Python Libraries for Data Science_Numpy_&_Scipy.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Numpy_Arrays"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "raw",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "NumPy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains among other things:\n",
    "\n",
    "    A powerful N-dimensional array object\n",
    "    Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions\n",
    "    Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code\n",
    "    Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities\n",
    "\n",
    "Source: https://numpy.org/\n",
    "#https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/ufuncs.html\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "list vs Numpy array is \n",
    "-> List will have collection of diff data types\n",
    "-> Numpy array will just change all other datatypes to string data type, it just will upcast to string datatypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array(['1', '2', '5', '6', 'Li', 'rose', 'False'], dtype='<U11')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    " np.array([1,2,5,6,'Li','rose',False])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mynumpy_Sample =np.array([1,2,3,4,5,.6,7])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mylist_Sample = [1,23,55,'Lily']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 23, 55, 'Lily', 1, 23, 55, 'Lily']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist_Sample*2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 2. ,  4. ,  6. ,  8. , 10. ,  1.2, 14. ])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mynumpy_Sample * 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a =[[1,2,3],[4,5,[2,5,8]],[7,8,9]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[1, 2, 3],\n",
       "       [4, 5, list([2, 5, 8])],\n",
       "       [7, 8, 9]], dtype=object)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.array(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Access Elements in a matrix\n",
    "a[2][1]\n",
    "a[1][2]\n",
    "a[1][2][1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[5, 6, 9],\n",
       "       [6, 4, 4]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Create a random integers in the interval [0,10]\n",
    "np.random.randint(0,10,[2,3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[15, 11, 15],\n",
       "       [13, 10, 12]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.randint(10,20,[2,3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Seed fix the same random generation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[5, 0, 3],\n",
       "       [3, 7, 9],\n",
       "       [3, 5, 2]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(0)\n",
    "np.random.randint(0,10,[3,3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[5, 8, 9],\n",
       "       [5, 0, 0],\n",
       "       [1, 7, 6]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(1)\n",
    "np.random.randint(0,10,[3,3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 0, 0],\n",
       "       [0, 0, 0]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.zeros((2,3), dtype =int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[1, 1, 1],\n",
       "       [1, 1, 1],\n",
       "       [1, 1, 1]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.ones((3,3), dtype =int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[1, 0, 0],\n",
       "       [0, 1, 0],\n",
       "       [0, 0, 1]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Identity matrix is a square matrix so one input is given\n",
    "np.identity(3, dtype=int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[5, 5, 5],\n",
       "       [5, 5, 5]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#create a matrix with a specific number\n",
    "np.full((2,3),5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[5.5, 5.5, 5.5],\n",
       "       [5.5, 5.5, 5.5],\n",
       "       [5.5, 5.5, 5.5],\n",
       "       [5.5, 5.5, 5.5]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.full((4,3),5.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Array Concantentaion"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 5, 18, 11],\n",
       "       [10, 14, 18],\n",
       "       [ 4,  9, 17],\n",
       "       [ 0, 13,  9]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "matrir1 = np.random.randint(0,20,[4,3])\n",
    "matrir1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[9, 7, 6],\n",
       "       [9, 1, 0],\n",
       "       [1, 8, 8],\n",
       "       [3, 9, 8]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "matrir2 = np.random.randint(0,10,[4,3])\n",
    "matrir2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 5, 18, 11],\n",
       "       [10, 14, 18],\n",
       "       [ 4,  9, 17],\n",
       "       [ 0, 13,  9],\n",
       "       [ 9,  7,  6],\n",
       "       [ 9,  1,  0],\n",
       "       [ 1,  8,  8],\n",
       "       [ 3,  9,  8]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#axis on x\n",
    "combine = np.concatenate([matrir1, matrir2], axis =0)\n",
    "combine"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 5, 18, 11,  9,  7,  6],\n",
       "       [10, 14, 18,  9,  1,  0],\n",
       "       [ 4,  9, 17,  1,  8,  8],\n",
       "       [ 0, 13,  9,  3,  9,  8]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#axis on y\n",
    "combine = np.concatenate([matrir1, matrir2], axis =1)\n",
    "combine"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([list([1, 2, 3]), list([4, 5, 6]), list([7, 8, 9]), 10],\n",
       "      dtype=object)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_mat = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9],10]\n",
    "\n",
    "np.array(my_mat)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "cool\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    my_mat[[1]]\n",
    "except:\n",
    "    print('cool')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_mat[0][2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.arange(0,10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 0,  2,  4,  6,  8, 10])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.arange(0,11,2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([1, 4, 7])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.arange(1,9,3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.zeros(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "       [0., 0., 0.]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.zeros((2,3))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([1., 1., 1., 1., 1.])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.ones(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[1., 1., 1., 1.],\n",
       "       [1., 1., 1., 1.],\n",
       "       [1., 1., 1., 1.],\n",
       "       [1., 1., 1., 1.],\n",
       "       [1., 1., 1., 1.]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.ones((5,4))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0.        , 0.55555556, 1.11111111, 1.66666667, 2.22222222,\n",
       "       2.77777778, 3.33333333, 3.88888889, 4.44444444, 5.        ])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.linspace(0,5,10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 1.   ,  1.375,  1.75 ,  2.125,  2.5  ,  2.875,  3.25 ,  3.625,\n",
       "        4.   ,  4.375,  4.75 ,  5.125,  5.5  ,  5.875,  6.25 ,  6.625,\n",
       "        7.   ,  7.375,  7.75 ,  8.125,  8.5  ,  8.875,  9.25 ,  9.625,\n",
       "       10.   ])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.linspace(1,10,25)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[1., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "       [0., 1., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "       [0., 0., 1., 0., 0.],\n",
       "       [0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],\n",
       "       [0., 0., 0., 0., 1.]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.eye(5)  #Identity Matrix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([-0.62836383, -1.03536001, -0.11533403])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Random Methods\n",
    "\n",
    "np.random.randn(3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0.04965876, 0.52631219, 0.77890438, 0.66151963, 0.81670194],\n",
       "       [0.6496009 , 0.57392111, 0.68166154, 0.21989238, 0.88786946],\n",
       "       [0.96534233, 0.31711126, 0.25145878, 0.12305437, 0.61941466],\n",
       "       [0.59921207, 0.7443984 , 0.98361506, 0.76534623, 0.47568129],\n",
       "       [0.53613379, 0.05432355, 0.11655973, 0.61574442, 0.46482231]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.rand(5,5)  #No Need to pass tuple here"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([5, 7, 6, 9, 8, 2, 1, 8, 3, 6, 7])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.randint(1,10,11)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,\n",
       "       17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Reshape Method\n",
    "\n",
    "arr = np.arange(25)\n",
    "arr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([8, 2, 1, 8, 9, 6, 3, 5, 6, 3, 3, 7, 6, 7, 1, 4, 7, 4, 6, 8, 4, 7,\n",
       "       1, 6, 2])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "narr = np.random.randint(1,10,25)\n",
    "narr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],\n",
       "       [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],\n",
       "       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],\n",
       "       [15, 16, 17, 18, 19],\n",
       "       [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr.reshape(5,5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "narr.max()\n",
    "\n",
    "narr.argmax()   # -> Return the index of maximum value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "narr.min()\n",
    "narr.argmin()  ## -> Return the index of minimum value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(25,)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],\n",
       "       [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],\n",
       "       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],\n",
       "       [15, 16, 17, 18, 19],\n",
       "       [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr.reshape(5,5)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(25,)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dtype('int32')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr.dtype"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "*** Numpy Array Indexing***"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,\n",
       "       17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr = np.arange(25)\n",
    "arr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "***Python list | index()***\n",
    "\n",
    "index() is an inbuilt function in Python, which searches for given element from start of the list and returns the lowest index where the element appears.\n",
    "\n",
    "Syntax :\n",
    "\n",
    "list_name.index(element, start, end)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]\n",
    "list.index(10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Substring 'is fun': 19\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sentence = 'Python programming is fun.'\n",
    "\n",
    "result = sentence.index('is fun')\n",
    "print(\"Substring 'is fun':\", result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "15\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sentence = 'Python programming is fun.'\n",
    "\n",
    "# Substring is searched in 'gramming is fun.'\n",
    "print(sentence.index('ing', 10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "15"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr[15]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "arr[0:6] = 100"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,  12,\n",
       "        13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101,\n",
       "       101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr[:] = 101\n",
    "arr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[  5,  10,  15],\n",
       "       [ 20,  25,  50],\n",
       "       [ 75,  25, 100]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_dd = np.array([[5,10,15],[20,25,50],[75,25,100]])\n",
    "arr_dd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "25"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#arr_dd[[1]]\n",
    "arr_dd[2][1]\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "25"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_dd[2,1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([25])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_dd[2:,1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[50]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_dd[1:2,2:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[10, 15]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_dd[:1,1:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[10, 15],\n",
       "       [25, 50]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_dd[:2,1:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[  5,  10,  15],\n",
       "       [ 20,  25,  50],\n",
       "       [ 75,  25, 100]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_dd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 5, 10, 15],\n",
       "       [20, 25, 50]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_dd[:2,0:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ar = np.arange(10)\n",
    "ar"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([False, False, False, False, False, False,  True,  True,  True,\n",
       "        True])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool_arr = ar >5\n",
    "bool_arr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([6, 7, 8, 9])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ar[bool_arr]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([6, 7, 8, 9])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ar[ar>5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9],\n",
       "       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19],\n",
       "       [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29],\n",
       "       [30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39],\n",
       "       [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_2d = np.arange(50).reshape(5,10)\n",
    "arr_2d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[21, 22, 23, 24],\n",
       "       [31, 32, 33, 34],\n",
       "       [41, 42, 43, 44]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_2d[2:5,1:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[21, 22, 23, 24],\n",
       "       [31, 32, 33, 34]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "arr_2d[2:4,1:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# NumPy_Operations\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Array with arrays\n",
    "2. Array with scalars\n",
    "3. Universal array functions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,\n",
       "       17, 18, 19])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ar_function = np.arange(0,20)\n",
    "ar_function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[ 0  2  4  6  8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38]\n",
      "[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]\n",
      "[  0   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289\n",
      " 324 361]\n",
      "[nan  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.  1.\n",
      "  1.  1.]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Users\\VigneshSS\\Anaconda3\\envs\\new_env\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel_launcher.py:4: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in true_divide\n",
      "  after removing the cwd from sys.path.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(ar_function + ar_function)\n",
    "print(ar_function - ar_function)\n",
    "print(ar_function * ar_function)\n",
    "print(ar_function / ar_function)  #invalid value encountered in true_divide i.e., Nan Value (1/0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117\n",
      " 118 119]\n",
      "[-100  -99  -98  -97  -96  -95  -94  -93  -92  -91  -90  -89  -88  -87\n",
      "  -86  -85  -84  -83  -82  -81]\n",
      "[   0  100  200  300  400  500  600  700  800  900 1000 1100 1200 1300\n",
      " 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(ar_function + 100)\n",
    "print(ar_function - 100)\n",
    "print(ar_function * 100)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Infinity\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    1/0\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Infinity')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Users\\VigneshSS\\Anaconda3\\envs\\new_env\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel_launcher.py:1: RuntimeWarning: divide by zero encountered in true_divide\n",
      "  \"\"\"Entry point for launching an IPython kernel.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([       inf, 1.        , 0.5       , 0.33333333, 0.25      ,\n",
       "       0.2       , 0.16666667, 0.14285714, 0.125     , 0.11111111,\n",
       "       0.1       , 0.09090909, 0.08333333, 0.07692308, 0.07142857,\n",
       "       0.06666667, 0.0625    , 0.05882353, 0.05555556, 0.05263158])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1/ar_function             #divide by zero encountered in true_divide              "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([  0,   1,   4,   9,  16,  25,  36,  49,  64,  81, 100, 121, 144,\n",
       "       169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361], dtype=int32)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ar_function **2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0.        , 1.        , 1.41421356, 1.73205081, 2.        ,\n",
       "       2.23606798, 2.44948974, 2.64575131, 2.82842712, 3.        ,\n",
       "       3.16227766, 3.31662479, 3.46410162, 3.60555128, 3.74165739,\n",
       "       3.87298335, 4.        , 4.12310563, 4.24264069, 4.35889894])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.sqrt(ar_function)  #Square_root"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([1.00000000e+00, 2.71828183e+00, 7.38905610e+00, 2.00855369e+01,\n",
       "       5.45981500e+01, 1.48413159e+02, 4.03428793e+02, 1.09663316e+03,\n",
       "       2.98095799e+03, 8.10308393e+03, 2.20264658e+04, 5.98741417e+04,\n",
       "       1.62754791e+05, 4.42413392e+05, 1.20260428e+06, 3.26901737e+06,\n",
       "       8.88611052e+06, 2.41549528e+07, 6.56599691e+07, 1.78482301e+08])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.exp(ar_function)   #Exponential"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "np.max()\n",
    "np.sin()\n",
    "np.log()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0. , 0.5, 1. , 1.5, 2. , 2.5, 3. , 3.5, 4. , 4.5, 5. , 5.5, 6. ,\n",
       "       6.5, 7. , 7.5, 8. , 8.5, 9. , 9.5])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.divide(ar_function, 2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Exercise_Solution"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.zeros(10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1.])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 85,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.ones(10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10., 10.])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.ones(10) *10 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 1, 2],\n",
       "       [3, 4, 5],\n",
       "       [6, 7, 8]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 90,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[1., 0., 0.],\n",
       "       [0., 1., 0.],\n",
       "       [0., 0., 1.]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 93,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.eye(3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0.56789529, 0.87234829]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 98,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.rand(1,2) #generate a random number between 1 and 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0.65538968, 0.08453358]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 97,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.randn(1,2)  #generate a random number between 1 and 2 with standard normalization"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1 ],\n",
       "       [0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2 ],\n",
       "       [0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3 ],\n",
       "       [0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4 ],\n",
       "       [0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.5 ],\n",
       "       [0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59, 0.6 ],\n",
       "       [0.61, 0.62, 0.63, 0.64, 0.65, 0.66, 0.67, 0.68, 0.69, 0.7 ],\n",
       "       [0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76, 0.77, 0.78, 0.79, 0.8 ],\n",
       "       [0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.9 ],\n",
       "       [0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 1.  ]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.arange(1,101).reshape(10,10)/100"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1 ],\n",
       "       [0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2 ],\n",
       "       [0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3 ],\n",
       "       [0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4 ],\n",
       "       [0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.5 ],\n",
       "       [0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59, 0.6 ],\n",
       "       [0.61, 0.62, 0.63, 0.64, 0.65, 0.66, 0.67, 0.68, 0.69, 0.7 ],\n",
       "       [0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76, 0.77, 0.78, 0.79, 0.8 ],\n",
       "       [0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.9 ],\n",
       "       [0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 1.  ]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 101,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.linspace(0.01,1,100).reshape(10,10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0.        , 0.05263158, 0.10526316, 0.15789474, 0.21052632,\n",
       "       0.26315789, 0.31578947, 0.36842105, 0.42105263, 0.47368421,\n",
       "       0.52631579, 0.57894737, 0.63157895, 0.68421053, 0.73684211,\n",
       "       0.78947368, 0.84210526, 0.89473684, 0.94736842, 1.        ])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 103,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.linspace(0,1,20)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 1,  2,  3,  4,  5],\n",
       "       [ 6,  7,  8,  9, 10],\n",
       "       [11, 12, 13, 14, 15],\n",
       "       [16, 17, 18, 19, 20],\n",
       "       [21, 22, 23, 24, 25]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 105,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat = np.arange(1,26).reshape(5,5)\n",
    "mat"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],\n",
       "       [21, 22, 23, 24, 25]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 114,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat[3:,]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[12, 13, 14, 15],\n",
       "       [17, 18, 19, 20],\n",
       "       [22, 23, 24, 25]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 108,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat_d = mat[2:,1:]\n",
    "mat_d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[12, 13, 14, 15],\n",
       "       [17, 18, 19, 20],\n",
       "       [22, 23, 24, 25]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 106,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat_3d = np.array([[12,13,14,15],[17,18,19,20],[22,23,24,25]])\n",
    "mat_3d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 2,  7, 12])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 113,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat[0:3,1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 2],\n",
       "       [ 7],\n",
       "       [12]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 111,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat[0:3,1:2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 112,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[21, 22, 23, 24, 25]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 112,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat[4:,0:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "325"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 117,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.sum(mat)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "325"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 115,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat.sum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "7.211102550927978"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 116,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat.std()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 15,  40,  65,  90, 115])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 120,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat.sum(axis =1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([55, 60, 65, 70, 75])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 121,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mat.sum(axis =0) #all the columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "-----"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Scipy\n",
    "\n",
    "SciPy is a open source scientific library for python. The SciPy library depends on NumPy, which provides convenient and fast N-dimensional array manipulation."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# import the scipy library\n",
    "import scipy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### `COMPUTE THE Nth DERIVATE OF A FUNCTION`\n",
    "\n",
    "---"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# import the derivative from scipy\n",
    "from scipy.misc import derivative\n",
    "\n",
    "# define the function\n",
    "def my_function(x):\n",
    "    return x**2 + x + 1\n",
    "\n",
    "# calculate the first derivative of the function at x = 2\n",
    "\n",
    "derivative(func= my_function, x0=2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#***Now, calculate the second derivative***\n",
    "derivative(func=my_function,x0=2,n=2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "#### `PERMUTATION AND COMBINATIONS`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "6.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# COMBINATIONS\n",
    "from scipy.special import comb\n",
    "\n",
    "# total number of combinations from 4 different values taken 2 at a time\n",
    "# Value of 4C2\n",
    "com = comb(4, 2)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(com)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "12.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# PERMUTATIONS: Value of 4P2\n",
    "from scipy.special import perm\n",
    "per = perm(4, 2)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(per)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "### 'Linear Algebra'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[1, 5, 2],\n",
       "       [3, 2, 1],\n",
       "       [1, 2, 1]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# import linear algebra module and numpy\n",
    "from scipy import linalg\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "\n",
    "# square matrix\n",
    "matrix = np.array([[1, 5, 2],\n",
    "                   [3, 2, 1],\n",
    "                   [1, 2, 1]])\n",
    "\n",
    "matrix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-1.9999999999999998"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# pass values to det() function determinant of the matrix\n",
    "linalg.det(matrix)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 0. ,  0.5, -0.5],\n",
       "       [ 1. ,  0.5, -2.5],\n",
       "       [-2. , -1.5,  6.5]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# inverse of a matrix\n",
    "linalg.inv(matrix)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2401"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 122,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "7 **4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Hi', 'there', 'Sam!0']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 125,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'Hi there Sam!0'\n",
    "ss = s.split()\n",
    "ss"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.7.7"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 4
}