Merge #263: cmake: Port PR30263 from the master branch

4704f86 [FIXUP] ci: Migrate CI scripts to CMake (Hennadii Stepanov)

Pull request description:

  This PR ports CI-related changes from bitcoin#30263 and ensures that the minimum required CMake version is available.

  Here are CMake versions across all changes:
  - pre-PR30263: CMake [3.22.1](https://packages.ubuntu.com/jammy/cmake)
  - post-PR30263: CMake [3.18.4](https://packages.debian.org/bullseye/cmake), which is less than the minimum required 3.22
  - this PR: CMake [3.28.3](https://packages.ubuntu.com/noble/cmake)

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Tree-SHA512: 93d88722e0494421c9358b15a86f108c3d70ae4259c370932bfececd90cd5f81dba3e7798adc39da6cb0526a267acfebc8ad9f8506a001c8c18c4776ab1d54e3

ci/test/00_setup_env_native_nowallet_libbitcoinkernel.sh

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 export LC_ALL=C.UTF-8
 
 export CONTAINER_NAME=ci_native_nowallet_libbitcoinkernel
-export CI_IMAGE_NAME_TAG="docker.io/debian:bullseye"
-# Use minimum supported python3.9 and clang-16, see doc/dependencies.md
+export CI_IMAGE_NAME_TAG="docker.io/ubuntu:24.04"
+# Use minimum supported python3.9 (or best-effort 3.12) and clang-16, see doc/dependencies.md
 export PACKAGES="python3-zmq clang-16 llvm-16 libc++abi-16-dev libc++-16-dev"
 export DEP_OPTS="NO_WALLET=1 CC=clang-16 CXX='clang++-16 -stdlib=libc++'"
 export GOAL="install"