42_NetPractice

This project involves configuring small networks. The document provides a concise explanation of how each exercise was solved.

Table of contents

How to Use This Document
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
License

How to Use This Document

To fully understand the explanations, please refer to the resources listed below. These materials provide essential background knowledge in subnetting, network concepts, and configuration techniques.

Recommended Resources

You Suck at Subnetting - Playlist
Created by NetworkChuck
This playlist offers a hands-on, beginner-friendly approach to subnetting concepts.
Redes - Playlist (Portuguese)
Created by Paulo Kretcheu
This playlist covers networking fundamentals in Portuguese, making it a great resource for Portuguese speakers.
A Computer Networking Zine
By Julia Evans
This zine provides a fun and visual approach to learning networking concepts, perfect for beginners and visual learners.
Comprehensive Repository of Networking Concepts and Resources
Created by Zakaria Elhajoui
This repository includes an extensive collection of networking concepts and additional resources, making it an excellent reference for network practice.

Thank you to all the creators for contributing to the community and sharing knowledge.

Exercise 1

Goal 1 : host my PC needs to communicate with host my little brother's computer

Network Information:

Hosts A and B are on the same network.
The subnet masks are pre-filled and locked.

Subnet Mask Details:

Subnet Mask (Decimal): 255.255.255.0
Subnet Mask (Binary): 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
CIDR Notation: /24

Explanation:

The first 24 bits (3 bytes) represent the network portion.
The last 8 bits (1 byte) represent the host portion.

Since both hosts are on the same network, there is no need to change the subnet mask.

IP Address Range:

Usable IP Range: 104.96.23.1 to 104.96.23.254
Exception: 104.96.23.12 is already assigned to Client B1.

Important Notes:

The first address in the range, 104.96.23.0, is reserved as the network address.
The last address in the range, 104.96.23.255, is reserved as the broadcast address.

Goal 2 : host my Mac needs to communicate with host my little sister's computer

Network Information:

Hosts C and D are on the same network.
The subnet masks are pre-filled and locked.

Subnet Mask Details:

Subnet Mask (Decimal): 255.255.0.0
Subnet Mask (Binary): 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
CIDR Notation: /16

Explanation:

The first 16 bits (2 bytes) represent the network portion.
The last 8 bits (2 bytes) represent the host portion.

Now, the subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 - In this case, the first 2 octects(2 bytes) will represent the network and the other 2 will represent the host. Since both hosts are on the same network, there is no need to change the subnet mask. Because the have the last 2 bits for the hosts, the range for hosts will be bigger.

IP Address Range:

Usable IP Range: 211.191.1.0 to 211.191.255.254
Exception: 211.191.31.75 is already assigned to Client C1.
Here we are already having in consideration the network and broadcast.

Exercise 2

Goal 1 : host Computer B needs to communicate with host Computer A

Network Information:

Host B and host A are on the same network
Subnet Mask of host A is filled and locked.

Subnet Mask Details:

Subnet Mask (Decimal): 255.255.255.224
Subnet Mask (Binary): 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
CIDR Notation: /27

Explanation:

The first 27 bits represent the network portion.
The last 5 bits represent the host portion.
This allows for 32 IP addresses per subnet (since 2^5 = 32).
The subnet mask of the host A is filled and locked.
The ip of host B is filled and locked with ip 192.168.28.222 (11000000.10101000.00011100.11011110) Since hosts B and A are on the same network, the subnet mask will be the name for both. Since we know that we can change only the last 5 bits for the hosts and this subnet mask allows 32 hosts, we can calculate the range as:

Network Address	Broadcast Address	Usable IP Range
192.168.28.0	192.168.28.31	192.168.28.1 - 192.168.28.30
192.168.28.32	192.168.28.63	192.168.28.33 - 192.168.28.62
192.168.28.64	192.168.28.95	192.168.28.65 - 192.168.28.94
192.168.28.96	192.168.28.127	192.168.28.97 - 192.168.28.126
192.168.28.128	192.168.28.159	192.168.28.129 - 192.168.28.158
192.168.28.160	192.168.28.191	192.168.28.161 - 192.168.28.190
192.168.28.192	192.168.28.223	192.168.28.193 - 192.168.28.222

IP Address Range:

Usable IP Range: 192.168.28.193 to 192.168.28.221
Network address: 192.168.28.192
Broadcast address: 192.168.28.223
Exception: 192.168.28.222 is already assigned to Host B.

Goal 2 : host Computer D needs to communicate with host Computer C

Network Information:

Host D and host C are on the same Network
SubnetMask are already filled on both. They are the same, but in different representations.

Subnet Mask Details:

Subnet Mask (Decimal): - 255.255.255.252.
Subnet Mask (Binary): - 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
CIDR Notation: - /30

Explanation:

The first 30 bits represents the network. The last 2 bits represents the hosts.
This allows for 4 IP addresses per subnet (since 2^2 = 4).
Since the IP address 127.0.0.1 is reserved. It is known as the loopback address, and the mask that is a Class C mask, we will work with the 192.168.28.x ips.

IP Address Range:

Network Address	Broadcast Address	Usable IP Range
192.168.28.0	192.168.28.3	192.168.28.1 - 192.168.28.2
192.168.28.4	192.168.28.7	192.168.28.33 - 192.168.28.62
192.168.28.8	192.168.28.11	192.168.28.65 - 192.168.28.94
and there goes	and there goes	and there goes
192.168.28.252	192.168.28.255	192.168.28.253 - 192.168.28.254

IP Address Range:

Usable IP Range: 192.168.28.1 to 192.168.28.2
Network address: 192.168.28.0
Broadcast address: 192.168.28.3

Exercise 3

This exercise introduces us to the usage of a switch. This device links multiple hostsof the same network together.

Network Information:

Host A, host B and Host C are on the same network
The Mask of Host C is filled and locked.
The Host A ip is filled and locked.

With this information, we know that all the masks will be the same and we are also able to calculate the range of the ips.

Subnet Mask Details:

Subnet Mask (Decimal): - 255.255.255.128
Subnet Mask (Binary): - 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
CIDR Notation: - /25

Explanation:

The first 25 bits represents the network. The last 7 bits represents the hosts.
This allows for 128 IP addresses per subnet (since 2^7 = 128).

IP Range

Ip filled and locked - 104.198.253.125
Binary Representation - 01101000.11000110.11111001.01111101

IP Address Range:

Network Address	Broadcast Address	Usable IP Range
104.198.253.0	104.198.253.127	104.198.253.1 - 104.198.253.126

IP Address Range:

Usable IP Range: 104.198.253.1 to 104.198.253.126
Network address: 104.198.253.0
Broadcast address: 104.198.253.127

We need to fill all three ips inside this range, without repeating and the exercise is solved.

Exercise 4

This exercise introduces the router. This device is used to link multiple networks together, it does so with the use of multiple interfaces.

Network Information:

Masks are not filled on Host A and Host B and they are on the same network, so we can chose. I will chose something easy. 255.255.255.0 -> /24 in CIDR notation.
Host A have an IP filled and locked (79.55.118.132).
Interfaces R3 and R2 have all the informations locked.
Interface R1 have submask and ip free to chose.

Since we can chose the mask, i will chose and easy one that doesnt recquire any calculations. for the mask /24, we know that the range will be 79.55.118.1 to 79.55.118.254(having in consideration that the first and the last are reserved). The IP address of Host B and Interface R1 must have the same network address as the IP address of Interface A1 and the same submask.

Fill all three with the same Mask and in the IP range described above and the exercise is solved. We don't touch on Interface R2 and R3 because none of our communications have to reach that side of the router.

Exercise 5

This exercise introduces the concept of routes in networking.

What is a Route? A route is a set of instructions used by routers to determine how to send packets from one network to another. When data needs to travel across networks, it follows these routes to reach its intended destination.

Components of a Route: A route consists of two key fields:

Destination

The destination is the address of the endpoint where the data is intended to go. It can refer to a specific device (such as a computer or server) or a broader network.
Example: If you're sending data to a website, the destination would be the IP address of that website. The destination default is equivalent to 0.0.0.0 /0, this will forward the packets to the first applicable network address it finds. For instance, if the destination address is 123.4.5.6/24, the packets will be directed to the network 123.4.5.0.

Next Hop

The next hop specifies the next router (or internet or device) that should receive the packets on their way to the destination.
This field is crucial for routing as it determines the immediate path the packets will take.
Example: If the destination is on a different network, the packet may first be sent to a local router (the next hop), which then forwards it to the appropriate network.

Network information

interfaces A1 and B1 ips and masks have open field to change the values.
Host A routes have destination and next hop open fields to change the values.
Host B routes have destination filled as default and lock and next hop field open to change the value.
Interface R1 and R2 have locked ips and masks.

Goal 1 : host Machine A needs to communicate with host The Mighty Router

To make the host Machine A to communicate with the Mighty Router, we need to check in which interface of the router we are in touch. In this case, is the interface R1.

Interface R1 have the Ip and submask fields filled and locked. The mask is 255.255.255.128 -> /25 in CIDR notation. The ip is 45.227.104.126.

With this informations we know that Machine A needs to have the same mask as interface R1 and the IP needs to be inside the range of R1 ips.

We also can know that the number of hosts on the network is 128. Because 2^7 = 128. Then, the range is 45.227.104.1 - 45.227.104.126 (Having in consideration the hosts and broadcast)

Host A route We can define the destination as default, because there is only 1 route through which it can send its packets. The next hop address must be the IP address of the next router's interface on the packets' way. The next interface is Interface R1, with the IP address of 54.117.30.126. Note that the next interface is not Interface A1, since this is the sender's own interface.

Doing this, we will solve this goal.

Goal 2 : host Machine B needs to communicate with host The Mighty Router

We will use the same logic as the exercise before. Interface R2 Has IP and Mask filled and locked. The mask is 255.255.192.0 -> /18 in CIDR notation. The IP is 170.71.188.254.

With this informations we know that Machine B needs to have the same mask as interface R2 and the IP needs to be inside the range of R2 ips.

We also can know that the number of hosts on the network is 128. Because 2^6 = 64. Then, the range is 170.71.188.193 - 170.71.188.254 (Having in consideration the hosts and broadcast).

Host B route The destination is already filled with default. The next hop address must be the IP address of the next router's interface on the packets' way. The next interface is Interface R2, with the IP address of 170.71.188.254. Note that the next interface is not Interface B1, since this is the sender's own interface.

Doing this, we will solve this goal.

Goal 3 : host Machine A needs to communicate with host Machine B Solving the 2 first goals will allow the communications between Machine A and Machine B.

--

Exercise 6

This exercise introduces internet. The internet operates similarly to a router, directing data between devices and networks. However, certain IP addresses are reserved for private use and cannot be used on the public internet. Here are the key ranges of reserved IP addresses:

  192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255: This range includes 65,536 IP addresses and is commonly used in home networks.

  172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255: This range provides 1,048,576 IP addresses and is often utilized by medium-sized networks.

  10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255: This range offers 16,777,216 IP addresses and is frequently employed in larger networks.

If a device's interface is connected to the internet, it cannot use these private IP addresses. Instead, it must use a public IP address to communicate over the internet.

Network information

internet

destination -> changeble.
next hop -> 163.172.250.12

interface R2

ip -> 163.172.250.12
submask -> 255.255.255.240 -> CIDR /28

router R

destination -> changeble
next hop -> 163.172.250.1

interface R1

ip -> Changeble
submask -> 255.255.255.128 -> CIDR /25

interface A1

ip -> 112.156.244.227
mask -> changeble

Host A route

destination -> changeble
next hop -> changeble

Next hop of internet is already locked and filled, and matches it ip from interface R2. Then we need to configurate the destination of the internet, that in this case we need to send packages to host A. So, internet destination must match with the network of address of interface A1. A1 mask is changeble, than we can fill this with some easy calculation mask. 255.255.255.0 -> /24 -> This will give us a range of 255.

Calculate internet address of a client: To calculate this, we need to transform the Interface A1 ip and mask to binary.

ip 112.156.244.227 -> 01110000.10011100.11110100.11100011

mask 255.255.255.0 -> 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Apply the Subnet Mask to the IP Address

To find the network address, apply the subnet mask to the IP address using a bitwise AND operation.

1 AND 1 = 1
1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
0 AND 0 = 0

IP Address	`01110000.10011100.11110100.11100011`
Subnet Mask	`11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000`
Network Address	`01110000.10011100.11110100.00000000`

3. Convert the Result to Decimal (Network Address)

Convert the binary result back to decimal:

01110000 -> 112
10011100 -> 156
11110100 -> 244
00000000 -> 0

So, the network address (internet address of the client) is: 112.156.244.0.

4. Possible Host Addresses

Since we are using a /24 subnet mask (255.255.255.0), there are 8 bits left for the host portion, allowing for a range of host addresses from 112.156.244.1 to 112.156.244.254.

The first address 112.156.244.0 is the network address.
The last address 112.156.244.255 is the broadcast address.

Now, we need to finish configuring the routes. All the destinations (except for internet) will be the default. Host A next hop will be the next interface ip (R1).

Exercise 7

This level introduces us to the concept of overlaps. Network overlap occurs when two or more IP address ranges (or subnets) share common addresses. This means that devices in different networks could have IP addresses that fall within the same range, leading to confusion for routers on how to properly route traffic. Essentially, an overlap happens when networks aren't correctly separated, causing ambiguity in IP assignments and routing. The IP address range of one network should not mix or share any addresses with the range of another network. These networks are kept apart by routers, which help manage and direct traffic between them. If the address ranges overlap, the router won't be able to clearly distinguish which network to send the data to.

Network information

3 seperate networks
Host A to Router R1
Router R1 to Router R2
Router R2 to Host C
Interface R11 is alread filled with IP 93.198.14.1, because of this, we can't fill freely chose interface A1 ip. Now, imagine that we give a 255.255.255.0 /024 mas to A1 ip. Lets see the range:

Subnet Mask Details:

Subnet Mask (Decimal): - 255.255.255.0
Subnet Mask (Binary): - 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
CIDR Notation: - /30
Hosts - 255 (w/ host and broadcast)

Network Address	Broadcast Address	Usable IP Range
93.198.14.0	93.198.14.255	93.198.14.1 - 93.198.14.254

The IP of interface R12 is 93.198.14.254 and is filled and locked. So, because of this, we can't use a mask of /24, because it will overlap the range of interface R12. They would be both in the range of 93.198.14.0 - 93.198.14.255. Since we need IP addresses for 3 different networks, it's useful to divide the last part of the address into 4 or more smaller address groups. We achieve this by applying a subnet mask of /26 or greater. For example, a /28 mask will create 16 smaller groups of addresses, and from these, we will use 3 specific ranges.

Subnet Mask Details:

Subnet Mask (Decimal): - 255.255.255.0
Subnet Mask (Binary): - 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
CIDR Notation: - /28

Hosts - 16 (w/ host and broadcast)

93.198.14.1 - 93.198.14.14    (Host A to Router R1)
93.198.14.65 - 93.198.14.78   (Router R2 to Host C)
93.198.14.241 - 93.198.14.254 (Router R1 to Router R2)

Useful link https://www.calculator.net/ip-subnet-calculator.html?cclass=any&csubnet=28&cip=93.198.14.2&ctype=ipv4&printit=0&x=97&y=13

Exercise 8

Network information

Cliente D and Client C needs to communicate between each other and to the internet.
We have the destiny of the internet filled and locked with ip 131.79.51.0 mask /26

With this information, we can know that all networks must have 131.79.51.x with the range of 62 hosts(excluding network and broadcast) Then, we know that the internet will communicate with networks with the range of 131.79.51.0 to 131.79.51.63; But, we need to be careful for not occuring overlaps between the networks.

Interface D1 has the mask filled and locked 255.255.255.240 /28 , this told us that the networks can have 14 hosts(excluding network and broadcast).

Knowing all this information, we know that the mask is manipulated and the network is splitted in 4. All the ips are between the range and we need to put any network in a range:

split	Network Address	Broadcast Address	Usable IP Range
Host D to router	131.79.51.0	131.79.51.15	131.79.51.1 - 131.79.51.14
HOST C to router	131.79.51.16	131.79.51.31	131.79.51.17 - 131.79.51.30
router to router	131.79.51.32	131.79.51.63	131.79.51.33 - 131.79.51.62
not used	131.79.51.64	131.79.51.128	131.79.51.65 - 131.79.51.127

interface R12 ip is filled and locked. With this information we have the next hop of internet.

Now all that we have to do is fill the networks with valid ips from the equivalent range. All the routes will be default(except for one) and the next hop will be the next interface, just like the other exercises.

the route from R1 needs to have a destination defined to the specific network that we want to send the packages, that is 131.79.51.0/24.

Exercise 9

Network information

Internet initially does not send packages to any specific network. The networks does not share a common addres range. For this reason, this exercise is very easy.

The easiest way is to solve it goal by goal.

Goal 1 : host meson needs to communicate with host ion

All the hosts needs to have the same subnet mask. We have one field locked and filled, then we share this subnet mask between all the hosts.
All the destinations can be set to default.
Then, we can choose a reasonable ip to this network and just change the host number.

Goal 2 : host cation needs to communicate with host gluon

between gluon and the router, there is a mask filled and locked. We can share this to the other host on the network.
On gluon, we have algo the next hop filled and locked, then we know the ip that we need to have on the next interface. With this information, we can algo calculate the network range of the other host.
The destination on gluon can be setted to default
The R2, we need to put the next hop that is the next interface. For this, we can also chose an IP.
between cation and the router, we basically can define anything. Then you can chose something easy that won't require any calculations.

Goal 3 : host meson needs to communicate with host Internet

Just put the ip that you choose initially and put it as destination on internet. There is no need to calculate this, just put the ip open to all (ip.0/24). But if you want to calculate the network, you can do it by doing an AND bitwise operation.

Goal 4 : host meson needs to communicate with host gluon

Meson network is already configured.
Then, we need to configure the path between meson to gluon.
Between interface R13 and R21, we have a submask filled and locked. We know that they need to have the same subnet mask, then we share between them. Doing this, we can chose the ip. We know that the range will be very short, because this is a mask .252. Then, we can chose and easy ip based on this information and our knowledge.

Goal 5 : host ion needs to communicate with host cation

Configure the router R1 next hop with the next interface and the destination with the network address of the cation network.

Goal 6 : host cation needs to communicate with host Internet

Configure the internet next hop with the next interface and the destination with the network address of the cation network.

Exercise 10

Network Configuration Explanation

At this level, we have 4 distinct network connections:

Router R1 to Switch S1
Router R1 to Router R2
Router R2 to Client H4
Router R2 to Client H3

Step 1: Ensuring Internet Access to All Hosts

The internet needs to reach all hosts, so its destination IP range should encompass all networks in the setup.

Interfaces R11 and R13 already have assigned IPs, differing only in the last byte: Interface R11 ends in .1, while R13 ends in .254. To include this full IP range, we use a /24 subnet mask for the internet destination, covering 134.97.142.0 to 134.97.142.255.

Step 2: Choosing IP Ranges for Each Network

When assigning IP addresses, two criteria are essential:

The IP address must fall within the internet’s destination range.
The IP ranges for each network should not overlap.

Given the existing IP assignments (grayed out), here’s a breakdown of the ranges covered by each network:

Router R1 to Switch S1: Range 134.97.142.0 - 134.97.142.127 (using a /25 mask)
Router R2 to Client H4: Range 134.97.142.128 - 134.97.142.191 (using a /26 mask)
Router R1 to Router R2: Range 134.97.142.252 - 134.97.142.255 (using a /30 mask)
Router R2 to Client H3: Currently unassigned (needs a specific mask)

For the "Router R2 to Client H3" connection, we have the remaining IP range 134.97.142.192 - 134.97.142.251. Any mask allowing two IPs within this range can be applied for Interface R22 and Interface R31.

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