FDS Validation: revise wood thermal properties to be consistent with …

…Lautenberger and Pello CNF 2009
firemodels · Jul 18, 2024 · 373b44c · 373b44c
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diff --git a/Utilities/Input_Libraries/MATL/pine_wood_1C_MATL.fds b/Utilities/Input_Libraries/MATL/pine_wood_1C_MATL.fds
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 
 &MATL ID                 = 'PINE'
+      FYI                = 'Properties from Lautenberger and Pello CNF 2009'
       DENSITY            = 360.
-      CONDUCTIVITY       = 0.1
-      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v'
+      CONDUCTIVITY_RAMP  = 'k dry wood'
+      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v dry wood'
       N_REACTIONS        = 2
       N_S                = 0.87,0.63
       N_O2               = 0.0,0.72
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@
       HEAT_OF_REACTION   = 416. /
 
 &MATL ID                 = 'CHAR'
-      DENSITY            = 112.
-      CONDUCTIVITY       = 0.1
-      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v'
+      DENSITY            = 73.
+      CONDUCTIVITY       = 'k + k_r char'
+      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v char'
       N_REACTIONS        = 1
       N_S                = 0.56
       N_O2               = 0.68
@@ -34,11 +35,55 @@
       HEAT_OF_REACTION   = -32000. /
 
 &MATL ID                 = 'ASH'
-      DENSITY            = 2.2
-      CONDUCTIVITY       = 0.1
-      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v'/
+      DENSITY            = 5.7
+      CONDUCTIVITY_RAMP  = 'k + k_r ash'
+      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v ash'/
+
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T=  20.0, F=0.173549 /
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T= 300.0, F=0.258492 /
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T= 600.0, F=0.331944 /
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T= 900.0, F=0.395609 /
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T=1200.0, F=0.452913 /
+
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T=  20.0, F=1.638272 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T= 300.0, F=2.550559 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T= 600.0, F=3.367617 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T= 900.0, F=4.092512 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T=1200.0, F=4.756277 /
+
+# includes effective radiative conductivity
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T=  20.0, F=0.069043 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T= 300.0, F=0.121335 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T= 600.0, F=0.227944 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T= 900.0, F=0.419637 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T=1200.0, F=0.727922 /
+
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T=  20.0, F=1.210882 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T= 300.0, F=1.463983 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T= 600.0, F=1.649246 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T= 900.0, F=1.793039 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T=1200.0, F=1.912405 /
+
+# includes effective radiative conductivity
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T=  20.0, F=0.066647 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T= 300.0, F=0.141158 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T= 600.0, F=0.326017 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T= 900.0, F=0.679571 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T=1200.0, F=1.261558 /
+
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T=  20.0, F=1.234783 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T= 300.0, F=1.525267 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T= 600.0, F=1.741593 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T= 900.0, F=1.911420 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T=1200.0, F=2.053577 /
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
-&RAMP ID='c_v', T=  0., F=1.1 /
-&RAMP ID='c_v', T=200., F=2.0 /
-&RAMP ID='c_v', T=800., F=2.0 /
 
diff --git a/Utilities/Input_Libraries/MATL/pine_wood_3C_MATL.fds b/Utilities/Input_Libraries/MATL/pine_wood_3C_MATL.fds
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 
 &MATL ID                 = 'PINE 1'
       DENSITY            = 360.
-      CONDUCTIVITY       = 0.1
-      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v'
+      CONDUCTIVITY_RAMP  = 'k dry wood'
+      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v dry wood'
       N_REACTIONS        = 2
       N_S                = 0.56,0.3
       N_O2               = 0.0,0.61
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 
 &MATL ID                 = 'PINE 2'
       DENSITY            = 360.
-      CONDUCTIVITY       = 0.1
-      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v'
+      CONDUCTIVITY_RAMP  = 'k dry wood'
+      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v dry wood'
       N_REACTIONS        = 2
       N_S                = 1,1
       N_O2               = 0.0,0.49
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@
 
 &MATL ID                 = 'PINE 3'
       DENSITY            = 360.
-      CONDUCTIVITY       = 0.1
-      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v'
+      CONDUCTIVITY_RAMP  = 'k dry wood'
+      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v dry wood'
       N_REACTIONS        = 2
       N_S                = 1.25,5.67
       N_O2               = 0.0,0.66
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@
       HEAT_OF_REACTION   = 416. /
 
 &MATL ID                 = 'CHAR'
-      DENSITY            = 90.
-      CONDUCTIVITY       = 0.1
-      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v'
+      DENSITY            = 73.
+      CONDUCTIVITY_RAMP  = 'k + k_r char'
+      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v char'
       N_REACTIONS        = 1
       N_S                = 0.56
       N_O2               = 0.68
@@ -72,11 +72,45 @@
       HEAT_OF_REACTION   = -32000. /
 
 &MATL ID                 = 'ASH'
-      DENSITY            = 2.2
-      CONDUCTIVITY       = 0.1
-      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v'/
+      DENSITY            = 5.7
+      CONDUCTIVITY       = 'k + k_r ash'
+      SPECIFIC_HEAT_RAMP = 'c_v ash'/
 
-&RAMP ID='c_v', T=  0., F=1.1 /
-&RAMP ID='c_v', T=200., F=2.0 /
-&RAMP ID='c_v', T=800., F=2.0 /
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T=  20.0, F=0.173549 /
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T= 300.0, F=0.258492 /
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T= 600.0, F=0.331944 /
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T= 900.0, F=0.395609 /
+&RAMP ID='k dry wood', T=1200.0, F=0.452913 /
+
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T=  20.0, F=1.638272 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T= 300.0, F=2.550559 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T= 600.0, F=3.367617 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T= 900.0, F=4.092512 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v dry wood', T=1200.0, F=4.756277 /
+
+# includes effective radiative conductivity
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T=  20.0, F=0.069043 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T= 300.0, F=0.121335 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T= 600.0, F=0.227944 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T= 900.0, F=0.419637 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r char', T=1200.0, F=0.727922 /
+
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T=  20.0, F=1.210882 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T= 300.0, F=1.463983 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T= 600.0, F=1.649246 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T= 900.0, F=1.793039 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v char', T=1200.0, F=1.912405 /
+
+# includes effective radiative conductivity
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T=  20.0, F=0.066647 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T= 300.0, F=0.141158 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T= 600.0, F=0.326017 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T= 900.0, F=0.679571 /
+&RAMP ID='k + k_r ash', T=1200.0, F=1.261558 /
+
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T=  20.0, F=1.234783 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T= 300.0, F=1.525267 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T= 600.0, F=1.741593 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T= 900.0, F=1.911420 /
+&RAMP ID='c_v ash', T=1200.0, F=2.053577 /
 
diff --git a/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/Build_Input_Files/wood_ramps.py b/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/Build_Input_Files/wood_ramps.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+"""
+McDermott
+7-18-2024
+wood_ramps.py
+
+Generate thermal property ramps from Lautenberger and Pello CNF 2009 paper, Table 1.
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import pandas as pd
+
+T_r   = 300.  # K
+T_max = 5300. # K
+T   = np.array([20., 300., 600., 900., 1200.]) + 273.
+SIGMA=5.670373E-8 # W/m2/K4
+
+# dry wood
+
+c_0 = 1.664 # kJ/kg K
+n_c = 0.660
+c = c_0*(T/T_r)**n_c
+
+k_0 = 0.176 # W/m K
+n_k = 0.594
+k = k_0*(T/T_r)**n_k
+
+print('')
+print('dry wood properties:')
+
+cdf = pd.DataFrame({'T': T-273., 'c': c})
+print(cdf)
+
+kdf = pd.DataFrame({'T': T-273., 'k': k})
+print(kdf)
+
+# plt.figure(1)
+# plt.plot(T,c)
+
+# plt.figure(2)
+# plt.plot(T,k)
+
+# plt.show()
+
+# char
+
+c_0 = 1.219 # kJ/kg K
+n_c = 0.283
+c = c_0*(T/T_r)**n_c
+
+k_0 = 0.065 # W/m K
+n_k = 0.435
+gamma = 3.3e-3
+k = k_0*(T/T_r)**n_k + gamma*SIGMA*T**3
+
+print('')
+print('char properties:')
+
+cdf = pd.DataFrame({'T': T-273., 'c': c})
+print(cdf)
+
+kdf = pd.DataFrame({'T': T-273., 'k': k})
+print(kdf)
+
+# ash
+
+c_0 = 1.244 # kJ/kg K
+n_c = 0.315
+c = c_0*(T/T_r)**n_c
+
+k_0 = 0.058 # W/m K
+n_k = 0.353
+gamma = 6.4e-3
+k = k_0*(T/T_r)**n_k + gamma*SIGMA*T**3
+
+print('')
+print('ash properties:')
+
+cdf = pd.DataFrame({'T': T-273., 'c': c})
+print(cdf)
+
+kdf = pd.DataFrame({'T': T-273., 'k': k})
+print(kdf)
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_10p5O2_25_1C.fds b/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_10p5O2_25_1C.fds
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 &VENT DB='ZMAX', SURF_ID='OPEN'/
 
 &SURF ID='inflow', VEL=-0.005, COLOR='BLUE'/
-&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='BROWN'/
-&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=25./
+&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='BROWN'/
+&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=25./
 &SURF ID='default wall', EMISSIVITY=0., HEAT_TRANSFER_COEFFICIENT=0., COLOR='INVISIBLE', FREE_SLIP=T, DEFAULT=T/
 
 &OBST XB=0,0.038,-0.019,0.019,-0.019,0.019, SURF_ID6='exposed sample','sample','sample','sample','sample','sample'/
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='OXYGEN',         SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS O2 CONSUMED',  CONVERSION_FACTOR=-0.374531835205993/ -1/2.67
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='CARBON DIOXIDE', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS CO2 PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 0.273972602739726/  1/3.65
 
-&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS'/
+&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS', SMOOTHING_TIME=10/
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', MATL_ID='ASH', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS ASH PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 50./ 1/0.02
 
 &CTRL ID='PID WT LOSS', FUNCTION_TYPE='PID', INPUT_ID='MASS', PROPORTIONAL_GAIN=0, DIFFERENTIAL_GAIN=1, INTEGRAL_GAIN=0/

diff --git a/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_10p5O2_25_3C.fds b/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_10p5O2_25_3C.fds
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 &VENT DB='ZMAX', SURF_ID='OPEN'/
 
 &SURF ID='inflow', VEL=-0.005, COLOR='BLUE'/
-&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID(1,1:3) = 'PINE 1','PINE 2','PINE 3', MATL_MASS_FRACTION(1,1:3) = 0.55,0.1,0.35, MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='BROWN'/
-&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID(1,1:3) = 'PINE 1','PINE 2','PINE 3', MATL_MASS_FRACTION(1,1:3) = 0.55,0.1,0.35, MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=25./
+&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID(1,1:3) = 'PINE 1','PINE 2','PINE 3', MATL_MASS_FRACTION(1,1:3) = 0.55,0.1,0.35, MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='BROWN'/
+&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID(1,1:3) = 'PINE 1','PINE 2','PINE 3', MATL_MASS_FRACTION(1,1:3) = 0.55,0.1,0.35, MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=25./
 &SURF ID='default wall', EMISSIVITY=0., HEAT_TRANSFER_COEFFICIENT=0., COLOR='INVISIBLE', FREE_SLIP=T, DEFAULT=T/
 
 &OBST XB=0,0.038,-0.019,0.019,-0.019,0.019, SURF_ID6='exposed sample','sample','sample','sample','sample','sample'/
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='OXYGEN',         SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS O2 CONSUMED',  CONVERSION_FACTOR=-0.374531835205993/ -1/2.67
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='CARBON DIOXIDE', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS CO2 PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 0.273972602739726/  1/3.65
 
-&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS'/
+&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS', SMOOTHING_TIME=10/
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', MATL_ID='ASH', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS ASH PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 50./ 1/0.02
 
 &CTRL ID='PID WT LOSS', FUNCTION_TYPE='PID', INPUT_ID='MASS', PROPORTIONAL_GAIN=0, DIFFERENTIAL_GAIN=1, INTEGRAL_GAIN=0/

diff --git a/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_10p5O2_40_1C.fds b/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_10p5O2_40_1C.fds
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 &VENT DB='ZMAX', SURF_ID='OPEN'/
 
 &SURF ID='inflow', VEL=-0.005, COLOR='BLUE'/
-&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='BROWN'/
-&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=40./
+&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='BROWN'/
+&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=40./
 &SURF ID='default wall', EMISSIVITY=0., HEAT_TRANSFER_COEFFICIENT=0., COLOR='INVISIBLE', FREE_SLIP=T, DEFAULT=T/
 
 &OBST XB=0,0.038,-0.019,0.019,-0.019,0.019, SURF_ID6='exposed sample','sample','sample','sample','sample','sample'/
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='OXYGEN',         SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS O2 CONSUMED',  CONVERSION_FACTOR=-0.374531835205993/ -1/2.67
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='CARBON DIOXIDE', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS CO2 PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 0.273972602739726/  1/3.65
 
-&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS'/
+&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS', SMOOTHING_TIME=10/
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', MATL_ID='ASH', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS ASH PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 50./ 1/0.02
 
 &CTRL ID='PID WT LOSS', FUNCTION_TYPE='PID', INPUT_ID='MASS', PROPORTIONAL_GAIN=0, DIFFERENTIAL_GAIN=1, INTEGRAL_GAIN=0/

diff --git a/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_10p5O2_40_3C.fds b/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_10p5O2_40_3C.fds
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 &VENT DB='ZMAX', SURF_ID='OPEN'/
 
 &SURF ID='inflow', VEL=-0.005, COLOR='BLUE'/
-&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID(1,1:3) = 'PINE 1','PINE 2','PINE 3', MATL_MASS_FRACTION(1,1:3) = 0.55,0.1,0.35, MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='BROWN'/
-&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID(1,1:3) = 'PINE 1','PINE 2','PINE 3', MATL_MASS_FRACTION(1,1:3) = 0.55,0.1,0.35, MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=40./
+&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID(1,1:3) = 'PINE 1','PINE 2','PINE 3', MATL_MASS_FRACTION(1,1:3) = 0.55,0.1,0.35, MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='BROWN'/
+&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID(1,1:3) = 'PINE 1','PINE 2','PINE 3', MATL_MASS_FRACTION(1,1:3) = 0.55,0.1,0.35, MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=40./
 &SURF ID='default wall', EMISSIVITY=0., HEAT_TRANSFER_COEFFICIENT=0., COLOR='INVISIBLE', FREE_SLIP=T, DEFAULT=T/
 
 &OBST XB=0,0.038,-0.019,0.019,-0.019,0.019, SURF_ID6='exposed sample','sample','sample','sample','sample','sample'/
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='OXYGEN',         SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS O2 CONSUMED',  CONVERSION_FACTOR=-0.374531835205993/ -1/2.67
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='CARBON DIOXIDE', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS CO2 PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 0.273972602739726/  1/3.65
 
-&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS'/
+&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS', SMOOTHING_TIME=10/
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', MATL_ID='ASH', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS ASH PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 50./ 1/0.02
 
 &CTRL ID='PID WT LOSS', FUNCTION_TYPE='PID', INPUT_ID='MASS', PROPORTIONAL_GAIN=0, DIFFERENTIAL_GAIN=1, INTEGRAL_GAIN=0/

diff --git a/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_21O2_25_1C.fds b/Validation/Kashiwagi_Gasification/FDS_Input_Files/pine_21O2_25_1C.fds
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 &VENT DB='ZMAX', SURF_ID='OPEN'/
 
 &SURF ID='inflow', VEL=-0.005, COLOR='BLUE'/
-&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='BROWN'/
-&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.05, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=25./
+&SURF ID='sample',         STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='BROWN'/
+&SURF ID='exposed sample', STRETCH_FACTOR=1, THICKNESS=0.038, BACKING='EXPOSED', MATL_ID='PINE', MOISTURE_FRACTION=0.0526, COLOR='GRAY 10', EXTERNAL_FLUX=25./
 &SURF ID='default wall', EMISSIVITY=0., HEAT_TRANSFER_COEFFICIENT=0., COLOR='INVISIBLE', FREE_SLIP=T, DEFAULT=T/
 
 &OBST XB=0,0.038,-0.019,0.019,-0.019,0.019, SURF_ID6='exposed sample','sample','sample','sample','sample','sample'/
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='OXYGEN',         SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS O2 CONSUMED',  CONVERSION_FACTOR=-0.374531835205993/ -1/2.67
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='MASS FLUX', SPEC_ID='CARBON DIOXIDE', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', TEMPORAL_STATISTIC='TIME INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS CO2 PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 0.273972602739726/  1/3.65
 
-&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS'/
+&DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='MASS', SMOOTHING_TIME=10/
 &DEVC XB=-0.03,0.05,-0.04,0.04,-0.04,0.04, QUANTITY='SURFACE DENSITY', MATL_ID='ASH', SURF_ID='exposed sample', SPATIAL_STATISTIC='SURFACE INTEGRAL', ID='NORM MASS ASH PRODUCED', CONVERSION_FACTOR= 50./ 1/0.02
 
 &CTRL ID='PID WT LOSS', FUNCTION_TYPE='PID', INPUT_ID='MASS', PROPORTIONAL_GAIN=0, DIFFERENTIAL_GAIN=1, INTEGRAL_GAIN=0/