C - Binary trees

This was a partner project (but I chose to do it alone to avoid some recent inconveniences I encountered with a former partner) in which I learned about the details, advantages and disadvantages of using trees as data structures. I learned about how to qualify trees as well as how to traverse them. Throughout the project, I implemented binary, binary search, AVL, and Max Binary Heap trees.

Helper File 🙌

• binary_tree_print.c: C function that prints binary trees in a pretty way.

Header File 📁

• binary_trees.h: Header file containing definitions and prototypes for all types and functions written for the project.

Data Structures

struct binary_tree_s
{
    int n;
    struct binary_tree_s *parent;
    struct binary_tree_s *left;
    struct binary_tree_s *right;
};

typedef struct binary_tree_s binary_tree_t;
typedef struct binary_tree_s bst_t;
typedef struct binary_tree_s avl_t;
typedef struct binary_tree_s heap_t;

Function Prototypes

File	Prototype
binary_tree_print.c	void binary_tree_print(const binary_tree_t *tree)
0-binary_tree_node.c	binary_tree_t *binary_tree_node(binary_tree_t *parent, int value);
1-binary_tree_insert_left.c	binary_tree_t *binary_tree_insert_left(binary_tree_t *parent, int value);
2-binary_tree_insert_right.c	binary_tree_t *binary_tree_insert_right(binary_tree_t *parent, int value);
3-binary_tree_delete.c	void binary_tree_delete(binary_tree_t *tree);
4-binary_tree_is_leaf.c	int binary_tree_is_leaf(const binary_tree_t *node);
5-binary_tree_is_root.c	int binary_tree_is_root(const binary_tree_t *node);
6-binary_tree_preorder.c	void binary_tree_preorder(const binary_tree_t *tree, void (*func)(int));
7-binary_tree_inorder.c	void binary_tree_inorder(const binary_tree_t *tree, void (*func)(int));
8-binary_tree_postorder.c	void binary_tree_postorder(const binary_tree_t *tree, void (*func)(int));
9-binary_tree_height.c	size_t binary_tree_height(const binary_tree_t *tree);
10-binary_tree_depth.c	size_t binary_tree_depth(const binary_tree_t *tree);
11-binary_tree_size.c	size_t binary_tree_size(const binary_tree_t *tree);
12-binary_tree_leaves.c	size_t binary_tree_leaves(const binary_tree_t *tree);
13-binary_tree_nodes.c	size_t binary_tree_nodes(const binary_tree_t *tree);
14-binary_tree_balance.c	int binary_tree_balance(const binary_tree_t *tree);
15-binary_tree_is_full.c	int binary_tree_is_full(const binary_tree_t *tree);
16-binary_tree_is_perfect.c	int binary_tree_is_perfect(const binary_tree_t *tree);
17-binary_tree_sibling.c	binary_tree_t *binary_tree_sibling(binary_tree_t *node);
18-binary_tree_uncle.c	binary_tree_t *binary_tree_uncle(binary_tree_t *node);
100-binary_trees_ancestor.c	binary_tree_t *binary_trees_ancestor(const binary_tree_t *first, const binary_tree_t *second);
101-binary_tree_levelorder.c	void binary_tree_levelorder(const binary_tree_t *tree, void (*func)(int));
102-binary_tree_is_complete.c	int binary_tree_is_complete(const binary_tree_t *tree);
103-binary_tree_rotate_left.c	binary_tree_t *binary_tree_rotate_left(binary_tree_t *tree);
104-binary_tree_rotate_right.c	binary_tree_t *binary_tree_rotate_right(binary_tree_t *tree);
110-binary_tree_is_bst.c	int binary_tree_is_bst(const binary_tree_t *tree);
111-bst_insert.c	bst_t *bst_insert(bst_t **tree, int value);
112-array_to_bst.c	bst_t *array_to_bst(int *array, size_t size);
113-bst_search.c	bst_t *bst_search(const bst_t *tree, int value);
114-bst_remove.c	bst_t *bst_remove(bst_t *root, int value);
120-binary_tree_is_avl.c	int binary_tree_is_avl(const binary_tree_t *tree);
121-avl_insert.c	avl_t *avl_insert(avl_t **tree, int value);
122-array_to_avl.c	avl_t *array_to_avl(int *array, size_t size);

Tasks 📃

• 0. New node

  • 0-binary_tree_node.c: C function that creates a binary tree node with a given parent and value.
  • Returns a pointer to the new node, or NULL on failure.

• 1. Insert left

  • 1-binary_tree_insert: C function that inserts a node as the left-child of another.
  • Returns a pointer to the new node, or NULL on failure.
  • If the given parent already contains a left node, the new node takes its place and the old left-child becomes the left-child of the new node.

• 2. Insert right

  • 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c: C function that inserts a node as the right-child of another.
  • Returns a pointer to the new node, or NULL on failure.
  • If the given parent already contains a right node, the new node takes its place and the old right-child becomes the right-child of the new node.

• 3. Delete

  • 3-binary_tree_delete.c: C function that deletes an entire binary tree.

• 4. Is leaf

  • 4-binary_tree_is_leaf.c: C function that checks if a given node is a leaf.
  • Returns 1 if the node is a leaf, 0 otherwise.

• 5. Is root

  • 5-binary_tree_is_root.c: C function that checks if a given node is a root.
  • Returns 1 if the node is a root, 0 otherwise.

• 6. Pre-order traversal

  • 6-binary_tree_preorder.c: C function that traverses a tree using pre-order traversal.

• 7. In-order traversal

  • 7-binary_tree_inorder.c: C function that traverses a tree using in-order traversal.

• 8. Post-order traversal

  • 8-binary_tree_postorder.c: C function that traverses a tree using post-order traversal.

• 9. Height

  • 9-binary_tree_height.c: C function that returns the height of a binary tree.

• 10. Depth

  • 10-binary_tree_depth.c: C function that returns the depth of a given node in a binary tree.

• 11. Size

  • 11-binary_tree_size.c: C function that returns the size of a binary tree.

• 12. Leaves

  • 12-binary_tree_leaves.c: C function that returns the number of leaves in a binary tree.

• 13. Nodes

  • 13-binary_tree_nodes.c: C function that returns the number of nodes in a binary tree with at least one child.

• 14. Balance factor

  • 14-binary_tree_balance.c: C function that returns the balance factor of a binary tree.

• 15. Is full

  • 15-binary_tree_is_full.c: C function that checks if a binary tree is full.
  • Returns 1 if a tree is full, 0 otherwise.

• 16. Is perfect

  • 16-binary_tree_is_perfect.c: C function that checks if a binary tree is perfect.
  • Returns 1 if a tree is perfect, 0 otherwise.

• 17. Sibling

  • 17-binary_tree_sibling.c: C function that returns a pointer to the sibling of a given node in a binary tree.
  • Returns NULL if no sibling is found.

• 18. Uncle

  • 18-binary_tree_uncle.c: C function that returns a pointer to the uncle of a given node in a binary tree.
  • Returns NULL if no uncle is found.

• 19. Lowest common ancestor

  • 100-binary_trees_ancestor.c: C function that returns a pointer to the lowest common ancestor node of two given nodes in a binary tree.
  • Returns NULL if no common ancestor is found.

• 20. Level-order traversal

  • 101-binary_tree_levelorder.c: C function that traverses a binary tree using level-order traversal.

• 21. Is complete

  • 102-binary_tree_is_complete.c: C function that checks if a binary tree is complete.
  • Returns 1 if the tree is complete, 0 otherwise.

• 22. Rotate left

  • 103-binary_tree_rotate_left.c: C function that performs a left-rotation on a binary tree.
  • Returns a pointer to the new root node of the tree after rotation.

• 23. Rotate right

  • 104-binary_tree_rotate_right.c: C function that performs a right-rotation on a binary tree.
  • Returns a pointer to the new root node of the tree after rotation.

• 24. Is BST

  • 110-binary_tree_is_bst.c: C function that checks if a binary tree is a valid binary search tree.
  • Returns 1 if the tree is a valid BST, 0 otherwise.

• 25. BST - Insert

  • 111-bst_insert.c: C function that inserts a value into a binary search tree.
  • Returns a pointer to the new node, or NULL on failure.
  • If the tree is NULL, the value becomes the root node.
  • The value is ignored if it is already present in the tree.

• 26. BST - Array to BST

  • 112-array_to_bst.c: C function that builds a binary search tree from an array.
  • Returns a pointer to the root node of the created tree, or NULL on failure.

• 27. BST - Search

  • 113-bst_search.c: C function that searches for a value in a binary search tree.
  • If the value is matched in the BST, returns a pointer to the matched node.
  • Otherwise, returns NULL.

• 28. BST - Remove

  • 114-bst_remove.c: C function that removes a node from a binary search tree.
  • Returns a pointer to the new root node of the tree after deletion.
  • If the node to be deleted has two children, it is replaced with its first in-order successor.

• 29. Big O #BST

  • 115-O: Text file containing the average time complexities of binary search tree operations (one answer per line):
    • Inserting the value n.
    • Removing the node with the value n.
    • Searching for a node in a BST of size n.

• 30. Is AVL

  • 120-binary_tree_is_avl.c: C function that checks if a binary tree is a valid AVL tree.
  • If the tree is a valid AVL tree, returns 1.
  • Otherwise, returns 0.

• 31. AVL - Insert

  • 121-avl_insert.c: C function that inserts a value in an AVL tree.
  • Returns a value to the inserted node, or NULL on failure.

• 32. AVL - Array to AVL

  • 122-array_to_avl.c: C function that builds an AVL tree from an array.
  • Returns a pointer to the root node of the created AVL tree, or NULL on failure.
  • Ignores duplicate values.

• 35. Big O #AVL Tree

  • 125-O: Text file containing the average time complexities of AVL tree opeartions (one answer per line):
    • Inserting the value n.
    • Removing the node with the value n.
    • Searching for a node in an AVL tree of size n.

• 41. Big O #Binary Heap

  • 135-O: Text file containing the average time complexities of binary heap opeartions (one answer per line):
    • Inserting the value n.
    • Extracting the root node.
    • Searching for a node in a binary heap of size n.

Author : Festus Maithya:

• Festus Maithya festusmaithyakcau

Acknowledgements 🙏

All work contained in this project was completed as part of the curriculum for ALX School. ALX School is a campus-based full-stack software engineering program that prepares students for careers in the tech industry using project-based peer learning. For more information, visit this link.