feat: add client logic for graphical editor

[GideonKoenig]

Related to #1243.

Summary of Changes

Introduces the necessary components and the message handling logic for the graphical editor in the safe-ds-vscode package.

[github-actions]

🦙 MegaLinter status: ✅ SUCCESS

Descriptor	Linter	Files	Fixed	Errors	Elapsed time
✅ CSS	stylelint	2	0	0	1.17s
✅ JSON	jsonlint	1		0	0.17s
✅ JSON	npm-package-json-lint	yes		no	0.4s
✅ JSON	prettier	3	0	0	0.59s
✅ JSON	v8r	1		0	7.44s
✅ REPOSITORY	git_diff	yes		no	0.22s
✅ TYPESCRIPT	eslint	20	0	0	5.83s
✅ TYPESCRIPT	prettier	20	0	0	1.3s

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 20.55961% with 653 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 95.00%. Comparing base (373d404) to head (f397f29).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...g/src/language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/call.ts	5.32%	160 Missing ⚠️
...uage/graphical-editor/graphical-editor-provider.ts	30.66%	104 Missing ⚠️
...src/language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/parser.ts	14.28%	96 Missing ⚠️
.../language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/statement.ts	10.38%	69 Missing ⚠️
...e/graphical-editor/ast-parser/tools/debug-utils.ts	9.43%	48 Missing ⚠️
...language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/expression.ts	15.38%	44 Missing ⚠️
...rc/language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/segment.ts	14.28%	36 Missing ⚠️
...g/src/language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/edge.ts	37.50%	25 Missing ⚠️
...afe-ds-lang/src/language/graphical-editor/types.ts	37.50%	15 Missing ⚠️
...c/language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/argument.ts	27.77%	13 Missing ⚠️
... and 5 more

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1316      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   99.72%   95.00%   -4.73%     
==========================================
  Files         119      134      +15     
  Lines       12955    13777     +822     
  Branches     4240     4248       +8     
==========================================
+ Hits        12920    13089     +169     
- Misses         35      687     +652     
- Partials        0        1       +1     

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