Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis MFDFA is a model-independent method to uncover the self-similarity of a stochastic process or auto-regressive model.
DFA was first developed by Peng et al.1 and later extended to study multifractality MFDFA by Kandelhardt et al.2.
In the latest release there is as well added a moving window system, especially useful for short timeseries, a recent extension to DFA called extended DFA, and the extra feature of Empirical Mode Decomposition as detrending method.
To install MFDFA you can simply use
pip install MFDFA
And on your favourite editor simply import MFDFA as
from MFDFA import MFDFAThere is an added library fgn to generate fractional Gaussian noise.
You can find the latest published paper of this library in Computer Physics Communications L. Rydin Gorjão, G. Hassan, J. Kurths, and D. Witthaut, MFDFA: Efficient multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis in python, Computer Physics Communications 273, 108254 2022. You can find the paper here.
MFDFA basis is solely dependent on numpy, especially numpy's polynomial. In version 0.3 a Empirical Mode Decomposition method was added for an alternative method of detrending timeseries, relying on Dawid Laszuk's PyEMD.
The rationale here is simple: Numerically integrate a stochastic process in which we know exactly the fractal properties, characterised by the Hurst coefficient, and recover this with MFDFA. We will use a fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck, a commonly employ stochastic process with mean-reverting properties. For a more detailed explanation on how to integrate an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, see the kramersmoyal's package. You can also follow the fOU.ipynb
This is one method of generating a (fractional) Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process with H=0.7, employing a simple Euler–Maruyama integration method
# Imports
from MFDFA import MFDFA
from MFDFA import fgn
# where this second library is to generate fractional Gaussian noises
# integration time and time sampling
t_final = 2000
delta_t = 0.001
# Some drift theta and diffusion sigma parameters
theta = 0.3
sigma = 0.1
# The time array of the trajectory
time = np.arange(0, t_final, delta_t)
# The fractional Gaussian noise
H = 0.7
dB = (t_final ** H) * fgn(N = time.size, H = H)
# Initialise the array y
y = np.zeros([time.size])
# Integrate the process
for i in range(1, time.size):
y[i] = y[i-1] - theta * y[i-1] * delta_t + sigma * dB[i]And now you have a fractional process with a self-similarity exponent H=0.7
To now utilise the MFDFA, we take this exemplary process and run the (multifractal) detrended fluctuation analysis. For now lets consider only the monofractal case, so we need only q=2.
# Select a band of lags, which usually ranges from
# very small segments of data, to very long ones, as
lag = np.unique(np.logspace(0.5, 3, 100).astype(int))
# Notice these must be ints, since these will segment
# the data into chucks of lag size
# Select the power q
q = 2
# The order of the polynomial fitting
order = 1
# Obtain the (MF)DFA as
lag, dfa = MFDFA(y, lag = lag, q = q, order = order)Now we need to visualise the results, which can be understood in a log-log scale. To find H we need to fit a line to the results in the log-log plot
# To uncover the Hurst index, lets get some log-log plots
plt.loglog(lag, dfa, 'o', label='fOU: MFDFA q=2')
# And now we need to fit the line to find the slope. Don't
# forget that since you are plotting in a double logarithmic
# scales, you need to fit the logs of the results
H_hat = np.polyfit(np.log(lag)[4:20],np.log(dfa[4:20]),1)[0]
# Now what you should obtain is: slope = H + 1
print('Estimated H = '+'{:.3f}'.format(H_hat[0]))
You can find more about multifractality in the documentation.
- Version 0.4.3 - Reverting negative values in the estimation of the singularity strenght α.
- Version 0.4.2 - Corrected spectral plots. Added examples from the paper.
- Version 0.4.1 - Added conventional spectral plots as h(q) vs q, τ(q) vs q, and f(α) vs α.
- Version 0.4 - EMD is now optional. Restored back compatibility: py3.3 to py3.9. For EMD py3.6 or larger is needed.
- Version 0.3 - Adding EMD detrending. First release. PyPI code.
- Version 0.2 - Removed experimental features. Added documentation
- Version 0.1 - Uploaded initial working code
I welcome reviews and ideas from everyone. If you want to share your ideas or report a bug, open an issue here on GitHub, or contact me directly. If you need help with the code, the theory, or the implementation, do not hesitate to reach out, I am here to help. This package abides to a Conduct of Fairness.
This library has been submitted for publication at The Journal of Open Source Software in December 2019. It was rejected. The review process can be found here on GitHub. The plan is to extend the library and find another publisher.
This project was started in 2019 at the Faculty of Mathematics, University of Oslo in the Risk and Stochastics section by Leonardo Rydin Gorjão and is supported by Dirk Witthaut and the Institute of Energy and Climate Research Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation. I'm very thankful to all the folk in Section 3 in the Faculty of Mathematics, University of Oslo, for helping me getting around the world of stochastic processes: Dennis, Anton, Michele, Fabian, Marc, Prof. Benth and Prof. di Nunno. In April 2020 Galib Hassan joined in extending MFDFA, particularly the implementation of EMD.
Helmholtz Association Initiative Energy System 2050 - A Contribution of the Research Field Energy and the grant No. VH-NG-1025; STORM - Stochastics for Time-Space Risk Models project of the Research Council of Norway (RCN) No. 274410, and the E-ON Stipendienfonds.
1Peng, C.-K., Buldyrev, S. V., Havlin, S., Simons, M., Stanley, H. E., & Goldberger, A. L. (1994). Mosaic organization of DNA nucleotides. Physical Review E, 49(2), 1685–1689
2Kantelhardt, J. W., Zschiegner, S. A., Koscielny-Bunde, E., Havlin, S., Bunde, A., & Stanley, H. E. (2002). Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of nonstationary time series. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 316(1-4), 87–114