✨ Support bytes in Options and Arguments

docs/tutorial/parameter-types/bytes.md

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+# Bytes
+
+You can declare `bytes` for CLI arguments and options.
+
+By default, `bytes` are created by encoding the input string with UTF-8 (the same as Python's default for `str.encode()`), but you can configure the encoding and error handling.
+
+## Default UTF-8 encoding
+
+This example declares a `bytes` argument using the default UTF-8 encoding:
+
+{* docs_src/parameter_types/bytes/tutorial001.py *}
+
+Try it with non-ASCII characters and you will get UTF-8 encoded bytes.
+
+## Custom encoding on Argument
+
+You can set a specific encoding for a `bytes` argument:
+
+{* docs_src/parameter_types/bytes/tutorial002.py hl[4] *}
+
+Here the argument is configured with `encoding="latin-1"`, so the command line input will be encoded accordingly.
+
+## Custom encoding and errors on Option
+
+You can also configure a `bytes` option with a specific encoding and error handling mode:
+
+{* docs_src/parameter_types/bytes/tutorial003.py hl[4] *}
+
+The `errors` parameter supports the same values as Python's `str.encode()` (e.g. `"strict"`, `"ignore"`, `"replace"`).
+
+## Primary use case
+
+The goal of supporting `bytes` is to let you write a single function that works both:
+
+- Inside Typer: when called as a CLI, Typer parses command line input and converts it to `bytes` using the configured `encoding`/`errors`.
+- Outside Typer: when called as regular Python code, you can pass `bytes` directly, without any CLI parsing involved.
+
+This keeps your function reusable in both contexts while giving you control over how CLI text inputs are converted to `bytes`.

docs_src/parameter_types/bytes/tutorial001.py

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+import typer
+
+
+def main(data: bytes):
+    # Default encoding is UTF-8
+    print(f"Bytes: {data!r}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    typer.run(main)

docs_src/parameter_types/bytes/tutorial002.py

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+import typer
+
+
+def main(data: bytes = typer.Argument(..., encoding="latin-1")):
+    # Argument configured to use latin-1
+    print(f"Bytes (latin-1): {data!r}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    typer.run(main)

docs_src/parameter_types/bytes/tutorial003.py

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+import typer
+
+
+def main(token: bytes = typer.Option(..., encoding="ascii", errors="replace")):
+    # Option configured with ascii encoding and errors=replace
+    print(f"Token: {token!r}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    typer.run(main)

examples/bytes_encoding_example.py

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+import base64
+import binascii
+
+import typer
+
+app = typer.Typer()
+
+
+@app.command()
+def base64_encode(text: bytes):
+    """Encode text to base64."""
+    encoded = base64.b64encode(text)
+    typer.echo(f"Original: {text!r}")
+    typer.echo(f"Base64 encoded: {encoded.decode()}")
+
+
+@app.command()
+def base64_decode(encoded: str):
+    """Decode base64 to bytes."""
+    try:
+        decoded = base64.b64decode(encoded)
+        typer.echo(f"Base64 encoded: {encoded}")
+        typer.echo(f"Decoded: {decoded!r}")
+        typer.echo(f"As string: {decoded.decode(errors='replace')}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        typer.echo(f"Error decoding base64: {e}", err=True)
+        raise typer.Exit(code=1) from e
+
+
+@app.command()
+def hex_encode(data: bytes):
+    """Convert bytes to hex string."""
+    hex_str = binascii.hexlify(data).decode()
+    typer.echo(f"Original: {data!r}")
+    typer.echo(f"Hex encoded: {hex_str}")
+
+
+@app.command()
+def hex_decode(hex_str: str):
+    """Convert hex string to bytes."""
+    try:
+        data = binascii.unhexlify(hex_str)
+        typer.echo(f"Hex encoded: {hex_str}")
+        typer.echo(f"Decoded: {data!r}")
+        typer.echo(f"As string: {data.decode(errors='replace')}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        typer.echo(f"Error decoding hex: {e}", err=True)
+        raise typer.Exit(code=1) from e
+
+
+@app.command()
+def convert(
+    data: bytes = typer.Argument(..., help="Data to convert"),
+    from_format: str = typer.Option(
+        "raw", "--from", "-f", help="Source format: raw, base64, or hex"
+    ),
+    to_format: str = typer.Option(
+        "base64", "--to", "-t", help="Target format: raw, base64, or hex"
+    ),
+):
+    """Convert between different encodings."""
+    # First decode from source format to raw bytes
+    raw_bytes = data
+    if from_format == "base64":
+        try:
+            raw_bytes = base64.b64decode(data)
+        except Exception as e:
+            typer.echo(f"Error decoding base64: {e}", err=True)
+            raise typer.Exit(code=1) from e
+    elif from_format == "hex":
+        try:
+            raw_bytes = binascii.unhexlify(data)
+        except Exception as e:
+            typer.echo(f"Error decoding hex: {e}", err=True)
+            raise typer.Exit(code=1) from e
+    elif from_format != "raw":
+        typer.echo(f"Unknown source format: {from_format}", err=True)
+        raise typer.Exit(code=1)
+
+    # Then encode to target format
+    if to_format == "raw":
+        typer.echo(f"Raw bytes: {raw_bytes!r}")
+        typer.echo(f"As string: {raw_bytes.decode(errors='replace')}")
+    elif to_format == "base64":
+        encoded = base64.b64encode(raw_bytes).decode()
+        typer.echo(f"Base64 encoded: {encoded}")
+    elif to_format == "hex":
+        encoded = binascii.hexlify(raw_bytes).decode()
+        typer.echo(f"Hex encoded: {encoded}")
+    else:
+        typer.echo(f"Unknown target format: {to_format}", err=True)
+        raise typer.Exit(code=1)
+
+
+@app.command()
+def convert_latin1(
+    data: bytes = typer.Argument(
+        ..., help="Data to convert (latin-1)", encoding="latin-1"
+    ),
+    from_format: str = typer.Option(
+        "raw", "--from", "-f", help="Source format: raw, base64, or hex"
+    ),
+    to_format: str = typer.Option(
+        "base64", "--to", "-t", help="Target format: raw, base64, or hex"
+    ),
+):
+    """Convert using latin-1 input decoding for the bytes argument."""
+    # Reuse the same logic as convert()
+    raw_bytes = data
+    if from_format == "base64":
+        try:
+            raw_bytes = base64.b64decode(data)
+        except Exception as e:
+            typer.echo(f"Error decoding base64: {e}", err=True)
+            raise typer.Exit(code=1) from e
+    elif from_format == "hex":
+        try:
+            raw_bytes = binascii.unhexlify(data)
+        except Exception as e:
+            typer.echo(f"Error decoding hex: {e}", err=True)
+            raise typer.Exit(code=1) from e
+    elif from_format != "raw":
+        typer.echo(f"Unknown source format: {from_format}", err=True)
+        raise typer.Exit(code=1)
+
+    if to_format == "raw":
+        typer.echo(f"Raw bytes: {raw_bytes!r}")
+        typer.echo(f"As string: {raw_bytes.decode(errors='replace')}")
+    elif to_format == "base64":
+        encoded = base64.b64encode(raw_bytes).decode()
+        typer.echo(f"Base64 encoded: {encoded}")
+    elif to_format == "hex":
+        encoded = binascii.hexlify(raw_bytes).decode()
+        typer.echo(f"Hex encoded: {encoded}")
+    else:
+        typer.echo(f"Unknown target format: {to_format}", err=True)
+        raise typer.Exit(code=1)
+
+
+@app.command()
+def option_ascii_replace(
+    payload: bytes = typer.Option(
+        ...,
+        "--payload",
+        help="Bytes option encoded with ascii and errors=replace",
+        encoding="ascii",
+        errors="replace",
+    ),
+):
+    """Demonstrate bytes option with ascii encoding and errors=replace."""
+    typer.echo(f"Option bytes: {payload!r}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    app()

examples/bytes_type_example.py

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+import base64
+
+import typer
+
+app = typer.Typer()
+
+
+@app.command()
+def encode(text: bytes):
+    """Encode text to base64."""
+    encoded = base64.b64encode(text)
+    typer.echo(f"Original: {text!r}")
+    typer.echo(f"Encoded: {encoded.decode()}")
+
+
+@app.command()
+def decode(encoded: str):
+    """Decode base64 to bytes."""
+    decoded = base64.b64decode(encoded)
+    typer.echo(f"Encoded: {encoded}")
+    typer.echo(f"Decoded: {decoded!r}")
+
+
+@app.command()
+def echo_default(
+    name: bytes = typer.Argument(..., help="Name as bytes (default UTF-8)"),
+):
+    """Echo bytes with default UTF-8 encoding."""
+    typer.echo(f"Default UTF-8 bytes: {name!r}")
+
+
+@app.command()
+def echo_latin1(
+    name: bytes = typer.Argument(
+        ..., encoding="latin-1", help="Name as bytes (latin-1)"
+    ),
+):
+    """Echo bytes with latin-1 encoding for the argument."""
+    typer.echo(f"Latin-1 bytes: {name!r}")
+
+
+@app.command()
+def option_ascii_replace(
+    token: bytes = typer.Option(
+        ...,
+        "--token",
+        encoding="ascii",
+        errors="replace",
+        help="Token as bytes (ascii, errors=replace)",
+    ),
+):
+    """Option demonstrating ascii encoding with errors=replace."""
+    typer.echo(f"Option bytes: {token!r}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    app()

mkdocs.yml

@@ -113,6 +113,8 @@ nav:
           - tutorial/parameter-types/enum.md
           - tutorial/parameter-types/path.md
           - tutorial/parameter-types/file.md
+          - tutorial/parameter-types/bytes.md
+
           - tutorial/parameter-types/custom-types.md
       - SubCommands - Command Groups:
           - tutorial/subcommands/index.md