feat: add more mathematical operations (#986)

Closes partially #977

### Summary of Changes

Add many common mathematical operations (e.g. square root, logarithm,
sine) to the `Cell.math` namespace.

src/safeds/data/tabular/query/_lazy_math_operations.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from safeds._utils import _structural_hash
+from safeds._validation import _check_bounds, _ClosedBound, _OpenBound
 from safeds.data.tabular.containers._lazy_cell import _LazyCell
 from safeds.data.tabular.query._math_operations import MathOperations
 
@@ -46,8 +47,85 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
     def abs(self) -> Cell:
         return _LazyCell(self._expression.__abs__())
 
+    def acos(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.arccos())
+
+    def acosh(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.arccosh())
+
+    def asin(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.arcsin())
+
+    def asinh(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.arcsinh())
+
+    def atan(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.arctan())
+
+    def atanh(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.arctanh())
+
+    def cbrt(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.cbrt())
+
     def ceil(self) -> Cell:
         return _LazyCell(self._expression.ceil())
 
+    def cos(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.cos())
+
+    def cosh(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.cosh())
+
+    def degrees_to_radians(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.radians())
+
+    def exp(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.exp())
+
     def floor(self) -> Cell:
         return _LazyCell(self._expression.floor())
+
+    def ln(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.log())
+
+    def log(self, base: float) -> Cell:
+        _check_bounds("base", base, lower_bound=_OpenBound(0))
+        if base == 1:
+            raise ValueError("The base of the logarithm must not be 1.")
+
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.log(base))
+
+    def log10(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.log10())
+
+    def radians_to_degrees(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.degrees())
+
+    def round_to_decimal_places(self, decimal_places: int) -> Cell:
+        _check_bounds("decimal_places", decimal_places, lower_bound=_ClosedBound(0))
+
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.round(decimal_places))
+
+    def round_to_significant_figures(self, significant_figures: int) -> Cell:
+        _check_bounds("significant_figures", significant_figures, lower_bound=_ClosedBound(1))
+
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.round_sig_figs(significant_figures))
+
+    def sign(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.sign())
+
+    def sin(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.sin())
+
+    def sinh(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.sinh())
+
+    def sqrt(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.sqrt())
+
+    def tan(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.tan())
+
+    def tanh(self) -> Cell:
+        return _LazyCell(self._expression.tanh())