OS161 PROJECT: C2 - SHELL

Kernel

Accondingly to the convention, the configuration file in the /config folder is named SHELL.

waitpid

Prototype: int sys_waitpid(pid_t pid, userptr_t statusp, int options, pid_t *err);

sys_waitpid has been implemented in kern/syscall/waitpid.c, essentially following the same logic developed during OS161 lab 4. The basic structure is the following:

sys_waitpid takes as parameters :

• the pid of the waited process
• a user pointer to the status of the waited process (statusp)
• an optionsflag, which is handled just for one value: if options == WNOHANG and the waited process is not exited yet (!p->p_exited), then sys_waitpid returns 0. A flag p_exited has been added to struct proc and it is initialized to false inside proc_create function, while it is set to true inside sys__exit
• a pointer to the error code *err. If something goes wrong then the error code is placed in *err and the function returns -1

At the beginning some validity checks are performed, especially on statusp , pid and curproc, i.e the one which is waiting:

• statusp must be properly aligned by 4 since it is a userptr_t, hence it can not even point to a kernel memory region (statusp <= 0x80000000). Finally statusp must be a valid pointer (statusp != 0x40000000). If statusp is NULL then it is not required to collect the exit status.
• pid cannot be negative and it must belong to an existing process
• curproc checks, performed after functionproc_search_pid is called, are the most interesting ones:
  • a process cannot wait for itself
  • a process can perform waitpid just on its children, i.e waiting for itself or for a parent is not allowed

If all these checks are passed, then proc_wait function is called. Inside the latter two wait options are possible:

1. the parent process waits on child process semaphore (P(proc->p_sem))
2. the parent process waits on a condition variable, hence struct cv *p_cv and struct lock *p_cv_lock fields have been added to struct proc. the condition is while (!proc->p_exited)

At the end the return status is copied onto user space through copyout and the waited process' pid is returned.

exit

Prototype: void sys__exit(int status);

sys__exit has been implemented in kern/syscall/exit.c

This system call takes as parameter the exit status statusof the process which is exiting and doesn't return because the last action executed is calling thread_exit, which should not return.

At the beginning all open files of curproc are closed by calling cloas_all_files(struct proc *p), then status is assigned to curproc->p_status and the current thread is removed from the process through proc_remthread(struct thread *t). Of course waitpid and exit system calls are related, that is p->p_exited flag is set to true and then either the semaphore or the condition variable is signaled.

A call tosys__exit has been added inside kill_curthread, so that if a user program tries to access to an illegal memory region it immediately exits with code parameter passed to kill_curthread.

getpid

Prototype: pid_t sys_getpid(void);

This system call has been implemented during lab 4 and it simply returns the pid of the current process.

fork

Prototype: int sys_fork(struct trapframe *ctf, pid_t *retval);

sys_fork has been implemented in kern/syscall/fork.c , requiring the addition of two new fields in struct proc:

1. struct proc *p_parent, which is a pointer to the parent process. It is set to curproc (since curproc is the parent) inside sys_fork after the child process has been created.

2. struct array *p_children, which is the children array of the parent process. array is a special data structure defined in OS161 which handles arrays of several types since it is structured like this:

   struct array {

   ​ void **v;

   ​ unsigned num, max;

   };

   it also has specific methods and functions, making easier children handling in sys_fork.

sys_fork takes as parameter the parent's trapframe ctf and the pointer *retval. At the very beginning default validity checks are performed onto curproc. Then the following workflow is done:

1. child process child is created through proc_create_runprogram : proc data structure is allocated and curproc->p_cwd is copied inside child process. After child creation some validity checks are performed on child->p_pid

2. child's trapframe tf_child is allocated and ctf is copied to it through memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len) function, which copies len bytes from src to dest

3. parent's address space is copied to child through as_copy(struct addrspace *old, struct addrspace **ret)

4. child points to parent, i.e p_parent field of child is set to curproc

5. parent calls thread_fork with call_enter_forked_process as entrypoint. The latter is the caller function for enter_forked_process. It's the child process which executes this function. This is what happens inside enter_forked_process:

   • child's trapframe is duplicated so that it's on kernel stack and not on the heap.
   • return values are set inside trapframe fields. $a3 stores 0 , and $v0 stores return value (child process returns with zero) or $v0:$v1 if retval is 64-bit; on failure, $a3 stores 1, and $v0 stores error code.
   • child's address space is activated
   • mips_usermode is called, and the newly created child process can start running as user process.

   thread_fork will set newly created child thread runnable and try to switch to it immediately. So it's highly possible that before thread_fork returns, the child thread is already running. This could be a problem if the child thread starts running before parent's fileTable is copied, because child thread would run without a fileTable. This problem has been handled by copying parent's fileTable to child process inside thread_fork, in mutual exclusion.

6. parent process returns with child's pid: *retval = child->p_pid. If something goes wrong then the error code is placed inside *retval and the function returns -1. Afterwards error checking is performed inside syscall function: if the return value is <0, then the error code is placed inside the err variable.

execv

Prototype: int sys_execv(char *program, char **args);

sys_execv has been implemented in kern/syscall/execv.c.

The overall flow of sys_execv is:

1. Copy arguments from user space into kernel buffer
2. Open the executable, create a new address space and load the elf into it
3. Copy the arguments from kernel buffer into user stack
4. Return user mode using enter_new_process

sys_execv takes as parameters char *program (the program name) and char **args (array with arguments), both passed from user space. After some initial validity checks on arguments and curproc, argc (number of arguments) is computed and function copy_args_to_kbuf(char **args, int argc, int *buflen) is called. The two global static arrays,char kargbuf[ARG_MAX]and karg[ARG_MAX] represent respectively the kernel buffer (kargbuf is treated as a byte array) and the i-th argument that has to be copied onto kernel buffer (there's actually no need to store the whole argument array). These two variables, being global, are protected with the lockexec_lock, created inside proc_bootstrap in kern/proc/proc.c and acquired in sys_execv just before copying arguments. The main additional function implemented to make sys_execv work is copy_args_to_kbuf(char **args, int argc, int *buflen) .

The latter takes as parameters the user arguments, the number of arguments and a pointer to buflen, which is how much does the user stack have to move to store the arguments from kernel buffer kbuf. copy_args_to_kbuf uses pointers arithmetic to build kargbuf. This is the approach followed by the function:

• at the beginning kbuf is initialized, that is:

  • unsigned char *p_begin points to the beginning of the array
  • int last_offset = argc * sizeof(char *) is the dimension of the portion of kbuf used to store the argument offset
  • int offset deals with the "second" portion of kbuf, used to store the position of arguments in the stack. This will be used to copy arguments to user stack.
  • unsigned char *p_end = p_begin + last_offset is the memory location that stores the actual argument karg
  • int offset stores the offset of karg and it is placed inside memory region pointed by p_begin

• a for loop contains all the copy process:

  • user arguments are copied inside karg through copyinstr function
  • offset is computed moving from last_offset by padding
  • padding is computed through padded_length function, which aligns by 4 (as required by OS161 user stack) the passed string. It basically exploits modular arithmetic to return an int value which is the required padding in order to obtain a multiple of 4 as length of karg.
  • karg is copied in p_end through memcpy function. void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len) copies n characters from memory area src to memory area dest
  • offset is stored in memory region pointed by p_begin, so it is saved inside kbuf .
  • final updates: p_end moves by padding to store the next argument in the next iteration. p_begin moves by 4 bytes (i.e sizeof(char *)) in order to store the offset of the next argument in the next iteration. last_offset is set to offset and *buflen is incremented by padding + sizeof(char *)

  At the end of the while loop *buflen is finally incremented by 4 bytes and the function returns zero. At this point kbuf contains both the arguments and their offset in kernel stack.

  Now sys_execv copies program (program name) in kernel memory through copyinstr and performs the same actions performed by runprogram: open the executable related to kprogram , create and activate the new address space, load the ELF executable and create a stack for the new address space.

  Finally the arguments have to be copied again to user space through copyout function, so that enter_new_process can be called and the user program is executed.

  However, before copyout((void *)kbuf, (userptr_t)stackptr, buflen) the kernel buffer has to be adjusted for user stack: at this point the function change_kbuf_for_userstack is called. This function basically takes the old offset (the offset computed in copy_args_to_kbuf), adds it to stackptr and stores this new value new_offset inside kbuf at the same position as before. Of course before calling change_kbuf_for_userstack the stack pointer has to lower by *buflen.

Testing of the execv system call

In order to test fork, waitpid, getpid and exit , testbin/forktest has been chosen among testbin programs. In this user program a process forks several times, generating processes "geometrically". Basically sys_fork is called 4 times, generating a tree which is printed on stdout through letters A, B, C, D.

After each fork, sys_getpid is called through check() function: the latter calls getpid in a for loop to make sure each fork has its own address space.

In order to avoid out of memory errors in testbin/forktest , the ramsize has been increased in root/sys161.conf from 512K to 4096K. sys_waitpid is also tested because once the parent process has forked several times, it waits for its children.

If sys_execv is properly implemented, the OS161 shell should work. Namely, a user program should run (even in background) without crashing the kernel. When a user program (e.g testbin/palin) is run inside OS161 shell, which performs the following:

1. the shell, i.e the process /bin/sh, forks
2. The system search for the program until it finds it, callingsys_execv is called 3 times: once for /bin/palin, once for /sbin/palin and finally for testbin/palin and the user program is successfully executed.

runprogram uses, let's say, the last part of execv, namely the copy of arguments from kernel stack onto user stack, in order to achieve arguments passing from main. This has been implemented and tested through testbin/argtest, which prints on stdout all the passed arguments. However this feature has been implemented differently from sys_execv : instead of a static array of bytes, a dynamic array of strings argvptr is used and the alignment check is done by an AND operation with 0x3.

These different implementations are due to the fact that runprogram has been improved while doing OS161 labs, while execv has been written later, basically following the explanation in Pearls in Life blog http://jhshi.me/2012/03/11/os161-execv-system-call/index.html#.YcBaFbso-3c .

chdir

Prototype: int sys_chdir(userptr_t path, int *err);

Design of the chdir system call

sys_chdir has been implemented in kern/syscall/curdir_syscalls.c.

• Parameters:

  • userptr_t path: contains the destination path which we want to move at.
  • int *err: this integer pointer will collect the information about the eventual error.

• Return value:

  • 0, if the operation has been successfully completed;
  • -1, if there's been an error (see err for the error code).

The path parameter is checked: since it contains an address, it must be

• not NULL
• not equal to 0x40000000
• lower than 0x80000000 Since the path has been read from the command line, the validity of this raw string is checked by the function dir_parser. After the allocation of the kpath, which will contain the userptr_t string into the kernel address space, we use copyinstr to indeed copy the content of path into the kernel-level kpath.

The vfs_chdir function (vfs.h) does the most of the work, getting the kpath string. In case of error, this will return an error code, which is a positive number greater than zero that can be interpreted by the syscall.c mechanism to be verbose about the error occurred.

Testing of the chdir system call

The sys_chdir system call has been tested using the cd command provided by OS161 in their menu. There've been notably created different folders in the /root folder in order to test this system call.

getcwd

Prototype: int sys___getcwd(userptr_t buf, size_t size, int *err);

Design of the getcwd system call

sys___getcwd has been implemented in kern/syscall/curdir_syscalls.c.

• Parameters:

  • char *buf: array of char in which it's going to be stored the current working directory path.
  • size_t size: size of the bufstring.
  • int *err: this integer pointer will collect the information about the eventual error.

• Return value:

  • the size of the string read, if the operation has been successfully completed;
  • -1, if there's been an error (see err for the error code).

The buf parameter is checked: since it contains an address, it must be

• not NULL
• not equal to 0x40000000
• lower than 0x80000000 First of all, we check for whether the current working directory is a NULL pointer, setting the error parameter to ENOTDIR (17, "Not a directory").
  It's been introduced an ad-hoc function for setting the user space without involving the kernel level address space: after uio_kinit has been called, there are three major fields to be properly set:
• iovec->iov_ubase = buf;
• uio->uio_segflg = UIO_USERSPACE;
• uio->uio_space = proc_getas();

The vfs_getcwd function (vfs.h) does the most of the work, getting as parameter the pointer to uio(struct uio) and returns a value which has to be checked to detect eventual errors.

The returned value is the difference between the size of the buffer in which the string has been stored and the uio_resid field, which stores the remaining amount of data to transfer: then, the returned value is the amount of data that has been read.

Testing of the getcwd system call

Testing the sys___getcwd system call has been quite tricky. The only directory we've been able to retrieve has been the one in the root, which returns: emu0:.
We have then implemented the sys_fstat and the sys_mkdir in order to mount another filesystem with the procedure described on the OS161 official website, that is: OS/161 kernel [? for menu]: p /sbin/mksfs lhd1raw: myDisk OS/161 kernel [? for menu]: mount sfs lhd1 OS/161 kernel [? for menu]: cd lhd1: but even in this case, running the mkdir command has not been working as wished. Indeed, the sys___getcwdhas retrieved the lhd1:string, acting the same way of when it's been called in the default filesystem.

dup2

int sys_dup2(int old_fd, int new_fd, int *err);

Design of the dup2 system call

sys_dup2 has been implemented in kern/syscall/file_syscalls.c.

• Parameters:

  • int old_fd: file descriptor related to the file to which the new_fd will be linked at the end of the call
  • int new_fd: file descriptor that will be associated to the file related to the old_fd at the end of the call
  • int *err: this integer pointer will collect the information about the eventual error.

• Return value:

  • 0, if the operation has been successfully completed;
  • -1, if there's been an error (see err for the error code).

First of all, there's the acquisition of the process' spinlock in order to achieve exclusive access to the fileTable of the process. The fileTable is a pointer to an array of pointers of struct openfile whose size is OPEN_MAX (a constant defined in limits.h, representing the maximum number of files that a process can keep in its fileTable). The struct openfile is made up this way:

  struct openfile  
  {  
    struct vnode *vn;  
    mode_t mode;  
    off_t offset;  
    int accmode;  
    struct lock *file_lock;  
    unsigned int ref_count;  
  };  

After this operations, the two file descriptors passed as parameters are checked: they must be valid file descriptors (in the [0, OPEN_MAX] set) and the old_fd must be present inside the fileTable.
If the two file descriptors are equals, the system call can terminate with no efforts, returning the new_fd value.
Then, if the new_fd is previously opened, the dup2 function will close it calling the sys_close system call.
Now, curproc->fileTable[new_fd] is NULL, so there's the allocation of a new struct openfile entry.
At this point, there's the increment of the reference counter ref_count of the entry of the fileTable fileTable[old_fd], then it's time to copy all the field of the data structure from the old_fd entry to the new_fd one.

  curproc->fileTable[new_fd]->vn = curproc->fileTable[old_fd]->vn;
  curproc->fileTable[new_fd]->mode = curproc->fileTable[old_fd]->mode;
  curproc->fileTable[new_fd]->offset = curproc->fileTable[old_fd]->offset;
  curproc->fileTable[new_fd]->accmode = curproc->fileTable[old_fd]->accmode;
  curproc->fileTable[new_fd]->file_lock = curproc->fileTable[old_fd]->file_lock;
  curproc->fileTable[new_fd]->ref_count = curproc->fileTable[old_fd]->ref_count;

and, eventually, release the spinlock of the process.

Testing of the dup2 system call

Testing the dup2 involved the creation of an ad-hoc test called dup2test. This test is available at the following repository: https://github.com/lifeofvins/dup2test

If the constant in the define TEST_SECTION is set on 1:
a dup2 call (dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO)) is performed such that it's possible to use printf/scanf to make r/w operations on a file (which filename is hardcoded for the sake of simplicity).
Check the file "dup-2-test.txt" in the root location to understand if the operation worked. The final content of the file (dup-2-test.txt) will be these lines of text:
"And what marks did you see by the wicket-gate?" "None in particular." "Good heaven! Did no one examine?" "Yes, I examined, myself." "And foud nothing?" "It was all very confused. Sir Charles had evidently stood there for five or ten minutes." "How do you know that?" "Because the ash had twice dropped from his cigar."
In another test (not showed here), it's been tested also the usage of dup2(fd1, fd2) in order to do r/w operations using the fd2 file descriptor on the file represented by the fd1 file descriptor.

If the constant in the define TEST_SECTION is set on 0:
two dup2 calls are performed:

  dup2(fd2, STDIN_FILENO);
  dup2(fd3, STDOUT_FILENO);

in order to read from the file descriptor STDOUT_FILENO and write on the STDIN_FILENO, which have been previously warped such that those operations will be done on other files (x.txt and aaa.txt).

lseek

Prototype: int sys_lseek(int fd, off_t offset, int whence, int *err);

Design of the lseek system call

sys_lseek has been implemented in kern/syscall/file_syscalls.c.

• Parameters:

  • int fd: file descriptor related to the file on which make the lseek operation
  • off_t offset: this is an integer number representing the displacement from the position specified by the usage of the current position and the whence parameter
  • int whence: this value represents the point of the file from which it will be done the lseek operation. There are three different valid values:
    • SEEK_CUR: the position is the one at which the file is currently located
    • SEEK_SET: the position is set to the diplacement passed as parameter in the offset parameter
    • SEEK_END: the position is set to the end of the file
  • int *err: this integer pointer will collect the information about the eventual error.

• Return value:

  • 0, if the operation has been successfully completed;
  • -1, if there's been an error (see err for the error code).

The first operations to be done are the checks over the parameters:

1. The fd file descriptor shall be valid: this is checked with the is_valid_fd function, which checks fd is in the [0; OPEN_MAX] set and that it's actually present into the fileTable of the process.
2. As said before, the whence parameter must be check in order to accept only one of the three valid values (SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR and SEEK_END).

Now, based on the whence parameter, it's time to compute the actual position for the file:

1. If SEEK_SET, then the actual postion is basically the offset passed as parameter;
2. If SEEK_CUR, then the actual position is the current position plus the offset passed as parameter;
3. If SEEK_END, then VOP_STAT is called to know the size of the file, then the actual offset is computed summing up the size of the file obtained with this latter call and the offset passed as parameter.

During the entire call to sys_lseek the access to the file is protected using the file_lock associated to the relative entry in the fileTable: curproc->fileTable[fd]->file_lock.

Testing of the lseek system call

The lseek system call has been tested in two different ways.
The first way was using the program /testbin/tail which is called as following: p /testbin/tail <filename> <offset> and it was tested with the x.txt file from the root folder.

Then, in order to test the usage of the whence parameter in an exaustive way a test has been written that calls lseek three times as following:

    ...
    lseek(fd1, 1, SEEK_SET);
	read(fd1, buffer, 13);
	buffer[14] = '\0';
	printf("%s", buffer);
	printf("\n---------------\n");

	lseek(fd1, 1, SEEK_CUR);
	read(fd1, buffer, 13);
	buffer[14] = '\0';
	printf("%s", buffer);
	printf("\n---------------\n");

	lseek(fd1, -13, SEEK_END);
	read(fd1, buffer, 13);
	buffer[14] = '\0';
	printf("%s", buffer);
	printf("\n---------------\n");
    ...

and the sys_lseek function worked perfectly.

read

Design

sys_read has been implemented in kern/syscall/file_syscalls.cand it is similar to the function implemented during lab 2. The basic structure is the following:

sys_read takes as parameters :

• fd, the file descriptor
• buf_ptr is a user pointer to a buffer used to perform a reading operation
• size represents the size of the buffer
• a pointer *err, in order to store the error type if an error occurred

At the beginning several checks are done to ensure the parameters correctness :

• buf_ptr needs to be a not-null pointer.
• buf_ptr is asked to point to a segment that is within the user space.

Inside the function different operations are executed based on the value assumed by fd:

• if fd == STDERR_FILENO || fd == STDOUT_FILENO, to face the possibility of a previous dup2 call involving STDOUT_FILENO or STDERR_FILENO, different scenarios must be taken into account:

  • If curproc->fileTable[fd] == NULL it means that does not exist an opened file with fd as a file descriptor in the current process file table. An error type is stored in *err and -1 is returned.
  • If curproc->fileTable[fd]->vn == systemFileTable[fd].vn we are in the case in which a dup2 function has not been performed previously. It means that a reading operation is not allowed on STDOUT_FILENO or STDERR_FILENO, so the value of the file descriptor is not correct for our purposes. An error type is saved into *err and -1 is returned.
  • If curproc->fileTable[fd] != NULL, one among STDOUT_FILENO and STDERR_FILENO is a valid file descriptor of a opened file in the current process file table. In this case, a call to file_read(fd, buf_ptr, size, err) is returned.
  • If we are not in one of the previous situations it means that fd is a valid file descriptor for a reading operation on standard input. Consequently, a "classic" standard input operation is performed.

• if fd == STDIN_FILENO, two situations are possible:

  • the if (curproc->fileTable[fd] != NULL) clause extends the functionality of the dup2 to the case in which STDIN_FILENO is the file descriptor of a file located in the fileTable of the current process. The call to file_read(fd, buf_ptr, size, err) is returned.
  • in the other case a "classic" standard input operation is executed. In this case the size of the read bytes is returned.

• if we don't have none of the previous situations, file_read(fd, buf_ptr, size, err) is returned, and a file read operation is performed.

The function returns the number of bytes read.

write

Design

sys_write has been implemented in kern/syscall/file_syscalls.cand it is similar to the function implemented during lab 2. The basic structure is the following:

sys_write takes as parameters :

• fd, the file descriptor
• buf_ptr is a user pointer to a buffer used to perform a writing operation
• size represents the size of the buffer
• a pointer *err, in order to store the error type if an error occurred

At the beginning several checks are done to ensure the parameters correctness :

• buf_ptr needs to be a not-null pointer.
• buf_ptr is asked to point to a segment that is within the user space.

Inside the function different operations are executed based on the value assumed by fd:

• if fd == STDIN_FILENO, to consider the possibility of a previous dup2 call involving STDIN_FILENO, different scenarios must be taken into account:

  • If curproc->fileTable[fd] == NULL it means that does not exist an opened file with fd as a file descriptor in the current process file table. An error type is stored in *err and -1 is returned.
  • If curproc->fileTable[fd]->vn == systemFileTable[fd].vn we are in the case in which a dup2 function has not been performed previously. It means that a writing operation is not allowed on STDIN_FILENO, so the value of the file descriptor is not correct for our purposes. An error type is saved into *err and -1 is returned.
  • If curproc->fileTable[fd] != NULL, STDIN_FILENO is a valid file descriptor of a opened file in the current process file table. In this case, a call to file_write(fd, buf_ptr, size, err) is returned.
  • If we are not in one of the previous situations it means that fd is a valid file descriptor for a writing operation on standard output. Consequently, a "classic" standard output operation is performed.

• if fd == STDOUT_FILENO || fd == STDERR_FILENO, two situations are possible:

  • the if (curproc->fileTable[fd] != NULL) clause extends the functionality of the dup2 to the case in which one among STDOUT_FILENO and STDERR_FILENO is the file descriptor of a file located in the fileTable of the current process. The call to file_write(fd, buf_ptr, size, err) is returned.
  • in the other case a "classic" standard output operation is executed. In this case the size of the written bytes is returned.

• if we don't have none of the previous situations, file_write(fd, buf_ptr, size, err) is returned, and a file write operation is performed.

The function returns the number of bytes written.

open

Design

sys_open has been implemented in kern/syscall/file_syscalls.c starting from the solution provided during the lab5.

sys_open takes as parameters :

• path is a user pointer to the path of the file
• openflags represents the access mode
• mode defines the permissions of the file
• a pointer *err, in order to store the error type if an error occurred

The important data structure used in this function is struct openfile, defined as follows:

struct openfile { struct vnode *vn; mode_t mode; off_t offset; int accmode; struct lock *file_lock; unsigned int ref_count; }

1. struct vnode *vn; is a pointer to a vnode.
2. mode_t mode; indicates the type of permissions allowed for the file to be opened.
3. off_t offset; represents the position inside the file where to start the read/write operation.
4. int accmode; tells us the access mode of the current file.
5. struct lock *file_lock; is used to enforce mutual exclusion between cuncurrent operations performed on the same file.
6. unsigned int ref_count; stores the number of processes "active" on this file.

At the beginning several validity checks are implemented:

• if (path == NULL) the error type is saved inside *errp and -1 is returned.
• if accmode is different from O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY or O_RDWR, there isn't a valid access mode for the file, therfore an error type is saved inside *errp and -1 is returned.

If all the checks are completed successfully the core of the function starts.

First of all copyinstr is used in order to copy PATH_MAX bytes from a user-space address path to a kernel-space address fname. After that, vfs_open is called and a virtual node structure (struct vnode *v) is obtained from it. If systemFileTable(data structure used to track the opened files in the system) contains free slots where to place a openfile struct, then a pointer to an entry of systemFileTable is assigned to of, and its elements are initialized. Once checked the overall number of files opened in the system, we need to ensure that inside the fileTable of the current process there is enough space, and if this is the case, we assign of to an entry of fileTable. Another situation that needs to be taken into account is the value of of->offset. Indeed if the bitwise AND between openflags and O_APPEND gives 1 as a result, it means that of->offset should no longer be equal to zero but equal to the file size. So we need to check it and use So we need to check it and use VOP_STAT to get file size if necessary.

If all went smoothly sys_open returns the file descriptor, -1 otherwise.

close

Design

sys_close has been implemented in kern/syscall/file_syscalls.c starting from the solution provided during the lab5.

sys_close takes as parameters :

• fd, the file descriptor
• a pointer *err, in order to store the error type if an error occurred

The aim of this function is to check possible errors occurred during the file close operation and to de-allocate objects related to the file management.

At the beginning, some validity checks are performed to make sure that:

• fd is a valid file descriptor.
• vn and of are not-null variables. If these conditions are not satisfied, an error type is saved inside *err and -1 is returned.

Once passed the latters, the sys_close controls if the process which is performing the close operation, is the last one working on the file (if (of->ref_count == 1)). If so, the file is closed and the lock destroyed, of->ref_count is decremented otherwise.

In any error occurs, sys_close returns 0.

Testing of the functions sys_open, sys_close, sys_write and sys_read

The functions inside file_syscalls.c have been tested with f_test.c, located in userland/testbin/f_test. For our purposes f_test.c was run respectively with 1 and 3 as arguments on the command line. So, executing p f_test 1 checks different operations performed on a big file instead p f_test 3 makes sure that concurrent operations on the same file behave properly. Several other tests that indirectly call system calls included in file_syscalls.c have been performed: userland/testbin/bigseek, userland/testbin/badcall and userland/testbin/tail.