Fixed corrupted default values in documentation

[timohl]

Type

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue): Fixes #
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality). Resolves #
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected) Resolves Python API docs corrupted where last argument is device=core::Device("CPU:0") #7147

Motivation and Context

Devices in default values cause corrupted rendering in the documentation as shown in #7147.
The reason is that o3d.core.Device.__repr__ returns a string like this: CPU:0.
Sphinx docs generation seems to misinterpret : in default values.

Also, I found a similar problem with the enum VoxelPoolingMode.
The raw enum value also contains a : and causes faulty documentation.

I found a similar issue here: sphinx-doc/sphinx#9266

Checklist:

• I have run python util/check_style.py --apply to apply Open3D code style
  to my code.
• This PR changes Open3D behavior or adds new functionality.
  • Both C++ (Doxygen) and Python (Sphinx / Google style) documentation is
    updated accordingly.
  • I have added or updated C++ and / or Python unit tests OR included test
    results (e.g. screenshots or numbers) here.
• I will follow up and update the code if CI fails.
• For fork PRs, I have selected Allow edits from maintainers.

Description

In order to fix this, I changed o3d.core.Device.__repr__.
Instead of CPU:0 it now returns Device("CPU", 0) (which is now also correct Python code).

I fixed the VoxelPoolingMode issue using py::arg_v to define the Python representation explicitly.

I marked this as a breaking change because it changes the output of o3d.core.Device.__repr__.

Also, I fixed some minor typos, added mentioning of SYCL in some error messages and added the missing Python binding for DeviceType.SYCL.

[joseph-sch]

Looks great to me :-)