Geospatial Embeddings Wrapper

Unified tooling for generating geospatial embeddings from coordinates and for building large land-only embedding datasets with a consistent output format.

Overview

This repository has two main entry points:

• scripts/get_embeddings.py: small point-query CLI for geoclip and satclip
• scripts/generate_dataset.py: land-only dataset generator with support for 5 embedding products

The dataset generator currently supports:

• geoclip
• satclip
• copernicus_embed
• tessera
• google_satellite_embedding

All dataset outputs use the same coordinate conventions and save format, even though the underlying models and products use different native coordinate orders and storage layouts.

What The Generator Does

scripts/generate_dataset.py:

• samples candidate coordinates with Fibonacci sphere sampling
• randomizes the Fibonacci phase per run, so repeated runs do not reuse the exact same locations
• filters to land using Natural Earth polygons
• queries one or more encoders
• drops invalid rows for the selected encoder set
• writes .pt or .csv datasets
• writes location plots and ICA-to-RGB embedding plots

For temporal products, the generator can emit YYYY.pt files, one per year.

Coordinate Conventions

Inside this repo, the standard coordinate input format is always:

• (latitude, longitude)

Saved dataset files include both explicit coordinate layouts:

• coordinates and coordinates_latlon: (lat, lon)
• coordinates_lonlat: (lon, lat)
• separate latitude and longitude tensors/vectors

For .pt outputs, the metadata block records these conventions explicitly.

Installation

Prerequisites

• Python 3.10+
• pip
• optional CUDA GPU for faster geoclip / satclip

Setup

git clone https://github.com/crp94/geospatial_embeddings_wrapper.git
cd geospatial_embeddings_wrapper

python -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate

pip install -r requirements.txt

satclip/ is vendored in this repository already. You do not need to clone it separately.

Supported Encoders

Point-query CLI

scripts/get_embeddings.py currently supports:

• geoclip
• satclip

Example:

python scripts/get_embeddings.py \
  --lat 40.7128 34.0522 \
  --lon -74.0060 -118.2437 \
  --encoders geoclip satclip \
  --output embeddings.npz

Dataset Generator

scripts/generate_dataset.py supports:

• geoclip
• satclip
• copernicus_embed
• tessera
• google_satellite_embedding

Notes:

• geoclip and satclip are model-backed encoders
• copernicus_embed is TorchGeo-backed and auto-downloads its raster
• tessera can run through geotessera without a local root
• google_satellite_embedding can run against the public AEF annual index without a local root
• land-only behavior is enforced by this generator layer, not by every source dataset

Dataset Generation Examples

Generate a static 100k land-only dataset with the two model-backed encoders:

python scripts/generate_dataset.py \
  --n_points 100000 \
  --encoders geoclip satclip \
  --device cuda \
  --output_path outputs/example_static

Generate a 2024 land-only dataset for the 3 temporal/raster products:

python scripts/generate_dataset.py \
  --n_points 100000 \
  --encoders copernicus_embed tessera google_satellite_embedding \
  --years 2024 \
  --output_path outputs/example_2024

Generate the full 5-product set as separate runs:

python scripts/generate_dataset.py --n_points 500000 --encoders geoclip --device cuda --output_path outputs/land_only_500k/geoclip_land_500k
python scripts/generate_dataset.py --n_points 500000 --encoders satclip --device cuda --output_path outputs/land_only_500k/satclip_land_500k
python scripts/generate_dataset.py --n_points 500000 --encoders copernicus_embed --output_path outputs/land_only_500k/copernicus_land_500k
python scripts/generate_dataset.py --n_points 500000 --encoders tessera --years 2024 --output_path outputs/land_only_500k/tessera_land_500k
python scripts/generate_dataset.py --n_points 500000 --encoders google_satellite_embedding --years 2024 --output_path outputs/land_only_500k/google_satellite_embedding_land_500k

Generate CSV output without plots:

python scripts/generate_dataset.py \
  --n_points 50000 \
  --encoders geoclip \
  --output_format csv \
  --no_plot \
  --output_path outputs/geoclip_csv

Output Format

.pt output

Each saved dataset contains:

• metadata
• latitude
• longitude
• coordinates
• coordinates_latlon
• coordinates_lonlat
• one *_embeddings tensor per encoder

Example keys:

[
    "metadata",
    "latitude",
    "longitude",
    "coordinates",
    "coordinates_latlon",
    "coordinates_lonlat",
    "geoclip_embeddings",
]

metadata

The metadata block includes:

• selected encoders
• year
• number of points
• coordinate order declarations
• encoder-specific metadata such as embedding dimension and available years

Plots

When plotting is enabled, the generator writes:

• *_locations.png: sampled land coordinates
• *_<encoder>_ica.png: embeddings projected to RGB with ICA

The ICA fit is done on a capped subsample and transformed in batches, so large outputs remain tractable.

Temporal Products

The following products are temporal in this repo:

• tessera
• google_satellite_embedding

copernicus_embed is treated as a fixed annual product with reference year 2021.

If you pass --years, the generator creates one file per requested year:

python scripts/generate_dataset.py \
  --n_points 100000 \
  --encoders tessera google_satellite_embedding \
  --years 2023 2024 \
  --output_path outputs/temporal_pair

This produces:

• outputs/temporal_pair_2023.pt
• outputs/temporal_pair_2024.pt

Architecture

The shared encoder contract is defined in wrappers/embedding_encoder.py.

The main implementation split is:

• wrappers/geoclip_encoder.py
• wrappers/satclip_encoder.py
• wrappers/torchgeo_encoders.py
• wrappers/registry.py

Canonical encoder names and aliases are centralized in wrappers/registry.py.

Testing

Run the test suite with:

./.venv/bin/python -m unittest discover -s tests -v

Quick syntax check:

python3 -m py_compile scripts/generate_dataset.py wrappers/torchgeo_encoders.py tests/test_generate_dataset.py

Practical Notes

• Running the 5 encoders separately with the same --n_points does not produce the same coordinates, because the Fibonacci sampler is now randomized per run.
• If you need the exact same coordinates across multiple encoder outputs, add a fixed coordinate export/reuse workflow instead of relying on repeated sampling.
• geoclip and satclip are much faster than the large raster-backed products.
• tessera and google_satellite_embedding may need substantial network and disk activity on first use.
• google_satellite_embedding uses the public AEF annual index and remote GeoTIFF access.

Licensing Notes

Licensing is not uniform across the supported products.

• geoclip package: MIT
• satclip: MIT
• tessera embeddings in TorchGeo: CC0-1.0
• copernicus_embed: CC-BY-4.0
• google_satellite_embedding: CC-BY-4.0

For the CC-BY products, attribution is required.

Repository Layout

geospatial_embeddings_wrapper/
├── images/
├── outputs/
├── satclip/
├── scripts/
│   ├── generate_dataset.py
│   └── get_embeddings.py
├── tests/
├── wrappers/
│   ├── embedding_encoder.py
│   ├── geoclip_encoder.py
│   ├── satclip_encoder.py
│   ├── torchgeo_encoders.py
│   └── registry.py
├── README.md
└── requirements.txt