MINOR: Fix JDK versions in CI (apache#17621)

Our "validate" job was running on JDK 21 while the "test" job was running 11 and 23. This patch updates the validate job to 23 and fixes the test catalog step to only run on JDK 23 (instead of 21)

Reviewers: Chia-Ping Tsai <chia7712@gmail.com>

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Gradle
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-gradle
         with:
-          java-version: 21
+          java-version: 23
           gradle-cache-read-only: ${{ inputs.gradle-cache-read-only }}
           gradle-cache-write-only: ${{ inputs.gradle-cache-write-only }}
           develocity-access-key: ${{ secrets.GE_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
@@ -85,13 +85,11 @@ jobs:
           compression-level: 9
           if-no-files-found: ignore
       - name: Annotate checkstyle errors
-        # Avoid duplicate annotations, only run on java 21
         if: failure()
         run: python .github/scripts/checkstyle.py
         env:
           GITHUB_WORKSPACE: ${{ github.workspace }}
       - name: Annotate Rat errors
-        # Avoid duplicate annotations, only run on java 21
         if: failure()
         run: python .github/scripts/rat.py
         env:
@@ -178,7 +176,7 @@ jobs:
           THREAD_DUMP_URL: ${{ steps.thread-dump-upload-artifact.outputs.artifact-url }}
           GRADLE_EXIT_CODE: ${{ steps.junit-test.outputs.exitcode }}
       - name: Archive Test Catalog
-        if: ${{ always() && matrix.java == '21' }}
+        if: ${{ always() && matrix.java == '23' }}
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: test-catalog