Server-side render content of the profile and account pages

[sergeychernyshev]

This PR implements server-side rendering (SSR) for the User Profile and Account Settings pages.

Changes:

• Implemented handleSSR and renderSSR in src/index.ts to perform text-based placeholder replacement.
• Fixed a redirect loop issue by following canonical URL redirects from env.ASSETS.
• Updated client-side scripts (profile.html, accounts.html) to use SSR data provided in data-ssr-profile, data-ssr-credentials, data-ssr-account, and data-ssr-members attributes.
• Improved SSR: Login credentials, Team members, and Provider links are now rendered directly into the HTML on the server.
• Dynamic Providers: Removed hard-coded provider lists from both the power-strip and the "Link another account" section. They are now dynamically injected via SSR based on Worker configuration.
• Bug Fixes:
  • Fixed a regression in handleMyAccounts response format that broke account switching.
  • Fixed a TypeError in handleMe by safely using data from getUserFromSession.
  • Ensure SSR data is only used on initial load to allow proper client-side updates (e.g. for picture removal).
• Architecture: Removed redundant SystemDO catalog check, trusting the encrypted cookie's doId as proof of user existence before instantiating UserDO.
• Added an SSR verification test case to test/integration.spec.ts.

Closes #67

✨ Assisted by AI: Gemini

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Status	Name	Latest Commit	Updated (UTC)
✅ Deployment successful! View logs	startup-api	2dbd370	Feb 22 2026, 05:36 AM