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cntr-monitor/content/en/issues/2024/posts/7_edt.mdx

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ This section presents a brief analysis of the selected countries, what technolog
 
 ### Belgium
 
-Belgium’s first and so far only national security strategy (NSS), published in 2021, positioned the country at the heart of the EU, depicting it  as a democratic society seeking broad international collaboration to ensure security. The strategy is based on values and principles, the protection of which is set out by the Belgian government as part of the country’s security understanding, and which also informs measures to achieve such security. Deriving from an analysis of global political trends and developments, Belgium’s NSS highlights ten threats to their national security  . These threats concern the economy, its prosperity , and its importance to democracy, in light of increasing extremism and radicalization, as well as new vulnerabilities due to dependency on critical infrastructure. The strategy further points to a crisis caused by a decrease in international cooperation and norm cohesion, amplifying the threats and impact of global health events, natural disasters, and climate change. In terms of “hard security,” the Belgian state is highly aware of the increase in hybrid and conventional conflicts close to Europe’s external borders, but also in Southeast and East Asia, and the consequences for NATO and the EU. Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN   ) and cyberthreats—importantly also from non-state actors—are part of the NSS threat assessment, tightly linked to progressive technological developments. Communication technologies, seen as systems that introduce vulnerabilities and dependencies, but also opportunities, feature prominently in the strategy. Space-based systems in particular are mentioned in this context, but also technologies such as 5G. Besides these aspects, the Belgium government emphasizes the importance of offensive cyber instruments, these being the most frequently mentioned subcategory, as a threat but also as a capability. Conventional armament is not discussed in detail, highlighting the focus of this first NSS on more hybrid and intangible dangers and their wide-ranging threat to society and peace.
+Belgium’s first and so far only national security strategy (NSS), published in 2021, positioned the country at the heart of the EU, depicting it  as a democratic society seeking broad international collaboration to ensure security. The strategy is based on values and principles, the protection of which is set out by the Belgian government as part of the country’s security understanding, and which also informs measures to achieve such security. Deriving from an analysis of global political trends and developments, Belgium’s NSS highlights ten threats to their national security. These threats concern the economy, its prosperity , and its importance to democracy, in light of increasing extremism and radicalization, as well as new vulnerabilities due to dependency on critical infrastructure. The strategy further points to a crisis caused by a decrease in international cooperation and norm cohesion, amplifying the threats and impact of global health events, natural disasters, and climate change. In terms of “hard security,” the Belgian state is highly aware of the increase in hybrid and conventional conflicts close to Europe’s external borders, but also in Southeast and East Asia, and the consequences for NATO and the EU. Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN   ) and cyberthreats—importantly also from non-state actors—are part of the NSS threat assessment, tightly linked to progressive technological developments. Communication technologies, seen as systems that introduce vulnerabilities and dependencies, but also opportunities, feature prominently in the strategy. Space-based systems in particular are mentioned in this context, but also technologies such as 5G. Besides these aspects, the Belgium government emphasizes the importance of offensive cyber instruments, these being the most frequently mentioned subcategory, as a threat but also as a capability. Conventional armament is not discussed in detail, highlighting the focus of this first NSS on more hybrid and intangible dangers and their wide-ranging threat to society and peace.
 
 <Figure src="assets/Belgien_EN.jpg" size="large" caption="Figure 1. Distribution of technological groups coded. Belgian National Security Strategy, 2021" alt="Bar chart. Computing 37, 93%. Space technologies 17, 24%. Medical technology 10.34%. Communications 10.34%. Advanced conventional capabilities and protection 6.9%. Quantum technologies 3.45%." />
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ In France’s national security strategies, emerging and disruptive technologies
 AI and cyber security are among Germany's priorities.
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-Germany's first national security strategy, adopted in 2023, takes a very broad understanding of security and covers a wide range of issues, from conventional military threats, security of energy supply (in response to dependence on Russian energy), and the secure supply of medicines to climate change and the protection of international order. Consequently, it devotes little attention to specific technologies, especially (emerging) military technologies. Instead, it addresses overarching strategic goals, such as integrated security and resilience, and the challenges the country faces in achieving these goals. One of the key challenges identified are cyberthreats from various actors and the vulnerabilities of critical systems, as became painfully clear in several situations over the past few years. The strategy also highlights the problems resulting from dependencies in the IT and semiconductor sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the discussion around the security implications of 5G mobile networks dominated by the Chinese. Based on this   perspective, one of the few technological areas that are explicitly mentioned in the NSS are computing and communication technologies. Here, the leading priorities are AI and the availability of the necessary IT infrastructures, cybersecurity, and the development of networking infrastructures and technologies. Besides this, quantum computing and quantum-safe communication are other areas of focus. An overarching national goal that the strategy comprehensively addresses is the achievement and maintenance of overall social resilience. The abovementioned technologies and their economic  value should also contribute to this overarching goal, in cooperation with European partners.
+Germany's first national security strategy, adopted in 2023, takes a very broad understanding of security and covers a wide range of issues, from conventional military threats, security of energy supply (in response to dependence on Russian energy), and the secure supply of medicines to climate change and the protection of international order. Consequently, it devotes little attention to specific technologies, especially (emerging) military technologies. Instead, it addresses overarching strategic goals, such as integrated security and resilience, and the challenges the country faces in achieving these goals. One of the key challenges identified are cyberthreats from various actors and the vulnerabilities of critical systems, as became painfully clear in several situations over the past few years. The strategy also highlights the problems resulting from dependencies in the IT and semiconductor sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the discussion around the security implications of 5G mobile networks dominated by the Chinese. Based on this   perspective, one of the few technological areas that are explicitly mentioned in the NSS are computing and communication technologies. Here, the leading priorities are AI and the availability of the necessary IT infrastructures, cybersecurity, and the development of networking infrastructures and technologies. Besides this, quantum computing and quantum-safe communication are other areas of focus. An overarching national goal that the strategy comprehensively addresses is the achievement and maintenance of overall social resilience. The abovementioned technologies and their economic value should also contribute to this overarching goal, in cooperation with European partners.
 
 ### Japan