Welcome to the new tutorial on Unix, a beginner's guide to Unix. Let us learn/understand the essentials and basic concepts of the Unix Operating System with hands-on examples.
In this introductory Unix module will learn:
- What is the Operating System
- Unix Operating System
- Features of Unix
- Unix System Architecture
- Different variations/flavors of Unix
- Unix File System
- Unix Commands
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Hi All, I'm Dinanath Jayaswal, Senior UI/Web Developer and Adobe Certified Expert Professional, I wanna welcome you to the Introduction to Unix Operating System/Unix tutorial for Beginners.
This Course/Tutorial is ideal for:
- Freshers
- Intermediates
- Beginner Programmers
- Any Developer/Designer
By the end of this series, you will be able to understand:
- What is the Operating System
- Unix basics and advanced concepts
- Unix Architecture
- Unix Command usage
- Computer Basics
- Introduction to Operating System
- Introduction to Unix
- Unix Architecture
- Unix File System
- Unix Command
- 5.1. What is command? | Unix Command usage
- 5.2. Rules of using Unix Commands
- 5.3. Types of Unix Commands
- 5.4. cal
- 5.5. date
- 5.6. history
- 5.7. banner
- 5.8. who
- 5.9. fg
- 5.10. ls | Listing Files
- Unix vs Linux | Difference between Unix and Linux
- 6.1. What is Linux?
- 6.2. Unix vs Linux
- Introduction to Ubuntu | Getting started with Ubuntu
- 7.1. What is Ubuntu?
- 7.2. Features of Ubuntu
In this section, you will be able to understand the fundamentals of Operating Systems, its functions and various Operating Systems used in the world.
- OS (Operating System) is a set of programs/package acts as an intermediary/interface between computer software, end-user and computer hardware
- An operating system (OS) is a collection of
system softwarethat managescomputer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs - Programs which helps to manage/communicate between software and hardware (low-level software manages hardware by controlling the execution of programs)
- Core/brain/heart of machine's/device's software and provide an environment to execute programs
- OS (Operating System) controls the allocation of resources and services such as (Memory, Processor, Devices, Information, controlling attached devices/peripherals)
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Here is the list of important functions performed by an Operating System:
- Co-ordination between Software and Hardware
- Memory Management
- Device Management
- Processor Management
- Security
- Error detection
- Co-ordination between User and Software
- Control over system performance
- Task/Internal Job scheduling
- File Management
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Here are some popular and widely used Operating Systems (OS) - Some popular Operating Systems include:
- Unix
- DOS
- Microsoft Windows
- macOS (Apple mac)
- Linux (Unix clone)
- Android (Mobile OS)
- iOS (Apple Mobile OS - iPhone, iPad, iPod)
In this section, you will be able to understand the basic concepts-history of Unix operating systems, features of Unix, along with its comparison, similarities and difference between other Operating Systems in the market like MS-DOS and MS-Windows.
- Unix is developed by
Ken ThompsonandDennis RichieatAT&T Bell Laboratories Research Center, USAin the year1969 - Unix is multi-user, multi-tasking, and multi-processing, high-function, interactive Operating System
- Unix is terminal ie. command prompt based
Command Line Interface/Interpreter (CLI), UNIX system also have aGraphical User Interface (GUI)similar to Microsoft Windows which provides an easy to use environment - Initially, Unix was written in Assembly language, First Operating System is written in HLL ie. High-Level Language (C)
- Originally Unix is spelled as
UNICS (Uniplexed Information Computing System/Service) - Later Unix is re-written in
Clanguage and renamed asUnix - Some of Unix OS ie. distributions are Free (Open Source - Linux) and some are not free (license needed)
Mentioned below the features and capabilities supported by Unix Operating System:
- Multi-user capability
- Multi-tasking
- Multi-process
- Hierarchical File Structure / Hierarchical File System
- Open Source System
- Portability
- Programming Utility/Facility
- Communication Facility
- Security
- Tools and Utilities
- Piping (Pipes & Filters)
- Help Facility - Integrated Help
- Modularity
- Unix Shell
- Multi-user capability
- Multiple ie. many users can use the machine simultaneously supported via terminals/command prompt
- Multi-tasking
- Multiple programs can be run at a time
- Multi-process/Multi-processing
- Each user can execute multiple/many/several processes simultaneously
- Hierarchical Structure
- Unix directories/folders system are present like a tree structure to support, organize and maintain files
- Open Source System
- Some of Unix OS ie. distributions are Free (Open Source - Linux), users can modify source code as per needs and requirements
- Portability
- Unix allows users to transfer data/information/files/folders from one system to another
- Programming Utility/Facility
- Unix Shell can be used as a Programming/Scripting Language
- Communication Facility
- Communication between different users is possible by using/sharing some information
- Security
- Unix Operating System provides System-level security controlled by the system administrator and file-level security controlled by the owner of the file/folder
- Tools and Utilities
- Supports/provide many useful tools/software/utilities used for software development
- Piping
- The output of the current command can be used as an input of next command/process (last-current-next process/command can be linked/chained)
- Help Facility - Integrated Help
- Unix
mancommand is used to get/view any command help
- Unix
- Modularity
- Unix Operating System consists of multiple independent modules/programs/utilities which perform a specific task
- Unix Shell
- Unix Shell a command interpreter that helps to interact with Unix OS ie the Kernel. (Shell takes input/command from a user and executes programs-run command)
Similarity between Unix and MS-DOS:
Command Line Interface CLI/ Command Terminal Window / Command PromptI/O (Input Output)redirection conceptsHierarchical directorystructure (Root directory at the top)- Read-Write (RW) and execute permissions on files/folder
- Wildcard Character support
Similarity between Unix and MS-Windows:
Graphical User Interface (GUI)Multi-taskingOperating System- Built-in networking with
TCP/IPas the standard protocol
Difference between Unix and MS-DOS:
| Unix | MS-DOS |
|---|---|
Unix can have a GUI (Graphical User Interface) |
MS-DOS does not have a GUI, it is Terminal or Commands base, CLI (Command Line Interface) |
Unix is case-sensitive |
DOS is case-insensitive (NOT case sensitive) |
Unix is a Multi-User, Multi-Tasking and Multi-Process Operating System |
DOS is a Single-User, Single-Tasking and Single-Process Operating System |
Unix uses forward slashes (/) to separate directories |
DOS uses backslashes (\) to separate directories |
| Unix is mainly used in Servers | DOS is used in Embedded Systems |
| Unix OS uses concepts like Process priorities | DOS does NOT use concepts like Process priorities |
Unix has a Shell Script |
MS-DOS has a Batch files |
Difference between Unix and MS-Windows:
| Unix | MS-Windows |
|---|---|
Unix is a CUI (Command User Interface) OS, it can have GUI |
Windows is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) OS |
Unix is a Multi-User and Multi-Tasking OS |
MS-Windows is a Single-User and Multi-Tasking OS |
Unix is case-sensitive |
MS-Windows is case-insensitive (NOT case sensitive) |
Unix is NOT User friendly as it is not full of GUI (Graphical User Interface) |
Windows is User friendly as its fully GUI based |
Unix is free, Open Source, No license needed |
Windows is a licensed OS |
Unix supports programming facility |
Windows do not supports programming facility |
Unix file system is a Hierarchical Model |
Windows file system is a Flat Model |
Unix has a dumpty terminals (without HDD Hard Disk) |
Windows do not support dumpty terminals |
Unix is open source but has many/multiple vendors, who takes source code add models and create modules/variations/versions/distributions |
Windows have only one owner/vendor ie. Microsoft Corporation |
In this section, will get more information on different Unix flavors/variations/variety/version, Unix Architecture with Kernel and Shell.
There are many ie. different flavors/variations/variety/versions of UNIX available in the market, although they share common similarities. The most popular varieties of UNIX are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux, and macOS X:
| Vendor/Organization | Unix OS flavors/variations/variety |
|---|---|
| Amdahi Corporation | UTS |
| AT&T | Vr4, BSD Unix, DEC Unix, macOS X, SCO Unix |
| Compaq | Tru64Unix |
| HP | HP-UX |
| IBM | AIX |
| Microsoft | Xenix |
| Red Hat | Linux |
| SGI (Silicon Graphics) | TRIX |
| SCO (Santa Cruz Operation) | SCO Unix |
| Sun | Solaris |
| Ubuntu | |
| Fedoro | |
| Novell | |
| Xubuntu | |
| Kubuntu | |
| XandOS | |
| Lunar | |
| FreeBSD | |
An operating system is a collection of software, each designed for a specific function. Here is a basic block diagram of a Unix system Architecture-Structure:
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- The Hardware layer of the Unix Operating System controls the use of physical system resources, such as memory manager, process manager, disk drivers, devices, and so on
- The hardware consists of all input and output peripheral devices (RAM, HDD, CPU and so on)
The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts named as the Kernel, the Shell and the Programs:
- Kernel
- Shell
- Programs
- The kernel is the hub/heart/core of Unix Operating System
- Shell is an interface between a User/User application and Kernel
- Utility programs and applications are given by the user are handled in this layer
- The kernel is the hub/heart/core of Unix Operating System
- It acts as an interface between the Hardware and Shell layer
- It allocates the time and memory to the programs and handles the communications in response to the system calls
- Most of the tasks such as memory management, task scheduling, file management, and so on are performed by Kernel
- It manages external commands in Unix
- Manages system resources, and enforce the security scheme
- Manages the machine's memory and allocates it to each active/currently running process
- Manages processor interrupts, and takes care of error handling
- Schedules the work is done by the Central Processing Unit CPU and controls how processes are executed
- Manages the creation and terminations of processes, and the communication between processes
- Allocates and manages resources used by each user
- Allows user processes, including shell commands to run Kernel instructions
- Shell is an interface between a User/User application and Kernel
- Shell is the
command interpreter in Unix, it supports a Command Line Interface, and also allows scripting - It serves as the interface between the User and the Kernel, helps to interact with Unix OS ie the Kernel (Shell takes input/command from a user and executes programs-run command)
- The Shell is a Command Line Interface (CLI), As and when we type a command at the terminal, the shell interprets the command and calls the corresponding program
- The Shell layer processes the user request
- Shell uses standard syntax for all the commands
- It provides a rich set of commands
- Shell is an environment in which we can run our commands, programs and shell scripts
- A file
"/etc/shells"contains a list of all the Shells supported and available in the system
Different Shells available with most of the Unix variants/flavors: (Shell Types / Shell variants)
- Bourne shell (sh)
- C shell (csh)
- Korn shell (ksh)
- TelShell (wish)
- Bourne Again Shell (bash)
- Utility programs and applications are given by the user are handled in this layer
- The commands are themselves called as programs in Unix
- There are various commands and utilities which you can make use of in your day to day activities.
cp, mv, catandgrep, etc. - Data in Unix are organized into files and files are organized into directories which are further organized into a tree-like structure called as the
file system
This section will be discussing file management in Unix. We will dive deep into Unix File System - what exactly is the file? Unix file structure, types of files, along with directories and sub-directories.
All data in Unix is organized into files. All files are organized into directories. These directories are organized into a tree-like structure called the filesystem.
The file system is central to how Unix organizes information, and all the information that needs to be stored and retrieved uses the file system.
When you work with Unix - one way or another, you spend most of your time working with files. This tutorial will help you understand how to create and remove files, copy and rename them, create links to them, etc.
- The file is a
container for storing content, records or details, information Everything in Unix is considered as a File, including physical devices such as USB devices, CD Drives, DVD-ROMs, Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)and so on- Input and Output (I/O) devices are also considered to be files in Unix System
- Every file in the file system has a unique name with a
unique inode number - Files in the Unix system grouped into directories, same as folders in Windows environment
- On a Unix system, everything is a file, if something is not a file - it is a
process - File attributes are kept in a separate location in the disk, example - programs, services, texts, images and so on
Directory or Folder within a directory is called a Sub-directoryEach directory can contain multiple directories/folders (called as sub-directories/sub-folders) and/or files (tree structure)- In the Unix/Linux operating system, a directory is also a file containing the names of other files
- The structure of directories having sub-directories along with files are called as tree recursive structure
- All type of operations are possible for directories and files such as create, delete, copy, move, link, print, spit, and so on
- A directory can be a file, but a file cannot be a directory since the file contains the information/records (metadata) and directory contains sub-directories and files
Data in Unix are organized into files and the files are further organized into directories.
The main file types in UNIX are (In Unix, there are three basic types of files):
- Regular or Ordinary File
- Directory file
- Device or Special File
- Raw or Character Device File
- Block File
- Named Pipes or FIFO
- Link
- Socket
Regular or Ordinary File
An ordinary or Regular Files is a file on the system that contains data, text, or program instructions/executable programs- Executable programs are the commands (
ls,pwd) or scripts (a.sh,setup.sh) that we enter on the prompt - Data can be anything, there is
no specific format enforcedin the way data is being stored - Ordinary Files contain
ASCII (human-readable)text, executable program binaries, program data, and much more information - A regular file is the one that is not a directory or link, It is called as
regularsince there is nothing special about it - Directories are organized into a tree-like structure called
files system - Regular files can be
visualized as the leaves in the Unix tree
Directory file
- Directories are files that
contain other files and sub-directories - Directories store both special and ordinary files, For Windows or Mac OS users, Unix directories are equivalent to folders (Directories are just like folders in Windows operating system)
- Directories are used to organize the data by keeping closely related files all at the same place
- Kernel alone can write the directory file. When a file is added or deleted from the directory, the kernel will make an entry
- A directory is a binary file used to track and locate other files and directories
- The binary format is used so that directories containing large numbers of filenames can be searched quickly
- In a directory file, we cannot directly keep contents, records, or any information
- A directory file can be
visualized as a branch of the Unix tree
Device or Special File
- Device or special files
represent the physical devices - They are used for the device I/O on Unix and Linux systems (external USB drives)
- They appear in the file system just like an ordinary file or a directory
- This type of files allow access to various devices known to the system
- Some special files provide access to hardware such as CD-ROM drives, Tape, Disc/Hard drives, Players, Modems, Ethernet Adapters, Network Interfaces, Scanners, Printers, Terminals and so on
- Other special files are similar to aliases or shortcuts and enable you to access a single file using different names
- When a process writes to a special file, the data is sent to the physical device associated with it
- Special files are not exactly files but are pointers that point to the device drivers located in the kernel
- Protection applicable to files are also applicable for physical devices
Raw or Character Device File
- When a character special file is used to the device I/O,
data is transferred one character at a time - This type of access is called raw device access and is present in
/dev - Provides a serial stream of input or output
- Example -
Terminals
Block File
- Block special file is used for the device I/O,
data is transferred in large fixed-sized blocks - These files are hardware files, most of which are present in
/dev
Named Pipes or FIFO
- The pipe is also called as
Named PipeorFIFO (First In First Out) - Pipes represent one of the simpler forms of Unix Inter-Process Communication
- The purpose of
Pipeis to connect I/O of two Unix processes accessing the pipe, one of the processes uses it for output while the other one uses it for input
Link
- it is used for
referencing some other file of the filesystem along with the path to the referenced file - They are either directory or regular file
Socket
- A socket file is used to
pass information between applications for communication purpose - We can create a socket file by using
socket()system call - A UNIX socket also called
IPC socket (Inter-Process Communication socket), is a special file that allows for advanced Inter-Process Communication - It is similar to network stream/sockets, and all the transactions are local to the filesystem
Given below is a table that lists the character representation for each type of files:
| Representation | File Type |
|---|---|
| - | Ordinary or Regular file |
| D | Directory |
| C | Character Special File |
| B | Block special File |
| L | Symbolic link |
| P | Named pipe |
| S | Socket |
File types can be determined by using a `file` command
Syntax: $ file filename,
$ file *
ALIPL1008:resources dinanath$ file _1_html-proforma.html
_1_html-proforma.html: HTML document text, ASCII text
ALIPL1008:resources dinanath$ file *
_1_html-proforma.html: HTML document text, ASCII text
_1_notes-proforma.md: ASCII text
agile: directory
bootstrap: directory
cloud-computing: directory
devops: directory
File/Directory has a name by which it is identified on the system
Given below are the general rules to be followed for naming a file or a directory:
- The length of a filename should be upto
255 characters/byteswith combinations of any characters or numbers without givin space or tab- File and directory name should not contain any special characters as mentioned below:
- List of special characters not allowed/used in file/directory naming convensions:
~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) [ ] + = { } | [ ] \ < > ? , . / ; ' : " Dash -orUnderscore _symbol is used to separate logical wordsexample: file-name.txt, file_name.txt
DOT .symbol is used to separate a file type extension/the last name- File names are case-sensitive, so it can be with the upper case as well as lower case
- A file or a directory name should not be any UNIX command name
- The filename starts with a
DOT .will be a hidden file - File names must be unique inside the directory
- Files and directories should be arranged hierarchically as per the requirements in a tree like-structure
- List of special characters not allowed/used in file/directory naming convensions:
- File and directory name should not contain any special characters as mentioned below:
Following are the terms used in a directory:
- Root Directory
- Home Directory
- Current or Present Directory
- The parent or Previous Directory
Root Directory
Root Directory is the apex/origin directory- In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, the root directory is the
first or top-most directory in a hierarchy - The root directory is a topmost directory, no directory exists above the root directory
- It is represented by
forward slash /symbol
Home Directory
It is the base or login directory provided to the userName of a home directory is usually same the user's login name (login id or user name)- It is the directory on Unix-like operating systems that serves as the repository for a user's personal files, directories, and programs
- Every user has a home directory
- In environment variables,
$HOMEis used for displaying the path of the home directory - Home Directory is represented by
tilde ~symbol
Current or Present Directory
- Current or Present Directory is a directory in which a
user is currently working in - Command
pwdis used for displaying the current directory path
Parent or Previous Directory
- The parent or previous directory is
one level higher than the current directory - Every directory has a present directory expect the root directory
- It is represented by
two executive dots ..symbol - Command
cd ..is used to go to one level up ie Parent or Previous Directory
- Absolute/Full Path
- Relative/Reference Path
Absolute/Full Path
- The pathname that
starts with the root directory/is called Absolute/Full Path (it starts withc:/,d:/or so on, its hardcoded/static full path)
Relative/Reference Path
- Relative path name
begins with the current directory or home directory - A relative path can begin with
..or.for the current directory (its reference path from current directory/location)
This section will discuss about UNIX commands - what is a command?, what structure we need to follow while using some of the basic Unix commands. Also will see and use some basic/essential Unix commands:
- In Unix, a command is a
program that can be executed/run - Basic step is:
Type any Unix commandand thenPress Enter key - For Windows and MAC operating system we can resembles command like a
point to the program icon that needs to run by double-clicking on it
- Unix command may or may not have arguments or parameter (extra options provided with the command)
- An argument can be an option or a filename
- All Unix commands always must be entered in
small case letters (lower case letters) - The general format for a Unix command is:
command options(s) filename(s) - The option is usually preceded by a
dash OR minus OR -sign - Two or more options available with a command can be combined easily, like this:
ls -l -a OR ls -la - There must be a space or tab between the command name and options
Here is a type of Unix Commands:
- Simple Command
- Complex Command
- Compound Command
Simple Command
- A simple command is a
common commandthat can be executed by providing the command name in the command prompt - Example:
date,cal,who
Complex Command
- A Complex command consists of a
command name with a list of arguments that together acts as a single command - Example:
who am i
Compound Command
- A Compound Command consists of a
list of simple and/or complex commands separated by command separator, semicolon (;)which indicates where does a command end and begin - Example:
date; who am i; cal
cal=calendar- The
calcommand/utilitydisplays a simple calendar in a traditional format - cal command is used to display the current month's calendar
- The
ncalcommand offers an alternative layout, more options and the date of Easter - Example:
- command:
cal 3 2020displays the calendar of month March 2020 - command:
cal -ydisplays calendar for complete/entire year
- command:
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ cal
April 2020
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ ncal
April 2020
Mo 6 13 20 27
Tu 7 14 21 28
We 1 8 15 22 29
Th 2 9 16 23 30
Fr 3 10 17 24
Sa 4 11 18 25
Su 5 12 19 26
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ cal 3 2020
March 2020
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
- date command disp
lay date in different formats and/or set system date and time - The date utility displays the date and time read from the kernel clock
- When used to set the date and time, both the kernel clock and the hardware clock are updated
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ date
Sun Apr 26 18:59:56 IST 2020
historycommand displays the history ie.list of the commands used/executed previously/in the past with line numbers- The option
-cclears the history list by deleting all the entries
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ history
9 git status
10 git pull qa
11 git pull origin qa
12 git status
13 git pull origin qa
14 clear
bannercommandprints a high-resolution text banner on the system console or printer- Banner prints a large, high-quality banner on the standard output
- The output should be printed on paper of the appropriate width, with no breaks between the pages
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ banner WELCOME
- The
whocommanddisplay the user details who is logged in whocommanddisplays data about all the users who have currently logged into the system- The who utility
displays a list of all users currently logged on, showing for each user the login name, tty name, the date and time of login, and hostname if not local who am icommand displays the effectiveusername of the current user
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ who
dinanath console Apr 6 18:06
dinanath ttys001 Apr 27 20:33
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ who am i
dinanath ttys001 Apr 27 20:33
- The
fgcommand is used tostop/cancel all the jobs running in the terminal (in the background) - Usually,
fgcommand is used just beforeexitcommand (so that all unwanted jobs canceled and one can exit from terminal easily) - If
exitcommand responds with the message"There are stopped jobs"than it is advisable to enterfgcommand and then again enterexitcommand to get out of command window/terminal/prompt/bash
lscommand is used to list the files and directories stored in the current directory
Here is the sample output of the ls command:
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ ls
Applications Downloads Music VirtualBox VMs
Desktop Library Pictures mongo
Documents Movies Public mongo-data
The command ls supports the -l option which helps you to get more information about the listed files
ALIPL1008:~ dinanath$ ls -l
total 192
drwxr-xr-x 15 dinanath staff 480 Jun 16 2019 _examples-angular6-1-demo
drwxr-xr-x 37 dinanath staff 1184 Jun 14 2019 _images_angular7
-rw-r--r--@ 1 dinanath staff 95050 Jul 23 2019 _notes_angular7.md
In this section/module will find head to head differences and similarities between Unix and Linux
- Linux OS is built by
Linus Torvaldsin the year 1991 - The name
Linuxassigned/came from theLinux Kernel - Linux is an open-source, free to use (Community Developed) operating system widely used for Computer Hardware and Software, Game Development, Tablet PCs, Mainframe computers, etc.
- Linux is replica or duplicate of Unix but does not use the actual source code of Unix
| Unix | Linux |
|---|---|
| Use: The Unix OS can be used at Internet Servers, Workstations and PCs |
Linux is used by Everyone! from Home users to developers and computer enthusiasts like as Linux can be installed easily on any devices |
| Development and Distribution: Unix systems are mostly developed by AT&T (Bell Laboratories) and various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations |
Linux is developed by Open Source development community and distributed by various vendors |
| Architecture: Unix is available on PA-RISC and Itanium machines |
Originally developed for Intel's x86 hardware, ports available for several CPU types |
| Processor: Unix supports x86/x64, Sparc, Power, Itanium, PA-RISC, PowerPC, and many others |
Linux has a wider variety of processors! Several kinds of processors are used |
| File System Support / Supported File Types: Unix supports: jfs, gpfs, hfs, hfs+, ufs, xfs, zfs and vsfs file formats/systems |
Linux supports: xfs, nfs, ufs, Ex2 to Ex4, jfs, ReiserFS and NTFS etc |
| Shell Interface: Unix originally made to work in BASH (Bourne Again SHell), supports multiple command interpreters |
Linux originally made to work in BASH (Bourne Again SHell), Now it is compatible with many including BASH, Karn and C |
| GUI Graphical User Interface: Unix initially was a Command based OS, but now it also comes with GUI knows as Common Desktop Environment and Gnome |
Linx provides two GUIs like KDE and Gnome, But have many such as LXDE, Xfce, Unity, Mate, TWM etc. |
| License and Pricing: Different flavors of Unix have different cost/pricing structures as per the vendors |
Linux is freely distributed and downloaded through varieties of Magazines, Books and websites, etc. There are some paid versions also but pretty cheaper than windows OS |
Ubuntuis one of the popular and widely used variant/variety of UnixUbuntu Linuxis one of the flavors of the Linux Operating SystemUbuntuis a free Operating System which can run on PC or Laptop instead of Windows or OSX- It is pretty safe, hugely powerful fun and open-source Operating System
- The
Ubuntuis an ancient Zulu and Xhosa word which meansHumanity to others - The word
Ubuntuhas its origin in theBantulanguage ofSouth Africa
- It is free and open source
- It is easy to install and use
- It looks beautiful and stylish
- It is faster on modern computers with high-end configuration (as it requires less amount of resources)
- It is no major viruses, so it is pretty safe ie. secure
- Ubuntu is updated every six months with extra features and utilities
- It easily integrates with the existing network
- Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution