For more in-depth instructions see Git Reference or Git Docs.
- To make changes to 'core.excludes' file and more:
git config --global - Password caching using SSH:
git config --global credential.helper wincred
git initmanually creates the .git folder and its contentsgit add .adds all files to the stagegit commit -m "first commit"orgit commit -am "first commit"adds files to stage and commit in one steptouch README.mdcreates a README.md file (the 'touch' command creates a file if it doesn't exist already and modifies file dates if it does exist)
Remote repository (more info)
git remote addadds a remote for the repository[-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--[no-]tags] [--mirror=<fetch|push>] <name> <url>- Get list of remote paths ("remotes"):
git remote -v(The v for verbose shows where push/fetch goes to/comes from)
Change remote host (more info)
-
First list remotes (see above)
-
Then use
git remote set-urlwhich takes two arguments (Remote name and New URL) -
for example:
git remote set-url origin https://github.com/USERNAME/REPOSITORY.git -
Pull down a full repository
git clone <repo> <directory>('repo' is remote repo; 'directory' is local directory; note that 'git pull' = 'git fetch' + 'git merge')
This method should maintain your commit history but that will depend on your chosen host
cd \local\repository\directory- show current remote and the name of the remotes:
git remote -v - take the name of the remote you'd like to remove (e.g. origin or destination) and plug it into the next command
git remote rm originwill remove a remote named 'origin' but substitute your remote name here- Push the repo to new host:
git remote add origin https://user@example.com/userName/remoteRepoName.gitgit push -u origin master
- Get a list of branches:
git branch - Create a local branch:
git branch <branch name>(cannot have pending commits to do this) - Create a remote branch:
- create local branch:
git branch dev - checkout local branch:
git checkout dev - push branch up to remote:
git push -u origin dev(-u = set upstream)
- create local branch:
- Rename a branch:
git branch -m <oldname> <newname> - Rename the current branch:
git branch -m <newname> - Delete a remote branch:
git push origin :<branch name>(note the space before the colon means push nothing to remote branch effectively deleting the remote branch)- OR
git push origin --delete <branch name>
- Delete a local branch:
- warns if commits not in other branches/won't delete:
git branch -d <branch name> - no warning - hard delete:
git branch -D <branch name>
- warns if commits not in other branches/won't delete:
- synchronize branch list (prunes any remote-tracking branches which no longer exist on the remote):
git fetch -p
- Pull down a remote branch 1st time:
git checkout -b <remote branch name> --track origin/<remote branch name>(-b parameter means create the branch if is doesn't already exist) - Switch to another branch (if you have uncommitted work, you will need to 'stash' those files):
git checkout <branch name> - compare local to remote:
git status(add-sto make the output short and easy to read ) - update local cached copy of remote (used by git for comparison):
git fetch - push local to remote:
git push {origin is implied... to be pushed to remote} - merge one into another (e.g. to merge dev into master ):
- switch to master:
git checkout master - then:
git merge dev - or:
git merge --no-ff dev(ff = fast forward)
--no-ffavoids losing information about the historical existence of a branch--ff-onlymerges only if a ff merge can be done- with fast forward:
x---x---x----x----x---x---x---x - without fast forward (no-ff):
---x---x---x----\___.____.___.__/----x-----x---
- switch to master:
- See the last commit on each branch:
git branch -v(shows one line for each branch with last commit and message) - Which branches are already merged?:
git branch --merged<- branches merged into the branch you’re on (contain every commit in common)
- Commit some work
git commit -m "First commit"
- Add tags
git tag -a <the tag> -m <message> - Add tag to older commit
- e.g.
git tag -a v1.2 9fceb02 -m "Message"Where 9fceb02 is the beginning part of the commit id hash - You can then push them up using this:
git push --tags origin master
- e.g.
- If missing tags from a remote repo try:
git fetch --tags - Checkout at a specific tag:
git checkout tags/<tag>e.g.git checkout tags/v1.0.1 - Checkout a specific tag into a new branch:
git checkout tags/v1.0 -b NewBranch
- to see the changes in your working folder vs the last commit:
git diff - to see the difference between that commit and the current state:
git diff <some hash> - to compare between two different commits:
git diff <hash1> <hash2> - to compare staged to last commit:
git diff --cached syn: git diff --staged - good options to view summary of diff:
git diff --stat --summary
- summarize what has happened on a branch or between commits or between local and remote branches:
git log -p - Get a list of commits:
git log - for 10 latest commits:
git log -n 10 - commits since a date:
git log --since "2014-08-15" - commits in last month:
git log --since 1.month - commits back until a date:
git log --until "2014-08-15" - commits by an author:
git log --author "UCSBMike" - groups commits by user, showing just the subject line:
git shortlog
- See changes from any commit (will show add/del for line items in files):
git show <some hash> - Show:
git showshows various types of objects: For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also presents the merge commit in a special format as produced bygit diff-tree --cc. For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects. For trees, it shows the names. For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents.
- Find commit with criteria:
- e.g. show commits that mention "v2.0" and written by "UCSBMike":
git log --all-match --grep=v2.0 --author=UCSBMike
git log --oneline --graph --source --all --decorate- To get the last 5 commits append
-5to the git log command - Alias this:
git config --global alias.lg 'log --oneline --graph --source --all --decorate' - or
git config --global --edit - or
git config --global --list
git stash save "..."no "-m" option needed for message/note- To see which stashes you’ve stored:
git stash list - Get list of stash contents:
git stash show stash@{##}where ## is the stash index you want to see - Remove a stash:
git stash drop stash@{##}where ## is the stash index you want to remove - Remove all stashes: git stash clear
- Apply a stash:
git stash apply stash@{##}where ## is the stash index you want to apply- OR
git stash pop stash@{##}where ## is the stash index you want to apply - Un-apply a stash:
git stash show -p stash@{##}the-poption applies a stash in reverse- OR
git apply -Rdoes the same thing - Create a branch from a stash:
git stash branch <branch name>checks out the commit you were on when the stash was created
- HEAD of a repository:
- A pointer to tip of current branch.
- i.e. what was last checked out.
- i.e. where it starts tracking changes from last time
git resetReset current HEAD to the specified state; is like rewinding a tape recorder to a point to begin recording again--softkeeps changes and staged files--mixedkeeps changes and unstaged files--hardremoves changes and working directory clean
git checkout <filename>git checkout <SHA>git reset <tag/branch/commit/file>- To rollback a commit pushed to remote
Git reset –hard <sha>THENGit push –f origin master (note: -f means ‘force’) - To abort a MERGE:
git merge --abortORgit reset --merge git commit --amend -m
Revert is a way to go back to a previous commit, but to keep the history of commits between that commit and now.
git revert <tag/branch/commit>git revert <SHA>
git rm --cached <file>remove from version control, while keeping it in the working repositorygit rm <file>remove from version control and file system; adds to stage in one step
git-cleanRemove untracked files from the working tree
- Create a .gitkeep file (empty file) so that Git can track the directory
Fork A Repo more info
A fork is a copy of a repository. Forking a repository allows you to freely experiment with changes without affecting the original project.
Most commonly, forks are used to either propose changes to someone else's project or to use someone else's project as a starting point for your own idea.
A great example of using forks to propose changes is for bug fixes. Rather than logging an issue for a bug you've found, you can:
- Fork the repository.
- Make the fix.
- Submit a pull request to the project owner.
If the project owner likes your work, they might pull your fix into the original repository!
At the heart of open source is the idea that by sharing code, we can make better, more reliable software. In fact, when you create a repository on GitHub, you have a choice of automatically including a license file, which determines how you want your project to be shared with others.
FROM: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17857723/whats-the-difference-between-git-reflog-and-log
git log shows the current HEAD and its ancestry. That is, it prints the commit HEAD points to, then its parent, its parent, and so on. It traverses back through the repo's ancestry, by recursively looking up each commit's parent.
git reflog doesn't traverse HEAD's ancestry at all. The reflog is an ordered list of the commits that HEAD has pointed to: it's undo history for your repo. The reflog isn't part of the repo itself (it's stored separately to the commits themselves) and isn't included in pushes, fetches or clones; it's purely local.
Aside: understanding the reflog means you can't really lose data from your repo once it's been committed. If you accidentally reset to an older commit, or rebase wrongly, or any other operation that visually "removes" commits, you can use the reflog to see where you were before and git reset --hard back to that ref to restore your previous state. Remember, refs imply not just the commit but the entire history behind it.