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7.2 Resources and links
A cost/benefit analysis of a Rules as Code-enabled transformation, Tim de Sousa (Nov 2023). A case study demonstrating the value of Rules as Code based transformation in the NSW Government in Australia.
A Trust Framework for Government Use of Artificial Intelligence and Automated Decision Making, Pia Andrews et al (August 2023).
A love letter to the Parliamentary Counsel of the world. Hamish Fraser (Feb 2023) A demonstration and proposition on what legislation publishing could look like. Inspired by the Rules as Code requirement to closely tie the models to the source natural language legislation.
Submission to the Robodebt Royal Commission - Australasian Society for Computers and the Law, The Allens Hub for Technology, Law and Innovation and The Gradient Institute (Feb 2023). A detailed submission to Australia's Robotdebt Royal Commission, setting out in detail how Rules as Code would have enabled the Australian Robodebt program to have avoided harm and delivered more trustworthy results.
OpenFisca Better Hamish Fraser (Nov 2022) A suggested approach based on the OpenFisca Aotearoa approach to setting up an OpenFisca project.
Program for the Australasian Society of Computers and the Law 2022 Rules as Code 2.0 Global Plenary, and Roundtable Canvases capturing key insights from the Roundtable discussions during this Plenary (14|15 March 2022). See also the keynote speeches by Pia Andrews and Professor Mirelle Hildebrant.
Legal Spreadsheets; or Toward An Isomorphic Graphical Algebra for Conjunctive Normal Form for Legal Applications in a Functional Reactive Programming Environment - This is a work in progress, by the Centre for Computational Law at Singapore Management University (August 2021). It sets out the components of logic trees as can be expressed in spreadsheets, builds on Matt Waddington's example to illustrate regulative rules, and provides a case study showing the logic of the Singapore mandatory data breach notification requirements in the Personal Data Protection Act.
Using Excel’s if/and/or/not logic as a demo of “Rules as Code” for legislative drafters, by Matt Waddington (September 2021) - Briefly explains how to use Excel to demonstrate the basics of coding the logic of legislation without trespassing on the human function of interpreting the substantive expressions.
A Glance into the Crystal Ball — Optimistic Visions of Rules as Code, Tim de Sousa (July 2021). Sets out 'optimistic futures' that could be enabled by Rules as Code.
Towards a Definition of Rules as Code, Tim de Sousa (March 2021). A visualisation of and commentary on Rules as Code as a multi-component approach, laying out the sources of rules, optimal implementation criteria, applications, benefits and objectives, and the interrelationships between components.
Legislation as Code for New Zealand: Opportunities, Risks and Recommendations (web native version), Brainbox Institute - Tom Barraclough, Hamish Fraser, Curtis Barnes (March 2021). This report aims to provide a basis for senior decision-makers in New Zealand to critically assess and act upon the potential of law-as-code initiatives. It was stimulated by the growing attention to the “Better Rules” programme, a “better rules approach”, and international “rules as code” efforts, and investigates the wider field of “law as code” to assess feasibility, risks, and benefits.
The Distilled Principles of Rules as Code: How to Produce Better Rules, Pim Willemstein and Ronald G. Ross, Business Rules Journal Vol. 22, No. 2, (Feb. 2021)
View of Rules as Code - Research note, Law in Context (la Trobe University), by Matt Waddington (January 2021). A measured, researched response to the proposition that Rules as Code will displace human discretion.
Rules as Code in 2020: The Year in Review by Tim de Sousa (December 2020). A roundup of Rules as Code developments and projects in 2020.
Cracking the Code - Rulemaking for Humans and Machines by James Mohun and Alex Roberts for the Observatory of Public Sector Innovation (October 2020). This report is intended to be an accessible entry point to Rules as Code for individuals or organisations. It’s also meant to highlight potential challenges and benefits, and enable further experimentation with Rules as Code by governments across the world. This highlights document provides a summary of the report.
Blawx: Rules as Code Demonstration, by Jason Morris for the MIT Computational Law Journal, (August 2020). Blawx is a web-based rules as code interface and a legal reasoning server that is designed to be approachable for non-programmers, and allow application developers to use Blawx encodings of contracts or laws to provide legal reasoning capabilities to other online applications.
Digital.NSW Rules as Code Emerging Technology Guide. A useful one page intro to Rules as Code, suitable for beginners and to help brief decision-makers (September 2019).
Apolitical: We need to recode the rules of government, by Tim de Sousa and Pia Andrews. An op-ed discussing the potential of rules as code, key critera, and next steps (Oct 2019).
Legislation as Code isn't Robojudge, by TJ Harrop (Jan 2020) - a short primer by a rules as code practitioner that puts to bed one of the key misunderstandings about rules as code - the impacts on human discretion in decision making (spoiler: there is no impact).
NZ LabPlus: Better Rules for Government Discovery Report Summary and full report (April 2018).
NZ Service Innovation Lab: The Practical Better Rules Workshop Manual. A practical guide on how to run a Better Rules/RaC workshop with a multi-functional team. (November 2019).
Machines are Users Too - Legislation as Code and Better Rules - Presentation by Pia Andrews to FWD50 November 2019, Ottawa . Pia keeps updating and expanding this deck.
Formal Logic for Legislative Drafters by Matthew Waddington (April 2019).
Machine-consumable legislation: A legislative drafter’s perspective – human v artificial intelligence by Matthew Waddington (June 2019)
Data61 Regulation as a Platform concept diagram.
Rules as Code: 7 Levels of Digitisation An implementer’s guide intended to accelerate sensemaking in discussions involving RaC by Wong Meng Weng
Webinar - Rules as Code - An Introduction. Presentation to the Victorian Society for Computers and the Law, Tim de Sousa and TJ Harrop, (October 2020).
When software and law are the same thing - Brenda Wallace, (PyconAu 2019).
Reasoning With Regulations - Vijay Saraswat 2016
DataLex Community Home. DataLex is a legal inferencing platform developed by AustLII. It can be used to declare rules in legislation in pseduocode and create 'consultations' - a chatbot like interface that guides the user through the application of the rules. At the end of the consultation the platform delivers a conclusion, together with a report on which rules applied, and what evidence they were applied to. See, for example, ElectKB, which guides the user through determining whether they are eligible to stand for election to the Australian Parliament, under s44 of the Australian constitution.
The Rules as Code community loves Twitter. You can follow the #rulesascode hashtag to join in the conversation and hear about new developments.
In February 2021, Code for Australia established a Rules as Code Community of Practice
Better Rules - Better Outcomes group on Discuss.Digital.Govt.NZ. A discussion group for the Rules as Code community (globally, not just NZ).