feat: Improve C++ interface to geoarrow-c

[paleolimbot]

This PR is a general improvement on all things in geoarrow.hpp. Some notable improvements:

• The VectorType was renamed to GeometryDataType. This mirrors the naming of GeometryExtensionType in geoarrow.pyarrow, which was updated from VectorType several months ago.
• C++ functions now throw exceptions. Before, errors were propagated using a custom system that was easy to mess up. C++ users that don't want this can use the C interface.
• Moved the ToString for a GeometryDataType to C++ from Cython
• The Python bindings, which are mostly a wrapper around the C++ geometry data type, were updated
• An ArrayReader and ArrayWriter were added with C++y templated buffer setters
• Improved test coverage on geoarrow.hpp

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 84.23423% with 35 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 91.61%. Comparing base (7d9dc2f) to head (9ef367e).
Report is 14 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/geoarrow/geoarrow_type_inline.h	32.25%	21 Missing ⚠️
src/geoarrow/geoarrow.hpp	90.42%	9 Missing ⚠️
src/geoarrow/geoarrow_arrow.hpp	92.15%	4 Missing ⚠️
python/geoarrow-c/src/geoarrow/c/_lib.pyx	96.29%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #108      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   91.28%   91.61%   +0.32%     
==========================================
  Files          24       24              
  Lines        3843     4089     +246     
==========================================
+ Hits         3508     3746     +238     
- Misses        335      343       +8     

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