research:PG Schemas

Data Validation and Schema languages

Survey papers

	primitive data types	** union or intersection types for nodes,edges, and properties**	type hierarchies	abstract types (interfaces)	opened/closed shapes	edge properties	mandadory/optional declaration	collection and tuple types	range constraint	key constraints	mandadory participation	upper/lower bounds	binary constraints	tracabbly validation	partial conformance	ammandable to introspection	SFPX
	PDT	UIT	TH	AT	OCT	EP	MOP	CPT	RC	KC	MP	CC	BC	TV	PC	IS	SFPX
PG-Schema	[GQL]	n/e	n/e/[-]	n/e/[-]	o/c	n/e	m/o	[-]	[-]	X	X	[-]	-	X	X	-	f/p/x
Chen ER [17]	[-]	-	-	-	c	n/e	m	-	[-]	[X]	X	-	-	[-]	-	-	f
Extended ER [54]	[-]	n/e	n/e/p	n/e	c	n/e	m/o	X	[-]	X	X	X	-	[-]	-	-	f
Enhanced ER [22]	[-]	n/e	n/e	n	c	n/e	m/o	X	[-]	[X]	X	X	-	[-]	-	-	f
ORM2 [30]	[-]	n/e/p	n/e/p	n/e	c	n/e	m/o	[-]	X	X	X	X	X	[-]	-	-	f
UML Class Diagrams [24]	[5]	n	n	n	c	n/e	m/o	[-]	X	X	X	X	X	[-]	-	-	f
RDFS [14]	34	-	n/e/p	-	o	[-]	[o]	-	-	-	-	-	-	X	X	X	f/x
OWL [33]	[33]	n/e/p	n/e/p	-	o	n	[m]/[o]	-	X	X	[-]	X	X	[X]	X	X	f/x
SHACL [36]	34	n/e/p	n/e/p	-	o/c	n	m/o	-	X	[X]	X	X	-	[X]	X	X	f/p/[x]
"ShEx [6, 51]"	34	n/e/p	n/e/p	-	o/c	n	m/o	-	X	[X]	X	X	-	[X]	X	X	f/p/[x]
DTD [62]	6	[n]	-	-	o/c	n	m/o	[-]	-	[-]	X	-	-	X	-	[X]	f/x
JSON Schema [60]	6	n/e	n/e/p	n	o/c	n	m/o	X	X	[X]	X	X	-	X	-	X	f/x
RELAX NG [34]	[2]	n	n/e/p	n	o/c	n	m/o	X	X	[-]	X	-	-	X	-	X	f/x
XML Schema [50]	[47]	n	n/e/p	n	o/c	n	m/o	X	X	X	X	X	-	X	-	X	f/x
"GraphQL SDL [23, 32]"	5	n/[e]	n/e	n/e	c	n/e	m/o	X	[X]	X	X	-	-	[-]	X	X	f
openCypher Schema [12]	[openCypher]	[n]	n/e	n/e	c	n/e	m	X	-	X	X	-	-	X	X	X	p/x
"SQL/PGQ [1, 20]"	[SQL]	n/e	[n]/[e]	n/e	c	n/e	m/o	X	[X]	X	X	[-]	-	X	-	X	f
AgensGraph [2]	[-]	-	n/e/p	-	o	[n]/[e]	m/o	[X]	[X]	[X]	X	-	-	[X]	X	[X]	f/x
ArangoDB [5]	6	[n]/[e]	n/e/p	n	o/c	n/e	m/o	X	[X]	[X]	X	[X]	-	[X]	-	X	f/x
DataStax [19]	[25]	-	-	-	[o]	n/e	m/o	X	[X]	X	X	-	-	?	X	X	f/x
JanusGraph [35]	12	-	-	-	[o]	n/e	m/o	X	-	X	X	X	-	X	X	[X]	f/x
Nebula Graph/nGQL [61]	5	-	-	-	c	n/e	m/o	-	-	-	-	-	-	[-]	-	X	f
Neo4j [53]	11	[n]	[-]	[-]	o	n/e	m/o	[X]	-	X	-	[-]	-	-	X	X	p/x
Oracle/PGQL [41]	11	[n]/[e]	-	-	c	n/e	[m]/[o]	-	[X]	[X]	[X]	[-]	-	[X]	X	X	f/x
OrientDB/SQL [42]	23	[n]/[e]	[n]/[e]	[n]/[e]	o/c	n/e	[m]/[o]	X	[X]	[X]	[X]	[-]	-	[X]	X	[X]	f/[p]
Sparksee [52]	8	-	-	-	c	n/e	m/o	[X]	-	X	X	-	-	[-]	-	[X]	f
TigerGraph/GSQL [55]	8	[n]/[e]	-	[-]	c	n/e	[m]/[o]	X	[X]	X	-	[-]	[X]	[X]	-	X	f
TypeDB/TypeQL [58]	5	-	n/e/p	n/e/p	c	n/e	m	X	[X]	X	X	[-]	X	[-]	-	X	f

Legend:

• ‘X’ = supported
• ‘-’ = not supported
• ‘?’ = unknown
• ['x'] = qualified x,
• n/e/p = supported for (n)odes, (e)dges, and (p)roperties
• o/c = (o)pen and (c)losed
• m/o = (m)andatory and (o)ptional
• f/p/x = schema (f)irst, (p)artial, and fle(x)ible

This information has been extracted from the following research paper: Angles et al., “PG-Schema.”[^pgschema]

[^pgschema]: Angles, Renzo, Angela Bonifati, Stefania Dumbrava, George Fletcher, Alastair Green, Jan Hidders, Bei Li, et al. “PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs.” arXiv, December 1, 2022. http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10962.