EEP 78: Multi-valued comprehensions

eeps/eep-0078.md

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+    Author: Michał Muskała <micmus(at)whatsapp(dot)com>
+    Status: Draft
+    Type: ...
+    Created: 16-12-2024
+    Erlang-Version: ...
+    Post-History: ...
+****
+EEP 78: Multi-valued comprehensions
+----
+
+Abstract
+========
+
+This EEP proposes enhancing the comprehension syntax to allow emitting multiple
+elements in a single iteration of the comprehension loop - effectively enhancing
+comprehensions to implement `flatmap` with a fixed number of elements.
+
+Rationale
+=========
+
+Comprehensions in Erlang are a very flexible and convinent way of implementing many
+iteration and looping patterns. However, there are some cases that end up unergonomic,
+notably, and where the scope of this EEP is, where we'd like to emit multiple elements
+from a single iteration.
+
+Existing forms of expressing this are awkward and introduce extra, unnecessary allocations.
+For example:
+
+    lists:append([[X + 1, X + 2] || X <- Xs]
+    [Tmp || X <- Xs, Tmp <- [X + 1, X + 2]]
+
+Both of those ways end up creating an extra allocation of a temporary 2-element list, introducing
+inefficiency, as well as are, arguably, harder to understand than necessary introducing extra function
+calls or variables.
+
+This EEP proposes enhancing comprehensions with the ability to do so using a very natural
+syntax extension of the existing comprehension syntax. In particular for list and map
+comprehensions:
+
+    [X + 1, X + 2, ... || X <- Xs]
+
+    #{K + 1 => V + 1, K + 2 => V + 2, ... || K := V <- Map}
+
+The semantics of map comprehensions where multiple keys in the same iteration would end up
+with the same value, should be the same as if the keys were emitted in subsequent iterations.
+
+Binary comprehensions already support this, and thus there's no enhancement to their syntax
+suggested in this EEP, for example:
+
+    << <<(X + 1), (X + 2)>> || <<X>> <= Bin>>.
+
+Parsing & Abstract Forms
+==============
+
+Today, the [comprehension abstract forms](https://www.erlang.org/doc/apps/erts/absform.html#expressions) are defined as:
+
+- If `E` is a list comprehension `[E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k]`, where each `Q_i` is a
+  qualifier, then `Rep(E) = {lc,ANNO,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}`. For
+  `Rep(Q)`, see below.
+- If `E` is a map comprehension `#{E_0 || Q_1, ..., Q_k}`, where `E_0` is an
+  association `K => V` and each `Q_i` is a qualifier, then `Rep(E) =
+  {mc,ANNO,Rep(E_0),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}`. For `Rep(E_0)` and `Rep(Q)`, see
+  below.
+
+This EEP proposes to change the representation, in a fairly backwards-compatible way
+to include the representation of `E_0` directly, if there's just one element emitted,
+or a list of elements, if there's more than one. This slightly complicates the implementation
+(vs always emitting a list), but retains backwards-compatibility of the AST for code that
+exists today. As such, the definition after the changes would read:
+
+- If `E` is a list comprehension `[E_0, ..., E_k || Q_1, ..., Q_k]`, where each `Q_i` is a
+  qualifier, then `Rep(E) = {lc,ANNO,Rep(Es),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}`. `Rep(Es) = Rep(E_0)`,
+  if there's just one expression or `Rep(Es) = [Rep(E_0), ..., Rep(E_k)]` if there's many. For
+  `Rep(Q)`, see below.
+- If `E` is a map comprehension `#{E_0, ..., E_k || Q_1, ..., Q_k}`, where `E_i` is an
+  association `K => V` and each `Q_i` is a qualifier, then `Rep(E) =
+  {mc,ANNO,Rep(Es),[Rep(Q_1), ..., Rep(Q_k)]}`. `Rep(Es) = Rep(E_0)`,
+  if there's just one expression or `Rep(Es) = [Rep(E_0), ..., Rep(E_k)]` if there's many.
+  For `Rep(E_0)` and `Rep(Q)`, see below.
+
+For example the following expressions:
+
+    [X || X <- Xs]
+    [X, X || X <- Xs]
+    #{K => V || K := V <- Map}
+    #{K => V, K => V || K := V <- Map}
+
+Would have the following representations (where `_` is substituted for corresponding `Anno` values):
+
+    {lc,_,{var,_,'X'},[{generate,_,{var,_,'X'},{var,_,'Xs'}}]}
+    {lc,_,[{var,_,'X'},{var,_,'X'}],[{generate,_,{var,_,'X'},{var,_,'Xs'}}]}
+    {mc,_,{map_field_assoc,_,{var,_,'K'},{var,_,'V'}},[
+        {m_generate,_,{map_field_exact,_,{var,_,'K'},{var,_,'V'}},{var,_,'Map'}}}}
+    ]}
+    {mc,_,[{map_field_assoc,_,{var,_,'K'},{var,_,'V'}},{map_field_assoc,_,{var,_,'K'},{var,_,'V'}}],[
+        {m_generate,_,{map_field_exact,_,{var,_,'K'},{var,_,'V'}},{var,_,'Map'}}}}
+    ]}
+
+Backwards compatibility
+========================
+
+For code that does not use this new feature, nothing changes. For code that uses this new feature
+parse transforms or any tools using abstract forms, would need to be updated.
+
+Reference Implementation
+========================
+
+https://github.com/erlang/otp/pull/9374
+
+Copyright
+=========
+
+This document is placed in the public domain or under the CC0-1.0-Universal
+license, whichever is more permissive.