holbertonschool-low_level_programming

What is this repository for ?

This repository is the first step in programmation in Holberton. It covers all the basics in the C language and extend to more complex exercise.

Projects

• 0x00. C - Hello, World
• 0x01. C - Variables, if, else, while
• 0x02. C - Functions, nested loops
• 0x03. C - Debuggings
• 0x04. C - More functions, more nested loops
• 0x05. C - Pointers, arrays and strings
• 0x06. C - More pointers, arrays and strings
• 0x07. C - Even more pointers, arrays and strings
• 0x08. C - Recursion
• 0x09. C - Static libraries
• 0x0A. C - argc, argv
• 0x0B. C - malloc, free
• 0x0C. C - More malloc, free
• 0x0D. C - Preprocessor
• 0x0E. C - Structures, typedef
• 0x0F. C - Function pointers
• 0x10. C - Variadic functions
• 0x12. C - Singly linked lists
• 0x13. C - More singly linked lists
• 0x14. C - Bit manipulation
• 0x15. C - File I/O
• 0x17. C - Doubly linked lists
• 0x18. C - Dynamic libraries
• 0x1A. C - Hash tables
• 0x1C. C - Makefiles
• 0x1E. C - Search Algorithms

Learning Objectives

0x00. C - Hello, World

• Why C programming is awesome
• Who invented C
• Who are Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan and Linus Torvalds
• What happens when you type gcc main.c
• What is an entry point
• What is main
• How to print text using printf, puts and putchar
• How to get the size of a specific type using the unary operator sizeof
• How to compile using gcc
• What is the default program name when compiling with gcc
• What is the official C coding style and how to check your code with betty-style
• How to find the right header to include in your source code when using a standard library function
• How does the main function influence the return value of the program

0x01. C - Variables, if, else, while

• What are the arithmetic operators and how to use them
• What are the logical operators (sometimes called boolean operators) and how to use them
• What the the relational operators and how to use them
• What values are considered TRUE and FALSE in C
• What are the boolean operators and how to use them
• How to use the if, if ... else statements
• How to use comments
• How to declare variables of types char, int, unsigned int
• How to assign values to variables
• How to print the values of variables of type char, int, unsigned int with printf
• How to use the while loop
• How to use variables with the while loop
• How to print variables using printf
• What is the ASCII character set
• What are the purpose of the gcc flags -m32 and -m64

0x02. C - Functions, nested loops & 0x04. C - More functions, more nested loops

• What are nested loops and how to use them
• What is a function and how do you use functions
• What is the difference between a declaration and a definition of a function
• What is a prototype
• Scope of variables
• What are the gcc flags -Wall -Werror -pedantic -Wextra -std=gnu89
• What are header files and how to to use them with #include

0x03. C - Debugging

• What is debugging
• What are some methods of debugging manually
• How to read the error messages

0x05. C - Pointers, arrays and strings

• What are pointers and how to use them
• What are arrays and how to use them
• What are the differences between pointers and arrays
• How to use strings and how to manipulate them
• Scope of variables

0x06. C - More pointers, arrays and strings

• None

0x07. C - Even more pointers, arrays and strings

• What are pointers to pointers and how to use them
• What are multidimensional arrays and how to use them
• What are the most common C standard library functions to manipulate strings

0x08. C - Recursion

• What is recursion
• How to implement recursion
• In what situations you should implement recursion
• In what situations you shouldn’t implement recursion

0x09. C - Static libraries

• What is a static library, how does it work, how to create one, and how to use it
• Basic usage of ar, ranlib, nm

0x0A. C - argc, argv

• How to use arguments passed to your program
• What are two prototypes of main that you know of, and in which case do you use one or the other
• How to use __attribute__((unused)) or (void) to compile functions with unused variables or parameters

0x0B. C - malloc, free

• What is the difference between automatic and dynamic allocation
• What is malloc and free and how to use them
• Why and when use malloc
• How to use valgrind to check for memory leak

0x0C. C - More malloc, free

• How to use the exit function
• What are the functions calloc and realloc from the standard library and how to use them

0x0D. C - Preprocessor

• What are macros and how to use them
• What are the most common predefined macros
• How to include guard your header files

0x0E. C - Structures, typedef

• What are structures, when, why and how to use them
• How to use typedef

0x0F. C - Function pointers

• What are function pointers and how to use them
• What does a function pointer exactly hold
• Where does a function pointer point to in the virtual memory

0x10. C - Variadic functions

• What are variadic functions
• How to use va_start, va_arg and va_end macros
• Why and how to use the const type qualifier

0x12. C - Singly linked lists

• When and why using linked lists vs arrays
• How to build and use linked lists

0x13. C - More singly linked lists

• How to use linked lists
• Start to look for the right source of information without too much help

0x14. C - Bit manipulation

• Look for the right source of information without too much help
• How to manipulate bits and use bitwise operators

0x15. C - File I/O

• Look for the right source of information online
• How to create, open, close, read and write files
• What are file descriptors
• What are the 3 standard file descriptors, what are their purpose and what are their POSIX names
• How to use the I/O system calls open, close, read and write
• What are and how to use the flags O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR
• What are file permissions, and how to set them when creating a file with the open system call
• What is a system call
• What is the difference between a function and a system call

0x17. C - Doubly linked lists

• What is a doubly linked list
• How to use doubly linked lists
• Start to look for the right source of information without too much help

0x18. C - Dynamic libraries

• What is a dynamic library, how does it work, how to create one, and how to use it
• What is the environment variable $LD_LIBRARY_PATH and how to use it
• What are the differences between static and shared libraries
• Basic usage nm, ldd, ldconfig

0x1A. C - Hash tables

• What is a hash function
• What makes a good hash function
• What is a hash table, how do they work and how to use them
• What is a collision and what are the main ways of dealing with collisions in the context of a hash table
• What are the advantages and drawbacks of using hash tables
• What are the most common use cases of hash tables

0x1C. C - Makefiles

• What are make, Makefiles
• When, why and how to use Makefiles
• What are rules and how to set and use them
• What are explicit and implicit rules
• What are the most common / useful rules
• What are variables and how to set and use them

0x1E. C - Search Algorithms

• What is a search algorithm
• What is a linear search
• What is a binary search
• What is the best search algorithm to use depending on your needs