diff --git a/faberge/sections/02/music.py b/faberge/sections/02/music.py
index acaf39121b..07ae776035 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/02/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/02/music.py
@@ -935,10 +935,9 @@ def vc(m):
             staff_padding=5.5,
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(71, 89)) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.mgroups(o, [9, 10]),
-            "ff > pp < p",
-            glue=True,
+            "ff> pp<p",
         )
 
 
diff --git a/faberge/sections/03/music.py b/faberge/sections/03/music.py
index 99c7dc59a6..e1c3a3aea6 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/03/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/03/music.py
@@ -324,10 +324,9 @@ def fl(m):
     with baca.scope(m[8]) as o:
         baca.dynamic(o.phead(0), "p")
     with baca.scope(m.get(9, 10)) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 2]),
-            "o< mp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mp>o!",
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(11, 12)) as o:
         library.swells(o, "mf")
@@ -358,10 +357,9 @@ def fl(m):
     with baca.scope(m[52]) as o:
         baca.dynamic(o.phead(0), "p")
     with baca.scope(m.get(53, 54)) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 2]),
-            "o< pp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< pp>o!",
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(55, 60)) as o:
         library.swells(o, "ppp")
@@ -707,10 +705,9 @@ def perc(cache):
             abjad.select.get(baca.select.pheads(o), [0, -1]),
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(53, 61)) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.mgroups(o, [2, 7]),
-            "ppp < pp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "ppp< pp>o!",
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(69, 72)) as o:
         baca.staff_lines(o.leaf(0), 1)
@@ -780,10 +777,9 @@ def vn(m):
     with baca.scope(m.get(1, 52)) as o:
         baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 5)
     with baca.scope(m.get(37, 52)) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.mgroups(o, [8, 8]),
-            "(ppp) < f > ppp",
-            glue=True,
+            "(ppp)< f>ppp",
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(53, 68)) as o:
         baca.staff_lines(o.leaf(0), 1)
@@ -878,10 +874,9 @@ def va(m):
     with baca.scope(m.get(1, 52)) as o:
         baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 7)
     with baca.scope(m.get(37, 52)) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.mgroups(o, [8, 8]),
-            "(pp) < f > pp",
-            glue=True,
+            "(pp)< f>pp",
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(23, 52)) as o:
         baca.mspanners.scp(
@@ -960,10 +955,9 @@ def vc(m):
             hide_middle_note_heads=True,
         )
         baca.interpolate_pitches(o, "Eb2", "C2")
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.mgroups(o, [12, 12]),
-            "(p) < ff >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "(p)< ff>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
         baca.markup(
diff --git a/faberge/sections/04/music.py b/faberge/sections/04/music.py
index 9e6ab97c4a..efbd948c94 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/04/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/04/music.py
@@ -435,21 +435,21 @@ def vc(m, metadata):
         )
         baca.glissando(o.tleaves())
         runs = abjad.select.runs(o)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(runs[0], [1]),
-            "o< p >o ! o< p >o !",
+            "o< p>o !o< p>o !",
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(baca.select.rleak(runs[1]), [1]),
-            "o< mp >o ! o< mp >o ! o< mp >o ! o< mp >o !",
+            "o< mp>o !o< mp>o !o< mp>o !o< mp>o !",
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(baca.select.rleak(runs[2]), [1]),
-            "o< mf >o ! o< mf >o ! o< mf >o !",
+            "o< mf>o !o< mf>o !o< mf>o !",
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(baca.select.rleak(runs[3]), [1]),
-            "o< f >o ! o< f >o ! o< f >o !",
+            "o< f>o !o< f>o !o< f>o !",
         )
 
 
diff --git a/faberge/sections/05/music.py b/faberge/sections/05/music.py
index d321417b07..45335a2c0c 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/05/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/05/music.py
@@ -246,10 +246,9 @@ def fl_cl(cache):
                 baca.override.dynamic_text_self_alignment_x(o.pleaf(2), -1)
                 baca.override.dynamic_text_self_alignment_x(o.pleaf(-1), -0.75)
                 baca.glissando(o.pleaves()[2:], allow_repeats=True)
-                baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+                baca.hairpins.exact(
                     baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                    "o< mp >o p > pp",
-                    glue=True,
+                    "o< mp>o p>pp",
                 )
                 baca.rspanners.trill(
                     o.leaves()[:2],
@@ -375,40 +374,34 @@ def vc(m, metadata):
         )
         baca.glissando(o.tleaves())
         runs = abjad.select.runs(o)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(runs[0], [1]),
-            "o< mf >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mf>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(runs[1], [1]),
-            "o< mp >o ! o< mp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mp>o !o< mp>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(runs[2], [1]),
-            "o< p >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< p>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(runs[3], [1]),
-            "o< p >o ! o< p >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< p>o !o< p>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(runs[4], [1]),
-            "o< pp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< pp>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(runs[5], [1]),
-            "o< pp >o ! o< pp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< pp>o !o< pp>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m.leaves()) as o:
diff --git a/faberge/sections/06/music.py b/faberge/sections/06/music.py
index bbad8f35dd..f2710bd9d3 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/06/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/06/music.py
@@ -222,11 +222,10 @@ def VC(voice, time_signatures):
 
 def fl(m):
     with baca.scope(m.get(1, 2)) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1]),
-            "o< mf >o ! o< mf >o !",
+            "o< mf>o !o< mf>o!",
             (abjad.Tweak(r"- \tweak to-barline ##t"), -1),
-            glue=True,
             rleak=True,
         )
         baca.pitch(o, "F5")
@@ -297,10 +296,9 @@ def fl_cl(cache):
                 baca.override.dynamic_text_self_alignment_x(o.pleaf(2), -1)
                 baca.override.dynamic_text_self_alignment_x(o.pleaf(-1), -0.75)
                 baca.glissando(o.pleaves()[2:], allow_repeats=True)
-                baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+                baca.hairpins.exact(
                     baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, len(o) - 2]),
-                    "o< mp >o p > pp",
-                    glue=True,
+                    "o< mp>o p>pp",
                 )
                 baca.rspanners.trill(
                     o.leaves()[:2],
@@ -427,10 +425,9 @@ def perc(m):
 
 def vn(m):
     with baca.scope(m[2]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-            "p - o< p > pp",
-            glue=True,
+            "p o< p>pp",
             rleak=True,
         )
         baca.pitches(
@@ -464,10 +461,9 @@ def vn(m):
 
 def va(m):
     with baca.scope(m[2]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-            "o< p > pp p",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< p> pp+p",
             rleak=True,
         )
         baca.pitches(
diff --git a/faberge/sections/07/music.py b/faberge/sections/07/music.py
index ee6f1af37e..dc144061d9 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/07/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/07/music.py
@@ -311,10 +311,9 @@ def fl_cl(cache):
     for name in ["fl", "cl"]:
         m = cache[name]
         with baca.scope(m[2]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "o< p >o pp > ppp",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< p>o pp>ppp",
             )
         for n in [2, 4]:
             with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
@@ -326,22 +325,20 @@ def fl_cl(cache):
                     abjad.Tweak(r"- \tweak bound-details.right.padding 2"),
                 )
         with baca.scope(m[4]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "o< pp >o ppp > pppp",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< pp>o ppp>pppp",
             )
         with baca.scope(m[5]) as o:
             baca.espressivo(
                 o.pheads(),
                 abjad.Tweak(r"- \tweak X-extent #'(0 . 0)", tag=baca.tags.NOT_PARTS),
             )
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 abjad.select.partition_by_counts(
                     abjad.select.leaves(o.rleaves()), [2], overhang=True
                 ),
-                "o< mp >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< mp>o!",
             )
 
 
diff --git a/faberge/sections/08/music.py b/faberge/sections/08/music.py
index ea0014d851..c272ee8731 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/08/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/08/music.py
@@ -427,10 +427,9 @@ def vn(m):
         )
     for n in [6, 8, 9, 10]:
         with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "p - o< p > pp",
-                glue=True,
+                "p o< p>pp",
             )
             baca.mspanners.scp(
                 baca.select.lparts(o[-3:], [1, 2]),
@@ -470,9 +469,9 @@ def va(m):
         )
     for n in [8, 9, 10]:
         with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 1, 1]),
-                "o< p > pp p",
+                "o< p> pp p",
             )
             baca.mspanners.scp(
                 baca.select.lparts(o[:3], [1, 2]),
diff --git a/faberge/sections/09/music.py b/faberge/sections/09/music.py
index fc2cc53132..b2f4aa99ba 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/09/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/09/music.py
@@ -195,10 +195,9 @@ def fl(m):
         baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 6)
         baca.pitch(o, "G3")
     with baca.scope(m[5]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< f >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< f>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(5, 7)) as o:
@@ -212,17 +211,15 @@ def fl(m):
             abjad.Tweak(r"- \tweak staff-padding 5.5"),
         )
     with baca.scope(m[6]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o.rleaves(), [1, 1]),
-            "o< mf >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mf>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m[7]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< mp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mp>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
 
@@ -234,10 +231,9 @@ def eh(m):
             baca.select.pleaves(o), [2], overhang=True
         ):
             leaves = baca.select.rleaves(leaves)
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(leaves, [1, 1]),
-                "o< mf >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< mf>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
         baca.rspanners.material_annotation(
@@ -288,12 +284,11 @@ def fl_cl(cache):
             baca.espressivo(o.pheads())
             for cmgroup in baca.select.cmgroups(o):
                 cmgroup = baca.select.rleaves(cmgroup)
-                baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+                baca.hairpins.exact(
                     abjad.select.partition_by_counts(
                         abjad.select.leaves(cmgroup), [2], overhang=True
                     ),
-                    "o< mp >o !",
-                    glue=True,
+                    "o< mp>o!",
                 )
             baca.rspanners.material_annotation(
                 o,
@@ -378,10 +373,9 @@ def perc(m):
 def vn(m):
     with baca.scope(m[1]) as o:
         for clpart in baca.select.clparts(o, [4]):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(clpart, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "p - o< p > pp",
-                glue=True,
+                "p o< p>pp",
             )
     for n in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9]:
         with baca.scope(m.get(n)) as o:
@@ -401,24 +395,21 @@ def vn(m):
             baca.stem_tremolo(abjad.select.get(baca.select.plts(o), [1, 2, 3], 4))
     with baca.scope(m[2]) as o:
         for clpart in baca.select.clparts(o, [4]):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(clpart, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "mp - o< mp > pp",
-                glue=True,
+                "mp o< mp>pp",
             )
     with baca.scope(m[3]) as o:
         for clpart in baca.select.clparts(o, [4]):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(clpart, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "mf - o< mf > pp",
-                glue=True,
+                "mf o< mf>pp",
             )
     with baca.scope(m[4]) as o:
         for clpart in baca.select.clparts(o, [4]):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(clpart, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "f - o< f > pp",
-                glue=True,
+                "f o< f>pp",
             )
     with baca.scope(m.get(5, 8)) as o:
         baca.pitch(o, "B4")
@@ -447,9 +438,9 @@ def va(m):
                 baca.quadruple_staccato(plt)
             elif duration == abjad.Duration((1, 3)):
                 baca.stem_tremolo(plt)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1]),
-            "p - o< p > pp - o< p > pp p",
+            "p o< p> pp o< p> pp p",
         )
         baca.mspanners.scp(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1]),
@@ -468,9 +459,9 @@ def va(m):
                 baca.quadruple_staccato(plt)
             elif duration == abjad.Duration((5, 18)):
                 baca.stem_tremolo(plt)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1]),
-            "o< mp > pp mp - o< mp > pp mp",
+            "o< mp> pp mp o< mp> pp mp",
         )
         baca.mspanners.scp(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1]),
@@ -487,9 +478,9 @@ def va(m):
                 baca.quadruple_staccato(plt)
             elif duration == abjad.Duration((1, 3)):
                 baca.stem_tremolo(plt)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1]),
-            "mp - o< mf > pp - o< mf > pp mf",
+            "mp o< mf> pp o< mf> pp mf",
         )
         baca.mspanners.scp(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1]),
@@ -506,9 +497,9 @@ def va(m):
                 baca.quadruple_staccato(plt)
             elif duration == abjad.Duration((5, 18)):
                 baca.stem_tremolo(plt)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1]),
-            "- o< f > pp f f - o< f > pp",
+            "o< f> pp f f o< f> pp",
         )
         baca.mspanners.scp(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1]),
@@ -559,17 +550,15 @@ def vn_va(cache):
         for n in [5, 6, 7]:
             with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
                 for clpart in baca.select.clparts(o, [4]):
-                    baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+                    baca.hairpins.exact(
                         baca.select.lparts(clpart, [1, 1, 2]),
-                        '"ff" - o< ff > pp',
-                        glue=True,
+                        '"ff" o< ff>pp',
                     )
         with baca.scope(m.get(9)) as o:
             for clpart in baca.select.clparts(o, [4]):
-                baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+                baca.hairpins.exact(
                     baca.select.lparts(clpart, [1, 1, 2]),
-                    "mp - o< mp > pp",
-                    glue=True,
+                    "mp o< mp>pp",
                 )
 
 
@@ -631,10 +620,9 @@ def vc(m):
         baca.hairpins.exact(o[:1], "!")
     with baca.scope(m[9]) as o:
         baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 6)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "pp p >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "pp p>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
         baca.pitch(o, "Eb2")
diff --git a/faberge/sections/10/music.py b/faberge/sections/10/music.py
index 78e9ac9fa1..86782314fb 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/10/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/10/music.py
@@ -261,36 +261,31 @@ def fl_cl(cache):
                 abjad.Tweak(r"- \tweak staff-padding 8"),
             )
         with baca.scope(m[1]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "o< mp >o p > pp",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< mp>o p>pp",
             )
         with baca.scope(m[2]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "o< mf >o mp > p",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< mf>o mp>p",
             )
         with baca.scope(m[3]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "o< f >o mf > mp",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< f>o mf>mp",
             )
         for n in [4, 5]:
             with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
-                baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+                baca.hairpins.exact(
                     baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                    "o< mp >o p > pp",
-                    glue=True,
+                    "o< mp>o p>pp",
                 )
         for n in [6, 7, 8]:
             with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
-                baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+                baca.hairpins.exact(
                     baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                    "o< p >o pp > ppp",
-                    glue=True,
+                    "o< p>o pp>ppp",
                 )
 
 
@@ -388,10 +383,9 @@ def perc(m):
 def vn(m):
     for n in [1, 2, 3]:
         with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "mp - o< mp > p",
-                glue=True,
+                "mp o< mp>p",
             )
             baca.mspanners.scp(
                 baca.select.lparts(o[-3:], [1, 2]),
@@ -462,10 +456,9 @@ def va(m):
         )
     for n in [1, 2, 3]:
         with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "mp - o< mp > p",
-                glue=True,
+                "mp o< mp>p",
             )
             baca.mspanners.scp(
                 baca.select.lparts(o[-3:], [1, 2]),
@@ -527,21 +520,19 @@ def vn_va(cache):
                     elif duration == abjad.Duration((1, 3)):
                         baca.stem_tremolo(plt)
         with baca.scope(m[6]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 3]),
-                "mp p >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "mp p>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
         with baca.scope(m[7]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 3]),
-                "p pp >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "p pp>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
         with baca.scope(m[8]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
                 "pp ppp",
             )
@@ -625,17 +616,17 @@ def vc(m, metadata):
             name="CELLO_GLISSANDI",
         ),
         baca.glissando(o.tleaves())
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(baca.select.rleak(abjad.select.run(o, 0)), [1, 1, 1]),
-            "o< p >o !",
+            "o< p>o !",
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(baca.select.rleak(abjad.select.run(o, 1)), [1]),
-            "o< p >o ! o< p >o !",
+            "o< p>o !o< p>o !",
         )
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.clparts(abjad.select.run(o, 2), [1]),
-            "o< p >o ! o< p >o !",
+            "o< p>o !o< p>o !",
         )
     with baca.scope(m.leaves()) as o:
         baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 4)
diff --git a/faberge/sections/11/music.py b/faberge/sections/11/music.py
index 0392730732..9d81bfa373 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/11/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/11/music.py
@@ -252,17 +252,15 @@ def fl_cl(cache):
                     abjad.Tweak(r"- \tweak bound-details.right.padding 2"),
                 )
         with baca.scope(m[1]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                "o< p >o pp > ppp",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< p>o pp>ppp",
             )
         for n in [2, 3, 4]:
             with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
-                baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+                baca.hairpins.exact(
                     baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-                    "o< pp >o ppp > pppp",
-                    glue=True,
+                    "o< pp>o ppp>pppp",
                 )
         with baca.scope(m.get(1, 4)) as o:
             baca.rspanners.material_annotation(
@@ -274,12 +272,11 @@ def fl_cl(cache):
             baca.espressivo(o.pheads())
             for cmgroup in baca.select.cmgroups(o):
                 cmgroup = baca.select.rleak(cmgroup)
-                baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+                baca.hairpins.exact(
                     abjad.select.partition_by_counts(
                         abjad.select.leaves(cmgroup), [2], overhang=True
                     ),
-                    "o< mp >o !",
-                    glue=True,
+                    "o< mp>o!",
                 )
             baca.rspanners.material_annotation(
                 o,
@@ -428,10 +425,9 @@ def vn(m):
             staff_padding=3,
         )
     with baca.scope(m[3]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 2]),
-            "p - o< p > pp",
-            glue=True,
+            "p o< p>pp",
         )
         baca.rspanners.material_annotation(
             o,
@@ -533,10 +529,9 @@ def vc(m, metadata):
         )
         baca.glissando(o.tleaves())
         run = abjad.select.run(o, 0)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(run, [1, 1, 1, 2]),
-            "o< p >o ! o< p >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< p>o !o< p>o!",
         )
     with baca.scope(m[3]) as o:
         baca.accent(o.phead(0))
diff --git a/faberge/sections/12/music.py b/faberge/sections/12/music.py
index c470262f2a..b839846776 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/12/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/12/music.py
@@ -221,19 +221,17 @@ def fl_cl(cache):
         with baca.scope(m.leaves()) as o:
             baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 7)
         with baca.scope(m[1]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 abjad.select.partition_by_ratio(baca.select.plts(o.rleaves()), (2, 3)),
-                "o< mp >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< mp>o!",
             )
         for n in [1, 3]:
             with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
                 baca.espressivo(o.pheads())
         with baca.scope(m[3]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 abjad.select.partition_by_ratio(baca.select.plts(o.rleaves()), (2, 3)),
-                "o< p >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< p>o!",
             )
 
 
diff --git a/faberge/sections/13/music.py b/faberge/sections/13/music.py
index 5d13dab668..c6adf9dce0 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/13/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/13/music.py
@@ -262,10 +262,9 @@ def fl(m):
         baca.override.dynamic_text_self_alignment_x(o.pleaf(2), -1)
         baca.override.dynamic_text_self_alignment_x(o.pleaf(-1), -0.75)
         baca.glissando(o.pleaves()[2:], allow_repeats=True)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1, 3]),
-            "o< mp >o p > pp",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mp>o p>pp",
         )
         baca.rspanners.material_annotation(
             o,
@@ -291,10 +290,9 @@ def eh(m):
         baca.pitch(o, "A#4")
     with baca.scope(m.get(5, 8)) as o:
         for run in baca.select.runs(o):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(run, [1, 1]),
-                "o< mf >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< mf>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
             baca.rspanners.trill(
@@ -317,10 +315,9 @@ def cl(m):
         baca.pitch(o, "A2")
     with baca.scope(m.get(3, 6)) as o:
         for run in baca.select.runs(o):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 abjad.select.partition_by_ratio(baca.select.plts(run), (1, 1)),
-                "pp < p > pp",
-                glue=True,
+                "pp< p>pp",
             )
     with baca.scope(m.get(3, 8)) as o:
         baca.rspanners.material_annotation(
@@ -330,10 +327,9 @@ def cl(m):
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(7, 8)) as o:
         for run in baca.select.runs(o):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 abjad.select.partition_by_ratio(baca.select.plts(run), (1, 1)),
-                "p < mp > p",
-                glue=True,
+                "p< mp>p",
             )
         baca.pitch(o, "Ab2")
     with baca.scope(m.leaves()) as o:
@@ -525,10 +521,9 @@ def vc(m, metadata):
         )
         baca.glissando(o.tleaves())
         run = abjad.select.run(o, 0)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(run, [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]),
-            "o< pp >o ! o< pp >o ! o< pp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< pp>o !o< pp>o !o< pp>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
 
diff --git a/faberge/sections/14/music.py b/faberge/sections/14/music.py
index 6e7927d0f1..8092d80667 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/14/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/14/music.py
@@ -190,19 +190,17 @@ def fl(m):
         baca.staff_position(o, 0)
     with baca.scope(m[5]) as o:
         baca.staff_lines(o.leaf(0), 5)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< p >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< p>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(5, 8)) as o:
         baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 4)
     with baca.scope(m[6]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< mp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mp>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m.get(5, 8)) as o:
@@ -214,17 +212,15 @@ def fl(m):
         baca.pitch(o, "C#5")
         baca.stem_tremolo(o.pleaves())
     with baca.scope(m[7]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< mf >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mf>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m[8]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< f >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< f>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
 
@@ -234,10 +230,9 @@ def cl(m):
         baca.pitch(o, "Ab2")
     with baca.scope(m.get(2, 5)) as o:
         for run in baca.select.runs(o):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 abjad.select.partition_by_ratio(baca.select.plts(run), (1, 1)),
-                "p < mp > p",
-                glue=True,
+                "p< mp>p",
             )
     with baca.scope(m.get(3, 4)) as o:
         baca.pitch(o, "Gb2")
@@ -245,10 +240,9 @@ def cl(m):
         baca.pitch(o, "F2")
     with baca.scope(m.get(6, 8)) as o:
         for run in baca.select.runs(o):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 abjad.select.partition_by_ratio(baca.select.plts(run), (1, 1)),
-                "pp < p > pp",
-                glue=True,
+                "pp< p>pp",
             )
     with baca.scope(m.leaves()) as o:
         baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 10)
@@ -271,10 +265,9 @@ def eh(m):
         baca.pitch(o, "B4")
     with baca.scope(m.get(1, 6)) as o:
         for run in baca.select.runs(o):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(run, [1, 1]),
-                "o< mf >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< mf>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
             baca.rspanners.trill(
@@ -409,24 +402,21 @@ def vc(m, metadata):
         )
         baca.glissando(o.tleaves())
         run = abjad.select.run(o, 0)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(run, [1, 1]),
-            "o< mp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mp>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
         run = abjad.select.run(o, 1)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(run, [1, 1, 1, 1]),
-            "o< mf >o ! o< mf >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mf>o !o< mf>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
         run = abjad.select.run(o, 2)
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(run, [1, 1]),
-            "o< f >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< f>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m[5]) as o:
@@ -435,10 +425,9 @@ def vc(m, metadata):
         baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 6)
     for n in [5, 6, 7, 8]:
         with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-                "o< p >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< p>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
             baca.pitch(o, "F2")
diff --git a/faberge/sections/15/music.py b/faberge/sections/15/music.py
index ea81582146..b2f3eb3d92 100644
--- a/faberge/sections/15/music.py
+++ b/faberge/sections/15/music.py
@@ -162,31 +162,27 @@ def fl(m):
             do_not_bookend=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m[5]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< mf >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mf>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m[6]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< mp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< mp>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m[7]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< p >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< p>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
     with baca.scope(m[8]) as o:
-        baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+        baca.hairpins.exact(
             baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-            "o< pp >o !",
-            glue=True,
+            "o< pp>o!",
             rleak=True,
         )
 
@@ -195,10 +191,9 @@ def cl(m):
     with baca.scope(m.get(1, 4)) as o:
         baca.override.dls_staff_padding(o, 8)
         for run in baca.select.runs(o):
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 abjad.select.partition_by_ratio(baca.select.plts(run), (2, 3)),
-                "pp < p > pp",
-                glue=True,
+                "pp< p>pp",
             )
         baca.rspanners.material_annotation(
             o,
@@ -343,10 +338,9 @@ def vc(m):
             baca.stem_tremolo(o.pleaves())
     for n in [1, 2, 3, 4]:
         with baca.scope(m[n]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-                "o< p >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< p>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
             baca.pitch(o, "F2")
@@ -365,31 +359,27 @@ def vn_va_vc(cache):
     for name in ["vn", "va", "vc"]:
         m = cache[name]
         with baca.scope(m[5]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-                "o< mp >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< mp>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
         with baca.scope(m[6]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-                "o< mf >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< mf>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
         with baca.scope(m[7]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-                "o< f >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< f>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )
         with baca.scope(m[8]) as o:
-            baca.hairpins.hairpin(
+            baca.hairpins.exact(
                 baca.select.lparts(o, [1, 1]),
-                "o< ff >o !",
-                glue=True,
+                "o< ff>o!",
                 rleak=True,
             )