12 +# **Chíetoaı kọheıgu** -- Lesson 12 {: .sentences} -| **Duashao jí sa raı da. Ma jeo lâ baq elu bı guosıa môaqshaı hó moq?** [①](#fn-1)[②](#fn-2) | There is something I want to know. Is it true that elephants never forget? | -| **Dua bũ jí mâ jeo hóq da.** [③](#fn-3) | I don't know whether that's true. | -| **Je ma jeo lâ míao bı nıe sa poq míao moq?** [④](#fn-4) | And is it true that, as for the moon, some people are inside it? | -| **Chı bũ jí hóq da.** | I don't believe that. | -| **Je ma baq nınıbuı bı tı hó sa rıaq moq?** | And as for aliens, are they somewhere? | -| **Daı hóq da. Jaq sâo jíaq da.** | That's possible. The world is very big. | -| **Je pu rûaq sa poq jîq baq aıpu da.** [②](#fn-2) **Mıu súq hı raı moq?** | Some people said that ghosts exist. What do you think? | -| **Sa raı bı dua sıa poq ráı da. Jí bı mıu jí lâ baq aıpu bı daı jîq hó da.** [⑤](#fn-5) | There are things which nobody knows. As for me, I think that it's possible that ghosts exist. | -| **M̉. Je ma beı *sa* raı bı dua súq ráı moq?** | Okay. Is there *anything* you do know? | -| **Dua jí pûı téoq da. Naı tûa súq rîa kíao ba. Pıkuaı jí da!** [⑥](#fn-6) | I know that those were a lot of questions. Now open the door. I have to pee! | +| **Duashao jí sá raı da. Ma juna, ꝡä báq elu bï guosıa, ꝡä moaqshaı hó móq?** [①](#fn-1)[②](#fn-2) | There is something I want to know. Is it true that elephants never forget? | +| **Bu dua jí, mä juna hóq da.** [③](#fn-3) | I don't know whether that's true. | +| **Je ma juna, ꝡä míao bï nıe sá poq míao móq?** | And is it true that, as for the moon, some people are inside it? | +| **Sahu, ꝡä chı béı *sá* poq hóq da.** [④](#fn-4) | It's not the case that *anyone* believes that. | +| **Je ma báq nuımpoq bï tı hó sá rıaq móq?** | And as for aliens, are they somewhere? | +| **Daı juna hóq da. Jaq sao jíaq da.** | That's possible. The world is very big. | +| **Je pu ruaq sá poq, ꝡä jıq báq aıpu da.** [②](#fn-2) **Mıu súq hí raı móq?** | Some people said that ghosts exist. What do you think? | +| **Sá raı nä dua sía poq ráı da. Jí bï mıu jí, ꝡä báq aıpu bï daı jıq hó da.** [⑤](#fn-5) | There are things which nobody knows. As for me, I think that it's possible that ghosts exist. | +| **Ina. Je ma béı *sá* raı nä dua súq ráı móq?** | Okay. Is there *anything* you do know? | +| **Dua jí, ꝡä puı téoq da. Naı tua súq, ꝡä rıa kíao ba. Pıkuaı jí da!** [⑥](#fn-6) | I know that those were a lot of questions. Now open the door. I have to pee! | ## Notes -1. This lesson introduces the word **lâ**. **lâ** could be described as the long form of the rising-falling tone ![](../tones/t5.png). Instead of using the rising-falling tone directly on a verb, it is also possible to use **lâ** to start a content clause. The meaning is identical to a bare rising-falling tone ![](../tones/t5.png): **Dua jí shîe súq** "I know that you are awake" can also be expressed as the equivalent **Dua jí lâ shıe súq**. The latter parallels **mâ** in structure. The main purpose of **lâ** is to allow content clauses that begin with a noun in topic position, such as **lâ jí bı jaı jí** "that, as for me, I'm happy". **lâ** can only be replaced by a bare rising-falling tone when the content clause begins with a verb. +1. The word **juna** means "to be true". In this sentence, we see that a subclause can have a topic: **ꝡä báq elu bï …** 2. We encounter two new long roots in this lesson: **elu** "to be an elephant", and **aıpu** "to be a ghost". -3. This is another example of **mâ** "whether", creating an indirect *whether*-question. **hoq** is another pronoun, which means "that", referring to a case or situation that was just mentioned. **mâ jeo hóq** "whether that is true". +3. This is another example of **mä** "whether", creating an indirect *whether*-question. **hóq** is another pronoun, which means "that", referring to a case or situation that was just mentioned. **mä juna hóq** "whether that is true". -4. Another example of **lâ**. The structure is the same as before: **lâ**, then the topic noun followed by **bı**, followed by the verb and its nouns. +4. The word **sahu** means "to be false". Unlike **bu**, it's a verb. With **sahu**, we can negate an entire clause instead of just a verb: here, **bu chı sá poq hóq da** would mean "some people don't believe it". 5. This might be the longest and most complex sentence so far, but it's really just a combination of familiar patterns. @@ -36,38 +37,38 @@ title: 'Héıguko chıetoaı' ### Translate: - - **Ma jeo chô súq baq elu moq?** + **Ma juna, ꝡä cho súq báq elu móq?** "Is it true that you like elephants?" - - **Bu lâ tu kato bı kuo hó da.** + **Sahu, ꝡä tú kato nä kuo hó da.** "It's not true that every cat is black." - - **Du pîkuaı súq da.** + **Du, ꝡä pıkuaı súq da.** "It seems like you have to pee." - - **Ruaq súq sa jeo ba.** + **Ruaq súq sá juna da.** "You said something true." - - **Chı hó jîq baq aıpu da.** + **Chı hó, ꝡä jıq báq aıpu da.** "They believe that ghosts exist." ### Fill in the blanks: - "They said that every dog is a friend." - **Pu rûaq hó lâ tu kune bı paı hó da.** + **Pu ruaq hó, ꝡä tú kune nä paı hó da.** - "I want to know whether you like apples." - **Duashao jí mâ baq shamu bı cho súq máq da.** + **Duashao jí, mä báq shamu bï cho súq máq da.** - "I hope that that's true." - **Zaı jí jêo hóq da.** + **Zaı jí, ꝡä juna hóq da.** -- "Never did I see a ghost." - **Guosıa pû lâ sa aıpu bı kaqgaı jí hó da.** +- "I claimed I saw a ghost." + **Pu ruaq jí, ꝡä sá aıpu nä kaqgaı jí hó da.** - "It's not the case that the elephant is inside the building." - **Bu nîe élu jío da.** + **Sahu, ꝡä nıe élu jío da.**