The performance of creating new datetime formats can be improved

benchmarks/src/jmh/kotlin/CommonFormats.kt

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+/*
+ * Copyright 2019-2025 JetBrains s.r.o. and contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 License that can be found in the LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+@file:Suppress("unused")
+
+package kotlinx.datetime
+
+import kotlinx.datetime.format.*
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.*
+import org.openjdk.jmh.infra.Blackhole
+import java.util.concurrent.*
+
+@Warmup(iterations = 20, time = 2)
+@Measurement(iterations = 30, time = 2)
+@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
+@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
+@State(Scope.Benchmark)
+@Fork(2)
+open class CommonFormats {
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun buildPythonDateTimeFormat(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val v = LocalDateTime.Format {
+            year()
+            char('-')
+            monthNumber()
+            char('-')
+            day()
+            char(' ')
+            hour()
+            char(':')
+            minute()
+            optional {
+                char(':')
+                second()
+                optional {
+                    char('.')
+                    secondFraction()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(v)
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun buildIsoDateTimeFormat(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val format = LocalDateTime.Format {
+            date(LocalDate.Format {
+                year()
+                char('-')
+                monthNumber()
+                char('-')
+                day()
+            })
+            alternativeParsing({ char('t') }) { char('T') }
+            time(LocalTime.Format {
+                hour()
+                char(':')
+                minute()
+                alternativeParsing({}) {
+                    char(':')
+                    second()
+                    optional {
+                        char('.')
+                        secondFraction(1, 9)
+                    }
+                }
+            })
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(format)
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun buildFourDigitsUtcOffsetFormat(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val format = UtcOffset.Format {
+            offsetHours()
+            offsetMinutesOfHour()
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(format)
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun buildRfc1123DateTimeFormat(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val format = DateTimeComponents.Format {
+            alternativeParsing({
+                // the day of week may be missing
+            }) {
+                dayOfWeek(DayOfWeekNames.ENGLISH_ABBREVIATED)
+                chars(", ")
+            }
+            day(Padding.NONE)
+            char(' ')
+            monthName(MonthNames.ENGLISH_ABBREVIATED)
+            char(' ')
+            year()
+            char(' ')
+            hour()
+            char(':')
+            minute()
+            optional {
+                char(':')
+                second()
+            }
+            chars(" ")
+            alternativeParsing({
+                chars("UT")
+            }, {
+                chars("Z")
+            }) {
+                optional("GMT") {
+                    offset(UtcOffset.Format {
+                        offsetHours()
+                        offsetMinutesOfHour()
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(format)
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun buildIsoDateTimeOffsetFormat(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val format = DateTimeComponents.Format {
+            date(LocalDate.Format {
+                year()
+                char('-')
+                monthNumber()
+                char('-')
+                day()
+            })
+            alternativeParsing({
+                char('t')
+            }) {
+                char('T')
+            }
+            hour()
+            char(':')
+            minute()
+            char(':')
+            second()
+            optional {
+                char('.')
+                secondFraction(1, 9)
+            }
+            alternativeParsing({
+                offsetHours()
+            }) {
+                offset(UtcOffset.Format {
+                    alternativeParsing({ chars("z") }) {
+                        optional("Z") {
+                            offsetHours()
+                            char(':')
+                            offsetMinutesOfHour()
+                            optional {
+                                char(':')
+                                offsetSecondsOfMinute()
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(format)
+    }
+}

benchmarks/src/jmh/kotlin/ParallelFormatBenchmark.kt

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+/*
+ * Copyright 2019-2025 JetBrains s.r.o. and contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 License that can be found in the LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+@file:Suppress("unused")
+
+package kotlinx.datetime
+
+import kotlinx.datetime.format.alternativeParsing
+import kotlinx.datetime.format.char
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.*
+import org.openjdk.jmh.infra.Blackhole
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+@Warmup(iterations = 10, time = 2)
+@Measurement(iterations = 20, time = 2)
+@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
+@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
+@State(Scope.Benchmark)
+@Fork(1)
+open class ParallelFormatBenchmark {
+
+    @Param("2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "11", "12")
+    var n = 0
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun formatCreationWithAlternativeParsing(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val format = LocalDateTime.Format {
+            repeat(n) {
+                alternativeParsing(
+                    { monthNumber() },
+                    { day() },
+                    primaryFormat = { hour() }
+                )
+                char('@')
+                minute()
+                char('#')
+                second()
+            }
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(format)
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun formatCreationWithNestedAlternativeParsing(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val format = LocalDateTime.Format {
+            repeat(n) { index ->
+                alternativeParsing(
+                    { monthNumber(); char('-'); day() },
+                    { day(); char('/'); monthNumber() },
+                    primaryFormat = { year(); char('-'); monthNumber(); char('-'); day() }
+                )
+
+                if (index and 1 == 0) {
+                    alternativeParsing(
+                        {
+                            alternativeParsing(
+                                { hour(); char(':'); minute() },
+                                { minute(); char(':'); second() },
+                                primaryFormat = { hour(); char(':'); minute(); char(':'); second() }
+                            )
+                        },
+                        primaryFormat = {
+                            year(); char('-'); monthNumber(); char('-'); day()
+                            char('T')
+                            hour(); char(':'); minute(); char(':'); second()
+                        }
+                    )
+                }
+
+                char('|')
+                if (index % 3 == 0) {
+                    char('|')
+                }
+
+                if (index and 2 == 0) {
+                    alternativeParsing(
+                        { char('Z') },
+                        { char('+'); hour(); char(':'); minute() },
+                        primaryFormat = { char('-'); hour(); char(':'); minute() }
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(format)
+    }
+}

benchmarks/src/jmh/kotlin/SerialFormatBenchmark.kt

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+/*
+ * Copyright 2019-2025 JetBrains s.r.o. and contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 License that can be found in the LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+@file:Suppress("unused")
+
+package kotlinx.datetime
+
+import kotlinx.datetime.format.char
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.*
+import org.openjdk.jmh.infra.Blackhole
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+@Warmup(iterations = 10, time = 2)
+@Measurement(iterations = 20, time = 2)
+@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
+@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
+@State(Scope.Benchmark)
+@Fork(1)
+open class SerialFormatBenchmark {
+
+    @Param("1", "2", "4", "8", "16", "32", "64", "128", "256", "512", "1024")
+    var n = 0
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun largeSerialFormat(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val format = LocalDateTime.Format {
+            repeat(n) {
+                char('^')
+                monthNumber()
+                char('&')
+                day()
+                char('!')
+                hour()
+                char('$')
+                minute()
+                char('#')
+                second()
+                char('@')
+            }
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(format)
+    }
+}