Exploring Phonetic Variation in Low-Resource Languages Using Large-Scale Data Collection: A Preliminary Look at Georgian Prosody
As technologies such as smartphones reach remote areas, the need for developing language technologies for smaller speaker populations has become more pressing. In this paper, we present methodology for low resource language documentation, and exemplify the usefulness of such techniques with a phonetic study of prosodic variability in Georgian, a Kartvelian agglutinative language spoken in the Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Used by 1.4 million speakers in the Republic of Georgia (Figure 1.) and members of the diaspora throughout the world, Georgian is an understudied language with very limited access to software and tools (e.g. spell checkers, electronic dictionaries and search engine tokenizers) which would facilitate its use in written form. While Georgian is the national language of Georgia, most computer systems sold in Georgia are offered in Russian or in English \cite{Sh}, and because most search engines lack support for Georgian, users perform internet searches using Russian or English keywords.
In 2014 we created open source libraries and tools to facilitate usage of the Georgian language by Georgian speakers \cite{Du}. One of these tools was Gismet, an Android application which can be used by Georgian speakers to train their Android smartphones to recognize their speech using PocketSphinx \cite{Hu}. The software was made freely available to the public and also open source on GitHub, a social coding site where developers can share and contribute to the source code.
Participants discover the application in the Google Play Store. After installing it, they are led through a tutorial where they record 2-6 utterances to train the application to their voice. The stimuli consist of two SMS dictations, two web searches and two legal searches. Following the training phase, users can add additional training sentences or begin using the application anywhere in the Android system where keyboard input is provided. The training utterances are uploaded to a central server where they are processed using Praat \cite{Bo} and the CMUSphinx language model toolkit \cite{Wa}. The stimuli are comprised of six utterances which were elicited during fieldwork with three speakers in Batumi, Georgia in 2014.
Since 2014, over 1,000 users have used the application to train the default language model to their voices. The resulting dataset of elicited training recordings is similar to a dataset obtained in an experimental setting. The location of the recordings is determined via GPS technology, and informed consent for the anonymous analysis of their voices is required as part of the software installation process. This set-up enables us to conduct studies regarding various aspects of their speech production. Georgian has numerous and diverse dialects, the phonetic variation in the contemporaneous form of the language has not been studied, with very few exceptions \cite{Ch, CGB}. For a first `case study' based on our corpus, we have selected prosodic variation, specifically the realization of syllable timing patterns in short utterances. The prosodic properties of Georgian are of particular interest, given the ability of its consonants to form extensive clusters \cite{Ch} combined with vowel reduction \cite{Bu}. While the analysis of the entire corpus is underway, Figure 2. presents spectrograms of two speakers' production of the same short question ``What is the temperature today?,'' with distinct prosodies.
- Red: Android location with < 100 accuracy range
- Blue: IP geolocation
- Red: Android location with < 100 accuracy range
- Blue: IP geolocation
Figure A: Specrogram of "რა ტემპერატურაა დღეს?" with careful yet natural prosody
Figure B: Specrogram of "რა ტემპერატურაა დღეს?" with audience-less prosody
@InProceedings{dunham-chiodo-horner:2014:W14-22,
author = {Dunham, Joel and Chiodo, Gina and Horner, Joshua},
title = {LingSync \& the Online Linguistic Database: New Models for the Collection and Management of Data for Language Communities, Linguists and Language Learners},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages},
month = {June},
year = {2014},
address = {Baltimore, Maryland, USA},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {24--33},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-2204}
}
@article{SHEROUSE20141,
title = "Hazardous digits: Telephone keypads and Russian numbers in Tbilisi, Georgia",
journal = "Language & Communication",
volume = "37",
number = "Supplement C",
pages = "1 - 11",
year = "2014",
issn = "0271-5309",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2014.03.001",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271530914000172",
author = "Perry Sherouse",
keywords = "Sociotechnical system, Telephone, Language ideology, Numeral system, Numbers"
}
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@INPROCEEDINGS{Huggins-daines06pocketsphinx:a,
author = {David Huggins-Daines and Mohit Kumar and Arthur Chan and Alan W Black and Mosur Ravishankar and Alex I. Rudnicky},
title = {PocketSphinx: A free, real-time continuous speech recognition system for hand-held devices},
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