Merge pull request #1 from chemicalweaponsresearch/juniper_working

Juniper working

01-foreword.Rmd → 00-preface.Rmd

@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
-# Foreword {-}
+```{r index-1, echo=FALSE}
+is_on_ghactions <- identical(Sys.getenv("GITHUB_ACTIONS"), "true")
+is_online <- curl::has_internet()
+is_html <- knitr::is_html_output()
+is_latex <- knitr::is_latex_output()
+```
 
-### Content Warning {-}
+# Preface {-}
+
+[An archived version of this book is available on Zenodo](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4850406).
+
+## Content Warning {-}
 
 This book deals with police and corrections violence in frank terminology.
 Pictures of chemical weapons being deployed on individuals, including those passively resisting, are included, but no injuries, blood, gore, etc. are shown.
 Casualties, including fatalities, are discussed, including an individual being killed by corrections officers.
 
-
-### Land Acknowledgment {-}
+## Land Acknowledgment {-}
 
 This work's impetus comes from present-day Portland, Oregon, United States of America -- the Indigenous land of the Chinook people, who were colonized and spread across multiple federally recognized tribes in Oregon, Washington and Idaho including Cowlitz, Siletz, Wasco, and Yakima.
 
@@ -19,13 +27,13 @@ I will work to add important contextual information and acknowledgments, and ple
 
 I ask you to take time to reflect on the countless individuals from communities, tribes, peoples, and cultures around the world that have been fogged with some chemical agent whose names we will never know, whose stories we will never hear.
 
-### Inherent Bias {-}
+## Inherent Bias {-}
 
 This book has been produced by collating historical documentation and records, which are inherently biased towards the views of white, male colonizers, as will be plainly evident in the documents.
 As such, it is important to recognize that there are almost certainly records that I have not yet found or which have been lost to time.
 Even more critical, however, is that many uses of thermal foggers have likely never been recorded at all (even if "legally required"), as will be made clear through the documents that have been recovered.
 
-### Author Position {-}
+## Author Position {-}
 
 I, [Dr. Juniper L. Simonis](https://juniperlsimonis.com) (_they/them/theirs_), am a 36-year-old middle-class, white, non-binary, queer, physically and psychologically disabled person. 
 I come to the study of the history of chemical weapons use in America via my personal experience being the recipient of law enforcement's chemical weapons and my ensuing scientific research into its impacts on the environment.
@@ -41,17 +49,17 @@ Through this work, I have discovered an extensive history that makes me feel a d
 I hope that my work will bring light to their stories.
 We are but the most recent chapter in a long history of United States Law Enforcement using chemical weapons against its own people.
 
-### Financial Statement {-}
+## Financial Statement {-}
 
 All work for this product was conducted by Dr. Juniper L. Simonis via internal time at DAPPER Stats.
 No external funding was provided.
 
-### Licenses {-}
+## Licenses {-}
 
 This book it created under a [dual license](https://github.com/chemicalweaponsresearch/thermal_fogger/blob/main/LICENSE.md) that recognizes a separation between the software and non-software components.
 All underlying documents (photos, etc.) are cited in the [References](#References) and references do not indicate the original licensor endorses this book or its authors.
 
-### Acknowledgments {-}
+## Acknowledgments {-}
 
 My deepest heartfelt condolences to the family of Robert Forsythe.
 I cannot even begin to imagine the impact Bobby's murder and the subsequent trial and media presence had on you and your community.
@@ -68,8 +76,10 @@ Sandra Simonis provided significant help with writing alt-text for images.
 
 Twitter users NewNameJeanette and WillHickox notified me of the [Lawrence High School](#Lawrence1970_04_21) protest and use of the thermal fogger, for which I am very thankful.
 
+Christophe Dervieux provided an example of how to render figure alt-text in an appendix: https://cderv.rbind.io/2021/06/29/fig-alt-appendix/.
+
 The cover image is based on @Lewis-Rolland2021a.
 
-### Contribute Information {-} 
+## Contribute Information {-} 
 
 If you are aware of incidents where a pepper fogger was used to deploy chemical weapons that we have not included, please reach out [via the Chem Weapons Research Website](https://chemicalweaponsresearch.com/contact/) or submit an [issue](https://github.com/chemicalweaponsresearch/thermal_fogger/issues/new/choose) or [pull request](https://github.com/chemicalweaponsresearch/thermal_fogger/compare) on our [GitHub repository for the book](https://github.com/chemicalweaponsresearch/thermal_fogger).

02-introduction.Rmd → 01-introduction.Rmd

@@ -70,3 +70,4 @@ Indeed, the thermal cracking temperatures of common chemical contemporary chemic
 
 As a result, it is impossible for anyone to definitively know what chemicals they are fogging someone with, but it is fair to say the mixtures are likely to have considerably higher toxicities than product labels and safety sheets indicate, which are already concerning [@defteccs].
 
+

03-vietnam.Rmd → 02-vietnam.Rmd

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ if (is_html) {
 ```
 
 
-# Vietnam {- #Vietnam}
+# A Colonial Tool {- #Vietnam}
 
 The modern day use of thermal foggers for chemical weapons deployment was born from the American colonization of Vietnam in the mid-to-late-20th Century [@USMACV1965; @Bunker1996]. 
 

04-the_return.Rmd → 03-return.Rmd

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ if (is_html) {
 
 ```
 
-# The Return {- #TheReturn}
+# Domestic Applications {- #TheReturn}
 
 As to be expected following the basic trajectory of an Imperial Boomerang [@Cesaire1950; @Arendt1951; @Foucault1976], the repressive technique (thermal fogging) developed by an imperialist country (USA) to control colonial territories (Vietnam) was brought home by the imperialist nation to use on its own people [@Graham2013].
 

06-the_spread.Rmd → 04-conventions.Rmd

@@ -14,13 +14,81 @@ if (is_html) {
 
 ```
 
-# Coming Soon To A Town Near You! {-}
+# The 1968 Conventions {- #The1968Conventions}
+
+Deployment of chemical weapons on United States civilians by domestic law enforcement began in earnest in the late 1960s during the height of anti-war and civil rights protests, kicked off in particular by the 1968 Republican (Miami, Florida) and Democratic (Chicago, IL) National Conventions [@McArdle2018; @TaylorandMorris2018].
+As a result of a [heavy propaganda and branding campaign](#TheReturn), the thermal fogger was just becoming a mainstay of early police chemical weapons arsenals.
+Importantly, by the summer of 1968, the Florida Highway Patrol, Chicago Police Department, and California State Police all had purchased foggers.
+
+Beyond their legacy as the first domestic fogger deployments, the lingering impact of the 1968 Conventions was felt for years to come.
+The Kansas City (Missouri) Police Department armed up their chemical weapons cache in advance of the 1976 Republican National Convention, including purchase of fogger fluids [@Hudson1976].
+
+## Miami, August 8 {- #MiamiFL1968_08_08}
+
+The first use of a thermal fogger to deploy chemical weapons in the US that I have been able to uncover was during the "[Liberty City Riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Miami_riot)", which took place in during the [1968 Republican National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention) (RNC) in Miami, Florida [@Tschenschlok1995; @Tschenschlok1996; @McArdle2018].
+A white reporter with the Miami Herald attempted to gain access to rally of concerned Black people that was meant to be only among Black people that was occurring in Liberty City, a Black neighborhood, on August 7th [@Tschenschlok1995; @Tschenschlok1996].
+When the reporter was ejected from the rally, Miami police responded with a large and heavy presence and during the standoff, a white motorist with a "Wallace for President" bumper sticker attempted to drive through but was met with resistance and drove into another car, and fled the scene on foot [@Tschenschlok1995; @Lorentzen2018].
+
+Miami police used chemical weapons the night of the 7th, but the fogger did not make an appearance until the subsequent day.
+Local, state, and federal officials met with Black organizational representatives the night of the 7th and had agreed to continue discussions the morning of the 8th, but instead sent staffers rather than appear themselves, which effectively ended discussions [@Tschenschlok1995; @Tschenschlok1996]. 
+Apparently, Miami Police Department was unable to manage the situation and Florida Highway Patrol (FHP) was called in by the city [@Tschenschlok1995].
+
+FHP used a truck with multiple foggers [@Lorentzen2018], described as "essentially a modified version of an insect-control machine" that "spread a thick fog of tear gas throughout the riot zone" [@Tschenschlok1995]. 
+
+FHP used the truck-mounted thermal foggers indiscriminately and caused visible symptoms (gagging, etc.) in all present, including a 5-month old [@McArdle2018].
+The fog quickly spread into neighborhood homes, forcing residents outside to seek fresh air [@Tschenschlok1995].
+
+
+## Chicago, August 26 - 29 {- #ChicagoIL1968_08_26}
+
+Later that month anti-war protests took place in Chicago, Illinois during the [Democratic National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention), and a massive force of law enforcement (Chicago Police with assistance from over 6,000 National Guard members and 6,000 Army troops [@TaylorandMorris2018]) responded excessively, including with chemical weapons, on network news [@Schultz1969; @Karnow1983; @Farber1988; @Langguth2000]. 
+After four days, hundreds had been given medical assistance for exposure to chemical weapons [@TaylorandMorris2018].
+
+Although I have yet to find contemporary documentation of fogger use during the convention, an AP report on fogger use in [Berkeley the year later](#BerkeleyCA1969_02_21) states
+
+> A similar device was used during demonstrations in Chicago during the Democratic convention last summer. - @TheDailyTribune1969_02_21
+
+As such, I consider this a very likely deployment.
+I am continuing to search for evidence.
+
+
+## Berkeley, August 31 {- #BerkeleyCA1968_08_31}
+
+A demonstration in Berkeley, California was called by the Young Socialist Alliance, Independent Socialist Club, and the Black Panther Party in solidarity with anti-war protesters in Chicago who the police had recently brutalized [@PatersonEveningNews1968_08_31; @TheCapitalTimes1968_08_31], including [use of a pepper fogger](#ChicagoIL1968_08_26) [@TheDailyTribune1969_02_21].
+In response, police brutalized the protesters, and in the process brought out a hand-held pepper fogger, a "new police weapon... which produced a gas that caused sneezing" [@PatersonEveningNews1968_08_31].
+
+<br>
+
+(ref:imgberkeley19680831) Deployment of a thermal fogger by police in Berkeley, CA [@UPIphoto1968].
+
+```{r imgberkeley19680831, echo=FALSE, out.width = out_width, fig.cap="(ref:imgberkeley19680831)", fig.align = "center", fig.alt = "B/W newspaper clipping. To left is an officer wearing long pants, long sleeved shirt, and a helmet walking forward carrying a fogger in the right hand. The fogger is blowing fog through a tube and a cloud is forming. Background is a storefront window and door. To the right 2 people are moving away from the fog, leaning on one another, and covering their faces with their hands."}
+       
+knitr::include_graphics("img/berkeley_1968_08_31.png")
+``` 
+
+
+Deployment of the thermal fogger was covered in newspapers around the country including Paterson, New Jersey [@PatersonEveningNews1968_08_31]; Hanford, California [@TheHanfordSentinel1968_08_31]; Honolulu, Hawaii [@TheHonoluluAdvertiser1968_09_01]; St. Louis, Missouri [@StLouisPostDispatch1968_08_31]; Franklin, Pennsylvania [@TheNewsHerald1968_08_31]; Madison, Wisconsin [@TheCapitalTimes1968_08_31]; and El Paso, Texas [@ElPasoHeraldPost1968_08_31], a city whose significance was already budding.
+
+It is clear from the photograph shared with the United Press International (UPI) copy that the fogger used is a [GOEC](#GOEC) brand pepper fogger, which hit the market the month prior [@USTPO2018].
+The GOEC thermal fogger was so new, it would not have a trademarked name ("Pepper Fog") for another year [@USTPO2018].
+
+<br>
+
+(ref:imggoecpf) Product image for thermal fogger [@GOECphoto].
+
+```{r imggoecpf, echo=FALSE, out.width = out_width, fig.cap="(ref:imggoecpf)", fig.align = "center", fig.alt = "Yellowed black and white photo of a stationary pepper fog thermal fogger pointed to the left sitting by itself. The main body is a square box that's dark with a tag in the middle that's lighter and has dark writing on it that says pepper fog g o e c. The nozzle points to the left and is a longer thinner tube about twice as long as the main body. It is also dark and has a metal cage around it that is sparse and shiny. There's also a handle and some knobs on the top of the item and something that's a little bit difficult to make out off the back of the main body."}
+       
+knitr::include_graphics("img/goec_pf.png")
+``` 
+
+<br>
+
+
+## Coming Soon To A Town Near You! {-}
 
 Following the conventions, the fogger quickly became a part of the law enforcement arsenal. 
 US police had a hard time containing their glee when purchasing and testing thermal foggers for use on domestic civilians, as a general media blitz played out across the country through the late 1960s and early 1970s [@PlainDealer1971].
 
-## From the Conventions Outward {-}
-
 ### Illinois {-}
 
 In the wake of the [1968 Democratic National Convention](#ChicagoIL1968_08_26), Chicago-area police played an outsized role in promoting the propaganda line.
@@ -71,11 +139,11 @@ knitr::include_graphics("img/CopleyNewsService1970.jpg")
 
 <br>
 
-## National Guard {-}
+### National Guard {-}
 
 Following the Kent State Massacre, the Ohio National Guard, as well as others around the country began equipping their forces with thermal foggers, using the death of those students as justification for massive purchaing of "less lethal" options [@Bandy1970].
 
-## Small Town USA {-}
+### Small Town USA {-}
 
 No matter the size of the town, by the early 70s, police wanted in on that sweet sweet fogger action.
 The Brigham City (Utah; 1970 pop. 14,007; @USCB1970) Police Department leveraged federal Omnibus Crime Act money to purchase a variety of weapons to use against protesters in 1971 [@BoxElderAgencies1971].
@@ -113,7 +181,7 @@ The Storm Lake Iowa (1970 pop. 8,591; @USCB1970) purchased a fogger in 1971 in a
 The article/ad mentions that officers have used foggers "on occasion" in Des Moines (Iowa's capital; 1970 pop. 201,404; @USCB1970) in addition to [one instance on the University of Iowa's campus](#IowaCity) [@DesMoinesTribune1975_05_06], although I have not located contemporaneous mentions.
 
 
-## Crossing to Canada {- #Canada}
+### Crossing to Canada {- #Canada}
 
 Canadian law enforcement was also quick to jump on the fogger train and the media were just as happy to propagandize their use [@Patterson1976].
 A convention of US and Canadian police chiefs held in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1976 provided a glimpse into the state of affairs by mid-decade, at which point a supply chain had clearly been developed, although weapons salesmen refused to be named or have their statements linked to employers [@Patterson1976].