feat: Add uv version check and auto-upgrade logic for versions older than 0.4.0 micro-fix

[manish-9245]

Description

quickstart.sh fails at "Installing workspace packages..." for users with uv versions older than 0.4.0. The script checks for uv presence but not its version. Since the project uses [tool.uv.workspace] and uv sync, which require workspace support (added in uv ~0.4.0), old versions silently fail.

This PR adds a minimum version check (>= 0.4.0) after uv detection and auto-upgrades via the official installer if the version is too old.

Type of Change

• Bug fix (non-breaking change that fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change that adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Documentation update
• Refactoring (no functional changes)

Related Issues

Fixes #4440

Changes Made

• Added uv version parsing after detection (extracts semver from uv --version output)
• Added version comparison against minimum required 0.4.0
• Auto-upgrades uv via curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh if version is too old
• Added error handling if the upgrade itself fails

Testing

Describe the tests you ran to verify your changes:

• Unit tests pass (cd core && pytest tests/)
• Lint passes (cd core && ruff check .)
• Manual testing performed

Version parsing verification:

# Old version (should trigger upgrade)
$ echo "uv 0.1.24" | grep -oE '[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+' | head -1
0.1.24  # Correctly parsed, 0.1 < 0.4 → triggers upgrade

# Current version (should pass through)
$ echo "uv 0.10.2 (a788db7e5 2026-02-10)" | grep -oE '[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+' | head -1
0.10.2  # Correctly parsed, 0.10 >= 0.4 → no upgrade needed

Checklist

• My code follows the project's style guidelines
• I have performed a self-review of my code
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• My changes generate no new warnings
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• New and existing unit tests pass locally with my changes

Screenshots (if applicable)

N/A